This document discusses obturation techniques and materials used for root canals in primary teeth. It begins by outlining the ideal requirements for obturating materials, including that they should resorb with the tooth and not irritate tissues. Several obturation techniques are then described in detail, including using endodontic pressure syringes, lentulo spirals, jiffy tubes, and the incremental filling technique. The techniques are compared in terms of their ability to fill canals and avoid issues like overfilling. Overall, studies have found the lentulo spiral technique produces more uniform and complete fills of root canals in primary teeth compared to other methods.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
This document discusses the concept of monoblocks in endodontics, which aims to create a single homogeneous unit within the root canal system. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary monoblocks created using different root filling materials and posts. Resilon and MTA were discussed as materials used to create secondary and primary monoblocks, respectively. Finite element analysis found that stresses within roots increased with additional interfaces, and creating a primary monoblock reduced internal stresses. The ideal monoblock has yet to be achieved due to limitations such as polymerization shrinkage and insufficient strength or stiffness of materials.
This document discusses apexogenesis and apexification, which are processes for encouraging continued root development in immature permanent teeth with open apices or non-vital pulps. Apexogenesis aims to maintain pulp vitality through treatments like pulpotomy to allow for continued physiological root development, while apexification uses materials like calcium hydroxide or MTA to induce the formation of an apical barrier in a pulpless tooth to enable filling of the root canal. The document provides details on the objectives, materials, techniques and outcomes of these procedures.
Dr. Shruti Sudarsanan presented on materials used for obturation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth. The objective of endodontic treatment is to eliminate microorganisms from the root canal and prevent reinfection by thorough cleaning, shaping, and complete obturation. An ideal obturating material should be antibacterial, resorb at the same rate as the primary root, be biocompatible, easily fill canals while adhering to walls, and be radiopaque. Common materials discussed included zinc oxide eugenol paste, various iodoform-containing pastes like KRI and Maisto, calcium hydroxide/iodoform pastes like Vitapex, and Endoflas
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document provides information on root canal obturation including the purpose, materials, techniques, and potential causes of failure. It discusses criteria for obturation such as absence of symptoms. Common obturation materials include gutta-percha, resins, and silver points used with sealers like zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin. Techniques covered are cold lateral condensation, warm lateral/vertical condensation, thermocompaction, and others. Potential causes of failure include inadequate apical, coronal, or lateral seals and over/under filling.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
This document discusses the concept of monoblocks in endodontics, which aims to create a single homogeneous unit within the root canal system. It describes primary, secondary, and tertiary monoblocks created using different root filling materials and posts. Resilon and MTA were discussed as materials used to create secondary and primary monoblocks, respectively. Finite element analysis found that stresses within roots increased with additional interfaces, and creating a primary monoblock reduced internal stresses. The ideal monoblock has yet to be achieved due to limitations such as polymerization shrinkage and insufficient strength or stiffness of materials.
This document discusses apexogenesis and apexification, which are processes for encouraging continued root development in immature permanent teeth with open apices or non-vital pulps. Apexogenesis aims to maintain pulp vitality through treatments like pulpotomy to allow for continued physiological root development, while apexification uses materials like calcium hydroxide or MTA to induce the formation of an apical barrier in a pulpless tooth to enable filling of the root canal. The document provides details on the objectives, materials, techniques and outcomes of these procedures.
Dr. Shruti Sudarsanan presented on materials used for obturation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth. The objective of endodontic treatment is to eliminate microorganisms from the root canal and prevent reinfection by thorough cleaning, shaping, and complete obturation. An ideal obturating material should be antibacterial, resorb at the same rate as the primary root, be biocompatible, easily fill canals while adhering to walls, and be radiopaque. Common materials discussed included zinc oxide eugenol paste, various iodoform-containing pastes like KRI and Maisto, calcium hydroxide/iodoform pastes like Vitapex, and Endoflas
This document describes and compares various obturation techniques that can be used for filling root canals in primary teeth. It begins by defining obturation and describing the goal of creating a fluid-tight seal to prevent reinfection. It then provides details on 12 different techniques: endodontic pressure syringe, Lentulo spiral, mechanical syringe, incremental filling technique, Jiffy tube, tuberculin syringe, reamer technique, insulin syringe technique, disposable injection technique, NaviTip, bi-directional spiral, and Pastinject. For each technique, it discusses advantages such as ease of use and ability to fully fill canals, as well as disadvantages like difficulty with placement and increased risk of voids
This document provides information on root canal obturation including the purpose, materials, techniques, and potential causes of failure. It discusses criteria for obturation such as absence of symptoms. Common obturation materials include gutta-percha, resins, and silver points used with sealers like zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin. Techniques covered are cold lateral condensation, warm lateral/vertical condensation, thermocompaction, and others. Potential causes of failure include inadequate apical, coronal, or lateral seals and over/under filling.
This document contains information about several dental devices and procedures:
1. It provides specifications for the BONART ART-E1 dental laser, including its power output, power supply requirements, and included electrode tip sets.
2. It lists contact information for Dr. Nikhil Srivastava, a professor of pedodontics.
3. It provides specifications for the Sunny gold dental laser, including its laser source, output power, wavelength, timing functions, dimensions, weight, and electrical input.
4. The remainder of the document discusses various endodontic procedures for primary and young permanent teeth such as indirect pulp therapy, pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, and
The document describes 4 case reports involving restoration of badly broken teeth. Case 1 describes restoration of an endodontically treated tooth with a custom post and crown. Case 2 describes restoration of a posterior tooth with a biological post. Case 3 describes restoration of a molar with an endo-crown. Case 4 describes restoration of an anterior tooth with a pin-retained restoration after fracture. Each case report provides details of the clinical situation, treatment plan, and procedures performed to restore the broken teeth.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
This document discusses various obturation techniques for filling root canals including:
1. Cold lateral compaction, the most widely used technique, involves inserting a master cone coated with sealer followed by lateral compaction of accessory cones.
2. Warm vertical compaction uses heated pluggers to vertically compact gutta percha that has been softened with heat.
3. Carrier-based techniques like Thermafil involve heating and inserting a gutta percha coated metal core carrier into the canal.
The document provides details on how to perform each technique and their advantages and disadvantages. A variety of materials can be used for obturation including gutta percha, resins, and single cone techniques.
This document provides an overview of endodontic surgery. It begins with a brief history of endodontic surgery dating back over 1500 years. It then discusses the definition, rationale, objectives, and indications for endodontic surgery. The document outlines the classification of endodontic surgery and describes various surgical procedures like periradicular surgery, root-end resection, and root-end filling. It provides details on surgical instruments, treatment planning considerations, and techniques for achieving profound local anesthesia. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of the principles and procedures involved in endodontic surgery.
This document discusses various pulpotomy medicaments and techniques. It begins by describing formocresol pulpotomy, including its history, composition, technique, and controversies regarding toxicity. Alternatives to formocresol are then examined, such as glutaraldehyde, ferric sulfate, MTA, and electrosurgery. Clinical success rates of formocresol and glutaraldehyde are compared. Formocresol is also compared to calcium hydroxide, noting issues with each. The document provides an overview of pulpotomy options and debates surrounding formocresol use.
This document provides information on various materials used for obturation in primary teeth pulpectomy procedures. It discusses the properties, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used materials like zinc oxide eugenol, iodoform-based pastes (Walcoff paste, KRI paste, Maisto paste), Vitapex, and calcium hydroxide mixtures. It summarizes studies comparing the success rates, resorption rates, and antibacterial effects of these materials. The goal of obturation is to disinfect the root canal system and create an effective seal, while using a material that will resorb at a rate similar to root resorption in primary teeth. No single material meets all ideal criteria.
Pulpectomy is a dental procedure to remove infected or dead pulp from the root canals of primary teeth. It aims to maintain the tooth in a non-infected state by cleaning and filling the root canals. A partial pulpectomy removes pulp from a single visit, while a complete pulpectomy is done over two visits with emergency treatment followed by root canal filling. Common filling materials for primary teeth include zinc oxide eugenol paste and iodoform paste, which resorb at a rate similar to the tooth root. The procedure involves local anesthesia, access through the crown, pulp removal, canal cleaning and shaping, irrigation, drying and obturation.
