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Papaya ringspot virus causes mosaic and chlorosis on leaves, distortion of young leaves, bumps and ringspots on fruit. It is transmitted by numerous aphid species feeding on infected plants for at least 15 seconds before moving to healthy plants. The virus has two types that are spread rapidly from plant to plant via aphid vectors. Farmers should learn to identify the virus's symptoms, eradicate infected plants and avoid spreading the disease to limit losses.
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Papaya ring spot virus
Papaya ring spot virus is a very important disease of papaya infecting the most popular variety, Red Lady. This presentation will help in identification of disease under field conditions and strategies used for management of PRSV in papaya. This presentation deals with the economic impact, distribution, favourable conditions, diagnostic symptoms and management of Papaya ring spot
Papaya ring spot disease
- Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) has severely impacted Hawaiian papaya production twice since 1937, reducing production by 94% within 12 years after a new strain was introduced in the 1950s. Commercial growers have had to relocate production areas multiple times as the virus spread.
- PRSV exists in two pathotypes - PRSV-P which infects papaya and some cucurbits, and PRSV-W which infects cucurbits but not papaya. Both are transmitted by mechanical means and aphids. Symptoms include mosaic patterns, leaf distortion, and ringspot patterns on fruit.
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Bacteria require nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements to build cellular components like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are classified based on their nutrient requirements - autotrophs can use inorganic compounds while heterotrophs require organic compounds. Growth depends on adequate nutrients, pH, oxygen, and temperature. Culture media are used to grow bacteria in the lab and include base, enriched, selective, and differential media. Environmental factors like oxidation-reduction potential, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and pH also influence bacterial growth.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have various nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction. They require water, a carbon source, nitrogen, inorganic salts, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. Bacteria are classified based on their ability to produce their own organic compounds (autotrophs vs heterotrophs) and use of oxygen (aerobic vs anaerobic). They also have varying temperature, moisture, pH, light, and osmotic pressure requirements. Oxygen requirements further divide bacteria into aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic, and facultative anaerobic groups. Most grow best in neutral pH ranges at mesophilic temperatures.
Plant Viruses Diseases and Symptoms
This document discusses several plant viruses that cause diseases in crops such as banana, potato, tomato, chilli, and tobacco. It describes the symptoms, transmission methods (e.g. aphids, mechanical), epidemiology, and management (e.g. removing infected plants, using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors) for each virus, including Banana Bunchy Top Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Tomato Leaf Curl Virus, Chilli Mosaic Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The viruses can spread rapidly and cause significant crop yield losses if not properly managed.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He had a successful career as a chemist and professor, making several important scientific discoveries around microbiology. Some of his key discoveries included proving that fermentation is caused by microorganisms, discovering that microorganisms can be both aerobic and anaerobic, and developing the process of pasteurization. Late in his career, he developed the first vaccines against rabies and cholera, saving many lives and establishing the field of vaccination. He died in 1895 and was buried at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Plasmid isolation
This document discusses the history and properties of plasmids. Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that are able to replicate independently of a cell's chromosomal DNA. They were first observed in bacteria in the early 1950s and play important roles in processes like antibiotic resistance and virulence. The document outlines the early studies that helped characterize plasmids and describes some of their key properties, such as their circular structure and ability to exist in different conformations. It also discusses how plasmids are used as cloning vectors to amplify genes and produce proteins for applications in research, medicine, and agriculture.
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Mite vector
1) Mites are important vectors of plant viruses worldwide. They transmit viruses in non-persistent and circulative manners.
2) Mites like Aceria tulipae transmit important viruses such as wheat streak mosaic virus and wheat spot mosaic virus.
3) Management of mite-transmitted viruses involves use of resistant varieties, cultural practices like removing weeds, and biological control using predatory mites and fungi. Chemical control with acaricides is also used but not always effective.
Methods of transmission of plant viruses
This document discusses various methods of plant virus transmission including mechanical, grafting, seed, insect, nematode, and fungal transmission. It provides details on each method such as the viruses transmitted, vectors involved, and procedures. Mechanical transmission involves sap inoculation using leaf rubbing or pinprick methods. Grafting and dodder transmission are also discussed. Seed and pollen transmission of certain viruses is possible. Insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers transmit many plant viruses in a circulative or non-persistent manner. Finally, nematodes and fungi can act as vectors for some viruses.
Virus and virod disease
This document discusses several plant virus and viroid diseases. It provides details on Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the first virus discovered. It was found to cause mosaic, necrosis, mottling and stunting symptoms in tobacco plants. The document also summarizes Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus which causes yellow patches and vein clearing in okra plants. Papaya leaf curl virus causes leaf curling, thickening and distortion of papaya leaves. Finally, it covers Potato spindle tuber viroid which infects potatoes and causes spindle-shaped tubers and leaf yellowing. Prevention and management strategies include removing alternative hosts, destroying infected plants, and using insecticides to control vectors.
GROUNDNUT BUD NECROSIS VIRUS
The document discusses Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus (GBNV), a tospovirus that infects groundnut crops. GBNV is transmitted by thrips insects and causes symptoms including chlorotic spots, bud necrosis, and stunted plants with small seeds. It has a wide geographic distribution in Asia and Africa. Management strategies include controlling thrips vectors with insecticides, using resistant varieties, and cultural practices like proper planting dates and densities. The document also briefly discusses Groundnut Rosette Virus, which causes rosette