This document discusses endodontic retreatment. It defines retreatment as removing root canal filling materials from a tooth to clean, shape, and re-obturate the canals. Reasons for retreatment include persistent or reinroduced intraradicular microorganisms, extraradicular infection, foreign body reaction, or true cysts. Evaluation involves clinical examination, radiographs, and assessing for symptoms like pain, swelling or sinus tracts. Success is defined as resolution of symptoms and periapical radiolucency, while failure is persistence or worsening of these signs.
Pulpotomy is the removal of the coronal portion of the pulp while preserving the radicular pulp. It is indicated for cariously exposed primary teeth when extraction is less advantageous than retention. There are various techniques for pulpotomy including devitalization with formocresol or other chemicals to fix the pulp, preservation techniques using less harmful chemicals to maintain pulp vitality, and regeneration techniques aiming to stimulate reparative dentin formation. The goal of pulpotomy is to disinfect the exposed pulp, maintain pulp vitality, and avoid periapical issues.
LASERS IN ENDODONTICS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRYBlagoja Lazovski
Laser technology is used in dentistry for a variety of applications. Lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures, hard tissue procedures, detection of cavities, teeth whitening, and curing of dental materials. The erbium laser is particularly useful as it allows for ablation of hard dental tissues with minimal thermal damage. Lasers offer advantages over traditional dental tools like drills in being more precise and causing less pain for patients.
Design of a fixed Partial Denture (with Abutment Tooth Preparation)Taseef Hasan Farook
A simplified take on the steps to designing a Fixed partial denture. This presentation also includes an overview of abutment preparation, associated finishes and methods of impression taking prior to the designing of the prosthesis itself
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
This document discusses revascularization procedures for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps. It begins by introducing the challenges of treating such teeth and the potential for revascularization to encourage continued root development. The history of revascularization is then reviewed, from early case studies in the 1960s demonstrating new tissue formation in root canals, to more recent definitions and understanding of the process. Key aspects of revascularization techniques using calcium hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste, and their two-step protocols are then outlined. Considerations for instrumentation, irrigation, and medication of the root canal are also presented.
This document discusses various aspects of treating young permanent teeth with immature roots, including their development, characteristics, and treatment considerations. It begins by defining young permanent teeth as those recently erupted where root development is incomplete. It notes the importance of preserving these teeth due to their role in alveolar growth. The document then covers evaluation methods that are more accurate for immature teeth compared to typical pulp testing. It discusses various treatment options for both vital and non-vital pulp therapy aimed at maintaining the tooth. A brief history of pulp capping techniques is also provided.
Working length is the distance from a coronal reference point to the point where canal preparation and obturation should terminate. It is important to determine working length precisely using radiographs or electronic apex locators. The radiographic method involves measuring the total length of the tooth on preoperative radiographs, subtracting 1mm as a safety factor, and confirming length under radiograph after instrumentation. Electronic apex locators use electric current to detect the apical foramen. Tactile methods are unreliable due to risk of over-instrumentation or under-instrumentation.
This document discusses ideal requirements, functions, and commonly used irrigating solutions and intracanal medicaments in endodontic treatment. Sodium hypochlorite and EDTA are the most commonly used irrigants due to their ability to dissolve tissue and remove smear layer. Chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide are also discussed. Intracanal medicaments mentioned include eugenol, phenol, camphorated monochlorophenol, formocresol, and calcium hydroxide which are used to disinfect canals and promote healing.
This document summarizes various irrigation solutions used in endodontics, including their purposes, effectiveness, and limitations. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used solution and is effective as an antibacterial agent and tissue solvent. However, it cannot remove the smear layer and may have toxicity issues at high concentrations. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is also effective against bacteria but lacks tissue-dissolving ability. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MTAD are also discussed as alternatives with antibacterial properties but more limited tissue dissolution compared to NaOCl. The optimal concentration, volume, and combination of solutions depends on the desired outcome and root canal anatomy.
The document discusses endodontic instruments and their classification. It covers diagnostic instruments like mirrors, probes and tweezers used for examination. Extirpating instruments like barbed broaches are discussed. Enlarging instruments include both hand-driven ones like K-files and engine-driven rotary files and ultrasonic/sonic instruments. Obturating instruments are categorized into those using non-softened gutta percha like spreaders and softened gutta percha ones like thermal applicators and injection systems. Miscellaneous instruments like apex locators are also mentioned. The document provides details on various types under each classification with diagrams.
This document contains information about several dental devices and procedures:
1. It provides specifications for the BONART ART-E1 dental laser, including its power output, power supply requirements, and included electrode tip sets.
2. It lists contact information for Dr. Nikhil Srivastava, a professor of pedodontics.
3. It provides specifications for the Sunny gold dental laser, including its laser source, output power, wavelength, timing functions, dimensions, weight, and electrical input.
4. The remainder of the document discusses various endodontic procedures for primary and young permanent teeth such as indirect pulp therapy, pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulpectomy, and
The document describes 4 case reports involving restoration of badly broken teeth. Case 1 describes restoration of an endodontically treated tooth with a custom post and crown. Case 2 describes restoration of a posterior tooth with a biological post. Case 3 describes restoration of a molar with an endo-crown. Case 4 describes restoration of an anterior tooth with a pin-retained restoration after fracture. Each case report provides details of the clinical situation, treatment plan, and procedures performed to restore the broken teeth.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
This document discusses various obturation techniques for filling root canals including:
1. Cold lateral compaction, the most widely used technique, involves inserting a master cone coated with sealer followed by lateral compaction of accessory cones.
2. Warm vertical compaction uses heated pluggers to vertically compact gutta percha that has been softened with heat.
3. Carrier-based techniques like Thermafil involve heating and inserting a gutta percha coated metal core carrier into the canal.
The document provides details on how to perform each technique and their advantages and disadvantages. A variety of materials can be used for obturation including gutta percha, resins, and single cone techniques.
This document provides an overview of endodontic surgery. It begins with a brief history of endodontic surgery dating back over 1500 years. It then discusses the definition, rationale, objectives, and indications for endodontic surgery. The document outlines the classification of endodontic surgery and describes various surgical procedures like periradicular surgery, root-end resection, and root-end filling. It provides details on surgical instruments, treatment planning considerations, and techniques for achieving profound local anesthesia. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive review of the principles and procedures involved in endodontic surgery.
This document discusses various pulpotomy medicaments and techniques. It begins by describing formocresol pulpotomy, including its history, composition, technique, and controversies regarding toxicity. Alternatives to formocresol are then examined, such as glutaraldehyde, ferric sulfate, MTA, and electrosurgery. Clinical success rates of formocresol and glutaraldehyde are compared. Formocresol is also compared to calcium hydroxide, noting issues with each. The document provides an overview of pulpotomy options and debates surrounding formocresol use.
This document provides information on various materials used for obturation in primary teeth pulpectomy procedures. It discusses the properties, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used materials like zinc oxide eugenol, iodoform-based pastes (Walcoff paste, KRI paste, Maisto paste), Vitapex, and calcium hydroxide mixtures. It summarizes studies comparing the success rates, resorption rates, and antibacterial effects of these materials. The goal of obturation is to disinfect the root canal system and create an effective seal, while using a material that will resorb at a rate similar to root resorption in primary teeth. No single material meets all ideal criteria.
Pulpectomy is a dental procedure to remove infected or dead pulp from the root canals of primary teeth. It aims to maintain the tooth in a non-infected state by cleaning and filling the root canals. A partial pulpectomy removes pulp from a single visit, while a complete pulpectomy is done over two visits with emergency treatment followed by root canal filling. Common filling materials for primary teeth include zinc oxide eugenol paste and iodoform paste, which resorb at a rate similar to the tooth root. The procedure involves local anesthesia, access through the crown, pulp removal, canal cleaning and shaping, irrigation, drying and obturation.
This document discusses endodontic retreatment. It defines retreatment as removing root canal filling materials from a tooth to clean, shape, and re-obturate the canals. Reasons for retreatment include persistent or reinroduced intraradicular microorganisms, extraradicular infection, foreign body reaction, or true cysts. Evaluation involves clinical examination, radiographs, and assessing for symptoms like pain, swelling or sinus tracts. Success is defined as resolution of symptoms and periapical radiolucency, while failure is persistence or worsening of these signs.
Pulpotomy is the removal of the coronal portion of the pulp while preserving the radicular pulp. It is indicated for cariously exposed primary teeth when extraction is less advantageous than retention. There are various techniques for pulpotomy including devitalization with formocresol or other chemicals to fix the pulp, preservation techniques using less harmful chemicals to maintain pulp vitality, and regeneration techniques aiming to stimulate reparative dentin formation. The goal of pulpotomy is to disinfect the exposed pulp, maintain pulp vitality, and avoid periapical issues.
LASERS IN ENDODONTICS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRYBlagoja Lazovski
Laser technology is used in dentistry for a variety of applications. Lasers can be used for soft tissue procedures, hard tissue procedures, detection of cavities, teeth whitening, and curing of dental materials. The erbium laser is particularly useful as it allows for ablation of hard dental tissues with minimal thermal damage. Lasers offer advantages over traditional dental tools like drills in being more precise and causing less pain for patients.
Design of a fixed Partial Denture (with Abutment Tooth Preparation)Taseef Hasan Farook
A simplified take on the steps to designing a Fixed partial denture. This presentation also includes an overview of abutment preparation, associated finishes and methods of impression taking prior to the designing of the prosthesis itself
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you
This short presentation discuss very important subject in endodontic field, which is the complications that most commonly occur during root canal treatment, like sodium hypochlorite accident and air emphysema and others. management of these complications is also discussed.
This document discusses revascularization procedures for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps. It begins by introducing the challenges of treating such teeth and the potential for revascularization to encourage continued root development. The history of revascularization is then reviewed, from early case studies in the 1960s demonstrating new tissue formation in root canals, to more recent definitions and understanding of the process. Key aspects of revascularization techniques using calcium hydroxide, triple antibiotic paste, and their two-step protocols are then outlined. Considerations for instrumentation, irrigation, and medication of the root canal are also presented.
This document discusses various aspects of treating young permanent teeth with immature roots, including their development, characteristics, and treatment considerations. It begins by defining young permanent teeth as those recently erupted where root development is incomplete. It notes the importance of preserving these teeth due to their role in alveolar growth. The document then covers evaluation methods that are more accurate for immature teeth compared to typical pulp testing. It discusses various treatment options for both vital and non-vital pulp therapy aimed at maintaining the tooth. A brief history of pulp capping techniques is also provided.
Working length is the distance from a coronal reference point to the point where canal preparation and obturation should terminate. It is important to determine working length precisely using radiographs or electronic apex locators. The radiographic method involves measuring the total length of the tooth on preoperative radiographs, subtracting 1mm as a safety factor, and confirming length under radiograph after instrumentation. Electronic apex locators use electric current to detect the apical foramen. Tactile methods are unreliable due to risk of over-instrumentation or under-instrumentation.
This document discusses ideal requirements, functions, and commonly used irrigating solutions and intracanal medicaments in endodontic treatment. Sodium hypochlorite and EDTA are the most commonly used irrigants due to their ability to dissolve tissue and remove smear layer. Chlorhexidine and hydrogen peroxide are also discussed. Intracanal medicaments mentioned include eugenol, phenol, camphorated monochlorophenol, formocresol, and calcium hydroxide which are used to disinfect canals and promote healing.
This document summarizes various irrigation solutions used in endodontics, including their purposes, effectiveness, and limitations. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used solution and is effective as an antibacterial agent and tissue solvent. However, it cannot remove the smear layer and may have toxicity issues at high concentrations. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is also effective against bacteria but lacks tissue-dissolving ability. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MTAD are also discussed as alternatives with antibacterial properties but more limited tissue dissolution compared to NaOCl. The optimal concentration, volume, and combination of solutions depends on the desired outcome and root canal anatomy.
The document discusses endodontic instruments and their classification. It covers diagnostic instruments like mirrors, probes and tweezers used for examination. Extirpating instruments like barbed broaches are discussed. Enlarging instruments include both hand-driven ones like K-files and engine-driven rotary files and ultrasonic/sonic instruments. Obturating instruments are categorized into those using non-softened gutta percha like spreaders and softened gutta percha ones like thermal applicators and injection systems. Miscellaneous instruments like apex locators are also mentioned. The document provides details on various types under each classification with diagrams.
This document lists and describes various instruments used in endodontic treatment. It discusses probes, broaches, Gates Glidden drills, and Peeso reamer drills used to remove pulp and enlarge canals. Also described are endodontic files for shaping canals, NiTi rotary instruments, lentulo spiral fillers for placing materials, spreaders and pluggers for obturation, absorbent points and gutta percha for filling canals, and various measuring and testing devices like apex locators and electric pulp testers. Precautions are outlined for safe use of these instruments.
Endodontic sealers and irrigating solutions /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Endodontic sealers a summary and a quick review Rami Al-Saedi
a slideshow presentation lectured and presented in Al-Sadr Specialized dental center in the continuing dental learning weekly lectures.
Rusafa medical institute- Baghdad- Iraq
lecturer: Dr. Rami Ahmed Jumaah (BDS)
Supervisor: Dr. Iman J. Ahmed (BDS: MSc)
This document discusses irrigation techniques and solutions used in endodontics. It states that irrigation is necessary to clean areas that instruments cannot reach, like fins and anastomoses. The ideal irrigant has antimicrobial properties, tissues dissolving ability, lubrication, and can remove the smear layer while being non-toxic. Commonly used irrigants include sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, EDTA, and MTAD. Proper irrigation requires needles inserted to the full working length and solutions delivered slowly and passively.
Instruments used in endodontic treatmentpansovannara
This document lists and describes various instruments used in endodontic treatment. It discusses finger instruments like probes, broaches and files used to remove pulp and shape canals. Rotary instruments like Gates Glidden drills, Peeso reamers and nickel titanium files are used to widen and clean canals. Accessories include spreaders for condensing gutta percha, absorbent points to dry canals, and apex locators to determine working length. Proper use and disposal of sharp instruments is emphasized.
Endodontic instruments /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The document discusses endodontic irrigating solutions. It describes the objectives and requirements of ideal irrigants, including having broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, aiding in debridement, dissolving tissue, low toxicity, and lubricating properties. Commonly used irrigants are discussed, such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, citric acid, and mixtures. Recent advances including cetrexidine, carisolv, and bioactive materials are also mentioned.
Burs, mirrors, probes and excavators are used to prepare the access cavity and remove pulp tissue. K-files, reamers, and Hedstrom files are used to shape the root canal in a twisting motion. NiTi files are used to initially flare canals. Gates Glidden drills and Peeso reamers further widen canals. Irrigation, paper points and gutta percha are used to clean canals and conduct root canal fillings. Spreaders and pluggers are used to condense gutta percha during filling.
This document discusses irrigation in endodontics. It provides an introduction to irrigation solutions and devices used, challenges of irrigation, and recent advances. It describes the ideal characteristics of endodontic irrigants and commonly used solutions such as sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is the current irrigant of choice and its properties, concentrations, effects on dentin, and safety considerations are discussed in detail. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of irrigation in endodontic treatment.
This document discusses endodontic irrigants and irrigation techniques. It describes the desired functions of irrigating solutions such as washing away debris, lubricating instruments, dissolving tissues, and killing bacteria. Sodium hypochlorite is the most commonly used irrigant due to its ability to dissolve organic material and kill bacteria, though it does not remove the smear layer. EDTA is often used along with sodium hypochlorite to remove the smear layer. Chlorhexidine has antimicrobial properties but does not dissolve tissues. Various irrigation devices and techniques are also discussed such as syringes, needles, sonic activation with EndoActivator, and negative pressure irrigation with EndoVac. Interactions
The document discusses the endodontic pressure syringe technique for root canal obturation. It describes how the pressure syringe extrudes filling material from the apex to backfill the root canal in a controlled manner. The technique is indicated for large canals, internal resorption cases, and retrograde approaches. Advantages include precision and control, but drawbacks can include overfilling and difficulty with flexible needles in curved canals. Overall, the pressure syringe and lentulospiral techniques were found to be superior depending on canal shape and anatomy.
Obturation Of Root Canal Obturation Of Root Canalvasanthatpuram
The document discusses obturation, which is the filling of the root canal system after chemomechanical preparation. Obturation aims to provide an impermeable seal within the root canal system to prevent reinfection from oral or apical microleakage. Ideal obturation extends to the cementodentinal junction and has a tapered funnel-like shape reflecting the root's morphology. Materials used for obturation include gutta-percha, silver cones, and various sealers. Gutta-percha is the most common material due to its biocompatibility and plasticity which allows it to fill canal irregularities.
UNIQUE^J COST-EFFECTIVE AND RETENTIVE REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS.pptxMugilarasanMunisamy
This case report describes the rehabilitation of a Kennedy Class I partially edentulous maxilla with a custom attachment retained removable prosthesis. A 58-year-old male patient presented with multiple missing upper teeth. A customized attachment system using die pins and sleeves was used to retain a maxillary removable partial denture, improving retention over a conventional clasp-retained prosthesis. This provided an affordable, effective treatment that protected the periodontal health of the abutment teeth compared to alternative fixed or implant-supported options. Periodic recalls were recommended to maintain function and abutment health long-term.
This document provides information about pulpectomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpectomy and considerations for primary teeth. Indications include traumatized or carious primary teeth with signs of pain or infection, while contraindications include non-restorable teeth or excessive root resorption. The procedure involves accessing the pulp chamber, removing coronal and radicular pulp tissue, cleaning and shaping canals, and obturating with resorbable materials like zinc oxide eugenol. Access cavities must be carefully prepared and obturation techniques like lentulo spirals or pressure syringes are discussed. Success criteria include resolution of symptoms and adequate root length for exfoliation. Periodic reviews are
The document discusses recent advances in prosthodontics presented by Dr. J. Koshy Joseph. It covers various topics including complete dentures, fixed partial dentures, removable partial dentures, maxillofacial prosthetics, implantology, materials and instrumentation. New techniques and materials discussed include the use of lasers in denture fabrication, CAD/CAM systems for complete dentures, magnets and denture liners in prosthodontics, and all-on implants. The document provides an overview of the latest developments across different areas of prosthodontics.
Determination of root canal working length /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Restoration of endodontically treated teethSanket Pandey
Seminar on restoration of endodontically treated tooth.
Credits to Cohen, Ingle, Respected researchers for their research in this field.
and everyone who previously tried to make a good presentation using the research work.
Obturation and the Importance of Coronal SealAlwaleed Fahad
The coronal seal of an endodontically treated tooth is essential for the long-term success of the treatment. Microorganisms from the oral cavity can reinfect the root canal system through gaps in the temporary or permanent restoration. Several studies have shown that within a few weeks of leaving the access cavity open, bacteria from the saliva can travel down the entire length of the root canal. Placement of an adequate permanent restoration is critical to prevent reinfection of the root canal system and promote healing of the periapical tissues. The technical quality of the coronal restoration has a greater impact on apical periodontal health than the quality of the root canal filling.
Endodontically treated teeth require careful treatment planning to maintain a proper coronal seal and prevent recontamination of the root canal. Both an adequate endodontic treatment and coronal restoration are important for long-term success, with some studies finding the quality of restoration has a greater impact. Teeth with significant loss of structure often require full coverage restorations to protect against fracture from occlusal stresses. Factors like post length, diameter and ferrule effect should be considered for teeth receiving posts and cores. Maintaining biologic width is also important for proper restoration margins.
Ultrasonics have various applications in endodontics. They can be used to refine root canal access and remove calcified deposits, detached pulp stones, and intracanal obstructions like broken instruments. Ultrasonics increase the flushing action of irrigants by generating acoustic streaming that more effectively cleans root canal walls and difficult anatomical features. They also aid in removing posts and silver points with minimal damage to tooth structure. Overall, ultrasonics provide a safe and effective method for various challenges in endodontic treatment.
This document provides information on banding instruments and procedures in pediatric dentistry. It discusses the history of bands, various band materials and sizes, advantages and disadvantages of bands, ideal band material requirements, instruments used for banding, and banding techniques. The key points are:
- Bands are thin metal rings placed on teeth, typically molars, to secure orthodontic appliances. Accurate band placement is important for fitting appliances.
- Stainless steel is commonly used due to properties like resistance to tarnish and springiness. Band sizes vary based on tooth type.
- Banding provides strong attachment but risks caries if cement seals fail. Autoclaving is the most reliable steril
This document provides information on root canal filling techniques and materials. It discusses the purpose of root canal fillings, which is to prevent bacterial spread and reinfection. Common instruments used include lentulo spirals and spreaders. Gutta percha points are the most widely used obturation material. Sealers are also essential to fill spaces and irregularities. Common sealers discussed include zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, and resins. The document describes various root filling techniques such as single cone, lateral condensation, warm vertical compaction, and thermomechanical compaction. It emphasizes the importance of the coronal seal in preventing microleakage.
2. EVALUATION OF IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE IN COMPLETE DENTURE.pptxgujjugullygirl
This document discusses different impression techniques used in complete denture fabrication. It begins by defining impressions and outlining the basic requirements and objectives of impression making. It then covers the main impression theories - mucostatic, mucocompressive, minimal pressure, and selective pressure. The selective pressure technique is described as combining aspects of pressure and minimal pressure by applying pressure selectively to primary and secondary stress-bearing areas while avoiding relief areas. A survey of private dental practitioners found the majority use impression compound for primary impressions and zinc oxide eugenol or non-eugenol pastes for final impressions.
This document discusses various methods for gingival retraction to expose the tooth structure beneath the gingiva. It describes mechanical, chemico-mechanical, and surgical retraction methods. Mechanical methods include use of retraction cords, while chemico-mechanical methods involve chemically-treated cords to shrink gingival tissue. Recent advances discussed include laser retraction and cordless techniques like Expasyl paste that cause less trauma than cords. Proper technique and material selection are important to effectively retract tissue without damaging the periodontium.
An altered cast procedure to improve tissue supportCPGIDSH
The document discusses an altered cast technique for removable partial dentures. The technique involves making an impression of the edentulous ridge after the metal framework is cast. This refined impression is used to alter the edentulous areas of the master cast, accurately reproducing the supporting tissues. This provides correct denture base extension and favorable physiologic support when seated. The technique offers benefits like reducing adjustments and preserving residual ridges by improving stress distribution. Two case examples demonstrate using the altered cast technique for mandibular and maxillary removable partial dentures.
This document discusses endodontic mishaps and procedural accidents that can occur during root canal treatment. It begins by defining endodontic mishaps and classifying them into categories such as access related, instrumentation related, and obturation related mishaps. Specific mishaps like treating the wrong tooth, missed canals, ledge formation, and perforations are described in detail. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing mishaps, correcting them properly, and preventing future errors through careful diagnosis, instrumentation techniques, and quality control measures.
A Novel Approach to Fracture Resistance Using Horizontal Posts after Endodont...Nadeem Aashiq
This case report describes a technique for reinforcing a tooth with horizontal fiberglass posts embedded in composite after endodontic therapy. A 40-year-old patient presented with pain in an upper right molar. After root canal treatment, two horizontal fiberglass posts were placed through holes drilled bucally and lingually and cemented with composite. At a 17-month follow-up the tooth remained asymptomatic and healed with the horizontal post restoration intact. A review found that horizontal posts can significantly increase fracture resistance compared to direct composite alone and result in more repairable fractures if failure occurs. The technique provides short-term reinforcement until a full-coverage restoration can be afforded.
The document discusses various materials used for obturation in root canals of primary teeth. The goals of obturation include maintaining arch length, preserving function, and removing infection. Commonly used materials include zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), calcium hydroxide, and iodoform-based pastes. ZOE has advantages of antibacterial effects and radiopacity but low resorption. Iodoform provides antibacterial properties and resorbs excess material. Calcium hydroxide is biocompatible with no toxic effects. No single material meets all criteria. Combination materials and addition of substances aim to improve properties. Selection depends on factors like resorption rate and biocompatibility.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Pulp therapy is widely used in the treatment of
pediatric patients, while attempting to prevent
premature exfoliation loss of the primary teeth.
• Different techniques and treatments have been
proposed in the literature to promote cleansing and
sanitation of the root canals of deciduous teeth.
4. • However, the topography of primary teeth root
canals, which present accentuated curves and a large
number of accessory canals, makes access to and the
instrumentation of these teeth more difficult .
• Besides the anatomical aspect, the process of root
resorption in deciduous dentition occurs irregularly
and is not always detected radiographically.
5. • This fact makes it difficult to establish an apical limit,
both for canal instrumentation and for filling, leading
to possible damage of the periodontium and the
permanent tooth germ .
• -Bengston AL, Bengston NG. Efeito da instrumentação endodôntica em molares decíduos.
Rev. Assoc. Paul Cir. Dent. 1993; 47(5):1149-54.
6. • The overflow of materials presenting
nonbiocompatible and nonresorbable properties could
also affect periapical structures and permit the
permanence of these materials in the bone or gingival
tissue even after primary tooth exfoliation .
• Faraco Jr IM, Percinoto C. Avaliação de duas técnicas de pulpectomia em dentes
decíduos. Rev. Assoc. Paul Cir. Dent. 1998; 52(5):400-4.
7. • Given the characteristics of deciduous dentition,
which impede full manipulation of the root canal, the
success of endodontic treatment depends on the
proportion of reduction or elimination of bacteria not
only within the root canal, but also in locations that
chemical and mechanical preparation are unable to
access
8. • Considering the limitations of primary tooth canal
instrumentation, the use of filling pastes presenting an
antimicrobial capacity represents one of the most
important aspects for achieving success in endodontic
therapy
9. • Developmental, anatomic and physiological
differences between the primary and permanent teeth
call for differences in the criteria for root canal
filling materials
10. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
The ideal requirements of a root canal filling materials
for primary teeth are as follows :
• The material should resorb as the primary tooth root
resorbs.
• Not irritate the periapical tissues nor coagulate any organic
remnants in the canal.
• Have a stable disinfecting power.
• Any surplus material passed beyond the apex should be
resorbed easily.
• (Catagnola 1952, Rifkin 1980, Woods 1984)
11. • Inserted easily in to the canal and also removed easily if necessary.
• Not be soluble in water.
• Not discolor the tooth.
• Should be radio opaque.
• Harmless to underlying tooth germ.
• Should adhere to the walls of canal and should not shrink.
• Not set as a hard mass, which could deflect erupting successor.
12. Obturating techniques
The aim in obturating the root canal system is to
prevent recontamination of canal from either apical or
coronal leakage and to isolate and neutralize any
remaining pulpal tissue or bacteria
13. Various obturating techniques are -
1. Endodontic pressure syringes
2. Mechanical syringe
3. Lentulo spiral
4. Jiffy tube
5. Tuberculin syringe
6. Incremental filling technique
7. Other techniques-
• Amalgam plugger – Nosonwitz 1960, King 1984
• Paper points – Spedding 1973
• Plugging action –Donnenberg 1974
14. ENDODONTIC PRESSURE
SYRINGE :
• Using the technique described by Greenberg
(1963)
• This apparatus consists of a syringe barrel,
threaded plugger, wrench and threaded
needle.
• needle was inserted into the simulated canal
until wall resistance was encountered.
15. • Using a slow, withdrawing-type motion, the
needle was withdrawn in 3-mm intervals with
each quarter turn of the screw until the canal
can be visibly filled at the orifice with zinc
oxide eugenol paste.
• Aylard SR, Johnson R. Assessment of filling techniques for primary teeth.
Pediatric Dentistry 1987;9(3):195-198.
16. • The 13 to 30 gauge needle which corresponds to the
largest endodontic file can be used to instrument the
root canal.
• It has been noted that the needles are very flexible
and can easily be maneuvered in the tortuous canals
of primary molars.
Jha M, Patil SD, Sevekar S, Jogani V, Shingare P. Pediatric Obturating Materials And
Techniques. Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 2011;1(2):27- 32.
17. • Overfill is a common clinical finding in the primary
dentition, especially when apical resorption and/ or
the paste is applied through a pressure syringe.
• Difficulties in placing the rubber stop correctly and
removing the needle (because of the need to refill the
hub of the syringe several times during the procedure)
• may lead the clinician to remove and reinsert the
syringe repeatedly, which, in turn, may displace the
paste, create voids, and thus decrease filling quality
18. • In addition, the need to clean the syringe
immediately after use makes this method more
complex and time-consuming.
• This technique hasbeen described in detail by
Spedding and by Krakow et al
Memarpour M, Shahidi S, Meshki R. Comparison of Different Obturation Techniques for
Primary Molars by Digital Radiography. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):236-240.
19. MECHANICAL SYRINGE
• This method was proposed by Greenberg in
1971.
• The canal shape governed the selection of the
filling technique and the mechanical syringe
was a poor performer in both canal types i.e.
curved and straight canals in a study
conducted by Aylard and Johnson.
20. • The screw mechanism of the endodontic
pressure syringe would be able to generate far
greater pressures than could a plunger system
as is seen with the mechanical syringe
Aylard SR, Johnson R. Assessment of filling techniques for primary teeth. Pediatric Dentistry
1987;9(3):195-198.
21. LENTULO SPIRAL
• This obturation technique was advocated by Kopel in
1970.
• Aylard and Johnson and Dandashi et al evaluated
root canal obturation methods in primary teeth in
vitro and concluded that the lentulospiral mounted in
a slow speed handpiece was superior in filling
straight and curved root canals of primary teeth.
22. • The investigators demonstrated no significant
differences between the lentulo and the
pressure syringe techniques when filling
straight canals.
Aylard SR, Johnson R. Assessment of filling techniques for primary teeth. Pediatric Dentistry
1987;9(3):195-198.
23. • Torres et al also concluded similar result
stating that calcium hydroxide radiodensity in
a curved canal was significantly greater using a
Lentulo spiral-only technique.
Torres CP, Apicella MJ, Yancich PP, Parker MH. Intracanal Placement of Calcium
Hydroxide: A Comparison of Techniques, Revisited. Journal Of Endodontics
2004;30(4):225-227.
24. • Similar results were reported by Peters et al and
Sigurdsson who reported that application with a
lentulo spiral was more homogenous than injection of
Ca(OH)2 paste.
Peters CI, Koka RS, Highsmith S, Peters OA. Calcium hydroxide dressings using
different preparation and application modes: density and dissolution by simulated tissue
pressure. International Endodontic Journal 2005;38:889-895
Sigurdsson A, Stancill R, Madison S. Intracanal Placement of Ca(OH)2: A Comparison
of Techniques. Journal of Endodontics 1992;18(8):367-370.
25. • The Lentulo spiral is one of the most effective and
straight forward techniques for applying sealers and
calcium hydroxide into permanent tooth root canals
or pastes into primary tooth canals.
• The design and flexibility of the Lentulo spiralallow
files to carry the paste uniformly throughout the
narrow, curved canals in primary molars.
26. • Difficulties with fitting the rubber stop, instrument
fracture, and a tendency for extrusion beyond the
apex, however, are disadvantages of the Lentulo
instruments.
• Memarpour M, Shahidi S, Meshki R. Comparison of Different Obturation Techniques for
Primary Molars by Digital Radiography. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):236-240.
27. Jiffy Tube
• This technique was popularized by Rifficin in 1980.
• The material of choice for filling the root canals of
pulpectomized primary teeth is pure ZOE, first mixed
as slurry and carried into the canals using paper
points, a syringe, a Jiffy tube, or a lentulo spiral root
canal filler
•
Dummett CO, Kopel HM. Pediatric Endodontics. In. Ingle and Bakland. Endodontics.
5th ed. London: BC Decker Elsevier; 2002.p.861-902.
28. • The standardized mixture of ZOE is back-loaded into
the tube. The tube tip is placed into the simulated
canal orifice and the material expressed into the canal
with a downward squeezing motion until the orifice
appears visibly filled.
29. Tuberculin syringe
• This syringe was utilised by Aylord and
Johnson in 1987.
• The standardized mixture of ZOE was
backloaded into the syringe with a standard
26- gauge, 3/8-inch needle
30. • . The material was expressed into the canal by
slow finger pressure on the plunger until the
canal was visibly filled at the orifice. [
31. • There appeared to be no difference in the
straight canal filling capabilities of either the
tuberculin or mechanical syringes.
• The tuberculin syringe group had the worst
results for the length of obturation amon other
techniques used in a study conducted by
Memarpour et al
32. • The main drawback of the tuberculin syringe technique is
the difficulty of separating the tip during injection, which
results in the need to repeatedly replace the needle.
• This may compromise optimal filling and increase the
presence of voids in the paste.
• Memarpour M, Shahidi S, Meshki R. Comparison of Different Obturation Techniques for
Primary Molars by Digital Radiography. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):236-240.
33. The Incremental Filling Technique
• This was first used by Gould in 1972.
• An endodontic plugger, corresponding to the
size of the canal, with rubber stop was used to
place a thick mix of zinc oxide-eugenol paste
into the canal.
34. • Length of the endodontic plugger equaled the
predetermined root canal length minus 2 mm.
• Additional increments of 2-mm blocks were
added until the canal was filled to the cervical
area.
35. • O'Riordan and Coll described a method of
placing the material in bulk and pushing it into
the canals with endodontic pluggers
Jha M, Patil SD, Sevekar S, Jogani V, Shingare P. Pediatric Obturating Materials And
Techniques. Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 2011;1(2):27- 32.
36. • Placing the paste in a narrow, apically curved
canal is more difficult than in a wider apical
preparation.
• Because the flexibility of endodontic pluggers
is limited, the paste cannot be placed in the full
working length of narrow, curved canals
37. • In addition, movements of the plugger during paste
application may increase the risk of large voids.
• According to a study conducted by Memarpour et al,
an optimal filling result was obtained more frequently
with the Lentulo instrument than with the packing
technique.
• Memarpour M, Shahidi S, Meshki R. Comparison of Different Obturation Techniques for
Primary Molars by Digital Radiography. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):236-240.
38. NaviTip
• Recently, a thin and flexible metal tip was
introduced viz., NaviTip (Ultradent), in the
market to deliver root canal sealer.
• This NaviTip comes in different lengths and a
rubber stop may be adjusted to it.
39. • Guelmann et al assessed the quality of root
canal filling by using three filling systems:
syringe with plastic needle (Vitapex), syringe
with metal needle (NaviTip), and lentulo
spiral.
• Filling quality was determined
radiographically.
40. • Tip thickness, limited flexibility, difficulty to
adapt a stopper and operator experience with
the Vitapex delivery system may explain the
less than ideal results.
• Unfortunately, due to paste thickness, material
could not be expressed via the NaviTip™
lumen
41. • EndoSeal, a syringe delivered zinc oxide eugenol
based canal sealer can be expressed by the
NaviTip system.
Guelmann M, McEachern M, Turner C. Pulpectomies in primary incisors using three delivery
systems: an in vitro study. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 2004;28(4): 323-26.
42. • Mahtab Memarpour et al concluded in comparative
study of anesthetic syringe, NaviTip syringe, pressure
syringe, tuberculin syringe, lentulo spiral and packing
with a plugger that lentulo produced the best results
in terms of length of obturation, while NaviTip
syringe produced the best results in controlling paste
extrusion from the apical foramen and having the
smallest void size and lowest number of voids
Memarpour M, Shahidi S, Meshki R. Comparison of Different Obturation Techniques
for Primary Molars by Digital Radiography. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):236-240
43. The Reamer Technique
• A reamer coated with ZOE paste was inserted
into the canal with clockwise rotation,
accompanied by a vibratory motion to allow
the material to reach the apex, and then
withdrawn from the canal, while
simultaneously continuing the clockwise rotary
motion.
44. • A rubber stopper was used to keep the reamer
to the predetermined working length, and the
process was repeated 5 to 7 times for each
canal until the canal orifice appeared filled
with the paste.
45. • The results of the study by Priya Nagar et al
showed that the obturation quality of both the
reamer technique and insulin syringe technique
was found to be very closely related
Nagar P, Araali V, Ninawe N. An alternative obturating technique using insulin syringe
delivery system to traditional reamer: An in-vivo study. Journal of Dentistry and Oral
Biosciences 2011;2(2):7-19.
46. Disposable Injection Technique
• ZOE can be loaded in a 2-ml syringe with 24-
gauge needle along with stopper adjusted to
measured length taking RCT instrument as
guide and the material is gently pushed into the
canal till the material is seen flowing out of the
canal orifice.
47. • Now the needle is gradually withdrawn while
pushing the material till the needle reaches the
pulp chamber.
• The technique described is simple, economical,
can be used with almost all filling materials used
for the purpose, and is easy to master with
minimal chances of failure as reported by
Bhandari et al.
Bhandari SK, Anita, Prajapati U. Root canal obturation of primary teeth: Disposable
injection technique. Journal Of Indian Society Of Pedodontics AndPreventive
Dentistry 2012; 30(1):13-18.
48. Bi-Directional Spiral
• Dr. Barry Musikant [1998] developed a new
obturation technique with bi-directional spiral.
• This technique ensures that a minimal amount
of obturating material will past the apex.
49. • This controlled coverage is achieved because
the spirals at the coronal end of the instrument
spin the material down the shaft towards the
apex, while the spirals at the apical end spin
the material upward towards the coronal end.
50. • Where they meet (about 3-4 mm from the
apical end of the shaft), the material is thrown
out laterally.
• The study by Muskant et al. [1998] observed
that the bi-directional spiral prevented the
apical extrusion of the sealer from the root
canals of permanent teeth.
51. • The highest number of voids was seen in
canals filled with the lentulo spirals and
bidirectional spiral as observed by Grover et
al.
Grover R, Mehra M, Pandit IK, Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Gupta M. Clinical efficacy of
various root canal obturating methods in primary teeth: A comparative study. European
Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013;14(2):104-08
52. • NS Ca(OH)2 injected into canal with NaviTip
consistently produced better results than the
spirally placed dressings in a conclusion drawn
by the study reported by Gibson et al.
Gibson R, Howlett P, Cole BOI. Efficacy of spirally filled versus injected nonsetting
calcium hydroxide dressings. Dental Traumatology 2008;24:356–359.
53. Pastinject
• Pastinject (Micromega) is a specially designed
paste carrier with flattened blades, which
improves material placement into the root
canal. In a study conducted by Grover et al,
54. • it was concluded that among lentulospirals, bi-
directional spiral, pastinject and pressure syringe,
the pastinject technique has proved to be the most
effective, yielding a higher number of optimally
filled canals and minimal voids, combined with
easier placement of the material into the canals.
• Grover R, Mehra M, Pandit IK, Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Gupta M. Clinical
efficacy of various root canal obturating methods in primary teeth: A comparative
study. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013;14(2):104-08
55. • Moreover, it was reported by Deveaux et al
and Oztan Meltem et al that special design of
the Pastinject seems to favor a better intracanal
placement of calcium hydroxide paste in single
rooted teeth.
Oztan MD, Akman A, Dalat D. Intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide: A
comparison of two different mixtures and carriers Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral
Radiol Endod 2002; 94(1): 93-97.
56. • A Specially Designed Paste Carrier technique is
also found to be an effective technique in the
intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide as
reported by Joseph Meng et al.
57. • Bi-directional spiral and Pastinject are used for
the placement of calcium hydroxide and root
canal sealers in the permanent teeth, but there
are not enough studies to evaluate their use as
obturation techniques in primary teeth.
• Tan JME, Parolia A, Pau AKH. Intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide: a comparison
of specially designed paste carrier technique with other techniques. BMC Oral Health
2013; 13(52):1-7.
58. Obturating material
• A wide variety of obturating materials have been
used for obturation of primary teeth. Some of the
most common used material are :
• Zinc Oxide Eugenol
• Iodoform Paste
• Maisto’s Paste
• Endoflas
• Calcium hydroxide
• Calcium Hydroxide with Iodoform paste (Vitapex)
59. • The ultimate goal of endodontic obturation
has remained the same for the past 50 years:
to create a fluid-tight seal along the length of
the root canal system, from the coronal
opening to the apical termination.
Jha M, Patil SD, Sevekar S, Jogani V, Shingare P. Pediatric Obturating Materials And
Techniques. Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 2011;1(2):27- 32.
61. • For this purpose, several techniques have
been used for the filling of material into
primary teeth root canals.
• ideal filling technique should assure complete
filling of the canal without overfill and with
minimal or no voids
62. • It is important to select an obturation
technique that offers consistency and is easy
to use
• Gutmann JL, Kuttler S, Niemczyk S. Root Canal Obturation: An Update.
Pennwell Publications 2010;1-11.
63. ZOE (zinc oxide eugenol)
• Zinc oxide Eugenol is one of the most widely
used materials for root canal filling of primary
teeth.
64. • Bonastre (1837) discovered zinc oxide Eugenol
and it was subsequently used in dentistry by
Chisholm (1876)
• Zinc oxide Eugenol paste was the first root
canal filling material to be recommended for
primary teeth, as described by Sweet in 1930
Praveen P, Anantharaj A, Karthik V, Pratibha R. A review of the obturating material for
primary teeth. SRM university journal of dental science 2011;1
65. • Hashieh studied the beneficial effects of
Eugenol.
• The amount of Eugenol released in the
periapical zone immediately after placement
was 10-4 and falls to 10-6 after 24 hrs,
reaching 0 after 1 month.
66. • Within these concentrations Eugenol is said to
have antiinflammatory and analgesic
properties that are very useful after a
pulpectomy procedure.
• 1930's zinc oxide Eugenol has been the
material of choice.
67. TYPES OF ZOE CEMENTS
1. Type I
2. Type 11
3. Type III
4. Type IV
1. Type I –
• Designed for temporary cementation of indirect restorations.
• It seals the cavity surprisingly well against the ingress of oral
fluids, at least for a brief period.
• Lower strength , to facilitate the removal of restorations.
68. • Type II –
• Designed for a long term applications.
• intended for permanent cementation of restorations or appliances
fabricated outside of the mouth.
• Type III-
• Temprorary filling and thermal insulation.
• Type IV –
• Used as a cavity liners.
69. • It has certain disadvantages like slow
resorption, irritation to the periapical tissues,
necrosis of bone and cementum and alters the
path of eruption of succedaneous tooth.
• Hashieh I A, Ponnmel L, Camps J. Concentration of Eugenol apically released from ZnOE
based sealers. JOE 1999; 22(11): 713-715.
70. PROPERTIES
• Extended working time- but sets faster in mouth
due to increased temperature and humidity.
• Good sealing potential because of small
volumetric changes on setting.
• Eg., Tubliseal, Wach’s cement, Nogenol.
71. REVIEW OF LITRETURE
• First study was done by the RABINOWITZ
(1953) in which he observed seven failures out
of 1363 treated teeth and Starkey (1963)
advocated extirpation of pulpal tissue with
instrumentation of the root canals and
placement of a resorbable treatment paste. This
procedure was a multiple appointment one,
with three to seven visits needed to complete
the pulpectomy procedure.
72. • Success rate were reported after obturating
with Zinc Oxide Eugenol by various authors as
follows 82.3% BARR et al, 82.5% GOULD
J, 86.1% COLL et al.
• Camp JH Dent Clin Nrth Am 1984,28, 651-68
• Gould JM J Dent Child 1972, 39,269-73
73. • ERAUSQUIN AND MURUZABAL 1967
studied the occurrence of cementum, bone and
inflammation of periapical tissues in animals
after obturated with Zinc Oxide Eugenol.
• Used ZOE in 141 rats followed from 1- 90
days .
• ZOE irritated the periapical tissues and caused
the necrosis of bone & cementum.
74. • Extruded ZOE developed fibrous capsules that
prevented resorption.
• Developmental arrest of a premolar following
overfilling the root canal of second primary
molar using ZOE- attributed malformation to
toxic nature of material.
75. • GOULD 1972 clinically investigated 35 primary
molars treated with one – appointment
pulpectomy procedure obturating with ZOE
and reported a clinical success rate of 82.8%
after a 16-month period.
• Gould JM J Dent Child 1972, 39,269-73.
76. • COLL 1993
• Retained ZOE after loss of pulpectomized tooth
• 27.3% after a mean of 40.2 months after loss of
treated tooth – retained
• Short filled retained ZOE less than beyond fills
• Size of the particles of most retained ZOE filler
decreased over time.
77. IODOFORM PASTE
• Rifkin 1980 used KRI paste as the final filling
materials for pulpectomies in primary teeth in a two-
visit technique and as the medicaments between the
visits.
• COMPOSITION
• 2% parachlorophenol
• 4.86% camphor
• 1.215% menthol
• 80.8% iodoform
78. ADVANTAGES
• Disinfectant to treat osteitis after extractions.
• Remains in paste form and never set to hard mass.
• Smooth, viscous material, can be spun in with
lentulo-spiral or injected with pressure syringe.
• resorbable, so if inadvertently expressed into
periapical granulomatous tissue is rapidly removed
and replaced by healthy connective tissue (Castagnola
1952,Woods 1984).
79. • Resorbs in synchrony with roots.
• Easily inserted and removed.
• Resorbs from apical tissues in one or two
weeks.
80. • HOLON ANNA FUKS 1993
• compared ZOE and KRI.
• Success rate of both was similar if underfilled
• Slightly higher when KRI flushed to the apex
81. • GARCIA GODOY 1987
• None of the succedaneous teeth treated with KRI
had enamel disturbances or other morphological
defects.
• KRI paste is bactericidal in root canal, resorbs
from the apical tissues in one or two weeks,
apparently harmless to permanent tooth germs,
radio opaque, does not set to hard mass, and is
easily inserted and removed.
83. • ELIYAHU MASS 1989
• Maisto was successful in treating infected molars.
• Iodoform containing pastes are easily resorbed
from the peri radicular region.
• These cause no foreign body reaction like zinc
Oxide Eugenol.
• Overfilling and resorption of iodoform
containing had no effect on success of treatment
rather had positive healing effect.
84. • REDDY VV, FERNANDES 1996
• On clinical evaluation, teeth obturated with
Maisto’s paste showed 100% success.
• Five teeth that were overfilled with Maisto’s paste
showed complete resorption of excess material
within 3 months.
• Zinc Oxide Eugenol treated cases showed only
26.7% bone regeneration while in case of
Maisto’s paste, it was 93%.
85. • Complete healing of the inter-radicular
pathology was seen with Maisto’s paste.
• However, the pathology was present in 40%
of the Zinc Oxide Eugenol treated teeth even
after 9 months.
• Maisto’s paste was thus seen to be superior to
Zinc Oxide - Eugenol.
86. ENDOFLAS
Endoflas is a resorbable paste produced in
South America and contains components
similar to that of Vitapex, with the addition of
zinc oxide Eugenol.
87. • This paste is obtained by mixing a powder
containing triiodomethane and iodine
dibutilorthocresol (40.6%), zinc oxide
(56.5%), calcium hydroxide (1.07%), Barium
sulphate (1.63%) and with a liquid consisting
of Eugenol and Paramonochlorophenol.
Praveen P, Anantharaj A, Karthik V, Pratibha R. A review of the obturating material for
primary teeth. SRM university journal of dental science 2011;1(3).
88. • The material is hydrophilic and can be used in
mildly humid canals.
• It firmly adheres to the surface of the root
canals to provide a good seal.
• Due to its broad spectrum of antibacterial
activity, Endoflas has the ability to disinfect
dentinal tubules and difficult to reach
accessory ca-nals that cannot be disinfected or
cleansed mechanically.
89. • The components of Endoflas are
biocompatible and can be removed by
phagocytosis, hence making the material
resorbable
90. • Endoflas only resorbs when extruded
extraradicularly, but does not wash out
intraradicularly.
• The disadvantage of this material is its
Eugenol content that can cause periapical
irritation.
91. • It also has a drawback of causing tooth
discoloration.
• One study showed a lower success rate of 58%
when there was overfilling but 83% success in
cases with flush and underfilled root canals.
Thus, it can be concluded
92. • That the Endofloss may be successfully used
for root canal treatments in primary teeth
particularly if care is taken not to overfill
93. • Pabla et al. evaluated the antimicrobial
efficacy of zinc oxide Eugenol, Iodoform
paste, KRI paste, Maisto paste and Vitapex®
against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
obtained from infected non-vital primary
anterior teeth.
94. • Maisto paste had the best antibacterial activity
• Iodoform paste was the second best followed
by zinc oxide Eugenol paste. Vitapex® showed
the least antibacterial activity.
• Pabla T, Gulati MS, Mohan U. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of various
root canal filling materials for primary teeth. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent.
1997 Dec; 15(4):134-40.
95. • Fuks A 2002 conducted a retrospective study using
Endoflas as a filling material in 55 teeth.
• After a follow up of 52 months 70% was successful.
Overfilling led to the success rate of 58%, while in the
combine flush and underfilled the success rate was 83%.
• The paste resorbed extra radicularly, without washing out
intra radicularly.
• Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, 2002,27(1), 41-46
96. • Moti Moskovitz , Eid Sammara, Gideon Holan
2005 done a study to evaluate rate of success
of root canal treatments in primary infected
molars using Endoflas F.S as a filling material.
• Endoflas F.S. can be used as an alternative
root canal filling material for primary teeth.
97. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
• Calcium hydroxide is used in various forms for
the management of pulpally involved teeth.
• Bermann in 1930 was one of the first
investigators to use calcium hydroxide on vital
exposed pulps.
98. • Calcium hydroxide is a relatively week
cement commonly employed as direct or
indirect pulp capping agents.
• Due to their alkaline nature they also serve as a
protective barrier against irritants from certain
restorations.
99. Classifications and types:
•According to whether they are setting or non-
setting.
•The setting – Ca(OH)2 are generally used for the
lining or as root canal sealers.
•The non setting Ca(OH)2 is used as dressing for
root canals.
100. •According to the mode of delivery
I. Dry powdered Ca(OH)2 ex: Reogan, Analar
Ca(OH)2
II. Single paste system ex: Hypocal
III. Two paste system ex: Dycal, Basic
IV. Root canal sealer ex: Sealapex CRCS
(Calcibiotic root canal scaler)
101. uses
1. As a base under restorations
2. Vital pulp therapy
• Direct pulp capping
• Indirect pulp capping
• Pulpotomy
• Apexogenesis
3. Treatment of divergent apex in a pulpless tooth (Apexification).
4. Irrigation
5. Routine intracanal dressing between appointments
• Routine dressing
• Long term temporary dressing
102. 6. Large periapical lesions.
7. As an alternative material for the obturation of primary teeth.
8. Control of persistent apical exudates into the canal.
9. Prevention of root resorption .
• Idiopathic
• Following reimplantation or transplantation of a tooth.
10. Repair of iatrogenic perforations.
11. Treatment of root fractures.
12. Constituent of root canal sealer.
13. Dentine desensitizing agent.
14. Microleakage demonstrator.
103. properties
• Calcium hydroxide cements have poor
mechanical properties.
• Compressive strength (low)– 10-27 MPa after
24 hrs.
• Tensile strength (low)- 1.0 MPa.
• Solubility in water is high - .4- 7.8%
104. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
• Pitt’s 1984 studied the absorbable nature of
Calcium Hydroxide.
• He found that significant wash out of apical
plugs of Calcium Hydroxide occurred during
the first month after placement.
105. • By the ninth month, plugs were virtually gone
from the apical portion of the root canal.
• Adjacent to remaining Calcium Hydroxide
particles, giant cell but no inflammatory cells
were seen.
• Thus displacing a small amount of Calcium
Hydroxide into the periapical tissues are of
minimal concern
106. • Antiseptic
• Osteoinductive properties (Henry 1982, Stevens 1983,
Sjogren 1991)
• Lentulo spiral has been reported to be the most
effective in carrying calcium hydroxide paste to
working length – highest quality filling.
• Resorbs within 1-2 weeks when extruded (Ranly 1991)
• Causes no damage to the permanent tooth (Reyes 1989)
• Can easily be removed.
107. • HS Chawla et al 1998, in his study on five mandibular
molars for six months found Calcium Hydroxide to
show complete healing of peri radicular radiolucency.
• K Rehman 1996 determined the amount and duration of
diffusion of calcium ion from both a Calcium
Hydroxide containing root canal sealer and a intra canal
medicament. There was statistically significantly more
calcium diffusion with the non – setting groups
compared with the sealer groups.
• Isppd 2001, 19 (3), 107-109
110. • Garcia Godoy 1999, evaluated the effectiveness
of VITAPEX (Calcium hydroxide/Iodoform)
paste in the root canal treatment of 26 teeth, 2-7
years for a period of 14 months.
• They found it to be radio opaque, does not set to
hard mass, resorbs from the apical tissues in 1
week to 2 months, apparently harmless to
permanent tooth germs, and can be easily inserted
and removed.
111. • Garcia Godoy 2000 studied the resorption of
VITAPEX on primary anterior teeth and made
a follow up for 38 months.
• They found that the paste resorbs intra and
extra radicularly with out ill effects. However
the paste resorbs in 1-2 weeks
112. DISADVANTAGE
• Allergic reactions to iodine in some individuals (Castognala
1952).
• Discoloration of teeth (Rotstein 2002)
• Iodoform irritating to periapical tissue can cause cemental
necrosis (Erausquin 1969)
• Bismuth iodoform paste has been reported to cause
encephalopathy when used as wound dressing following
head and neck surgery (Roy 1994)
113. • Kawakami 1987 used Vitapex to find the fate
of calcium hydroxide component in root canal
filling paste.
• They found that water based pastes caused
necrosis because of high alkalinity of calcium
hydroxide while silicone based paste
(VITAPEX) shows no necrotizing effect.
JOE 1987, 13(5), 220-223
114. • Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M, 2004 compare zinc oxide and
Eugenol and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic
primary teeth.
• Both ZOE and Vitapex gave encouraging results.
• Overall success rates of Vitapex and ZOE were 100% and
78.5%, respectively .
• International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Volume 14 Issue 6, Pages 417 - 424
115. • Ozalp N, Saroglu I, Sonmez H, 2005 evaluated
various root canal materials in primary molar
pulpectomies : an vivo study.
• In the ZOE group, all pulpectomies were
successful.
• In the Sealapex group, two pulpectomies and in
the Calcicur group, four pulpectomies showed
complete resorption of the material in the root
canal.
116. • In the Vitapex group, although six
pulpectomies showed resorption of the filling
material within the canals, this had no effect
on the clinical and radiographical success of
the treatment.
• Am J Dent. 2005 Dec;18(6):347-50
117. • Chawla 2008 Evaluated the mixture of zinc
oxide, calcium hydroxide, and sodium fluoride as
a new root canal filling material for primary teeth.
• Calcium fluoride as a reaction product added
radiopacity to the root canal filling material,
without the need for addition of any other
radiopaque material.
•
118. • The addition of fluoride was seen to give this
material a resorption rate that matched the
resorption rate of the roots of the primary
pulpectomized teeth.
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008;26:53-8
119. • Trairatvorakul C, Chunlasikaiwan S , 2008 studied the
success of pulpectomy with Zinc oxide – Eugenol VS
Vitapex paste in primary molars.
• At 6 and 12 months, the ZOE success rate were 48%
and 85%, respectively, and the Vitapex success rates
were 78% and 89%.
• Vitapex appeared to resolve furcation pathology at a
faster rate than Zinc oxide- Eugenol at 6 months, while
at 12 months, both materials yielded similar results.
120. 120
REPORT SUCCESS RATES IN ROOT FILLING PRIMARY MOLARS
Investigator year Follow up
months
No. of teeth
examined
Filling
material
Success rate
%
Gould 1972 7-26 29 ZOE 68.7
Rifkin 1980 12 26 KRI 89.0
Coll 1985 6-36 33 ZOE 80.5
Coll 1985 60-82 29 ZOE 86.1
Garcia Godoy 1987 6-24 55 KRI 95.6
Reyes 1989 6-24 53 KRI+FC+Ca(
OH)2
100
Barr 1991 12-74 62 ZOE+FC 82.3
121. At times we have a many options but
we have to choose the best among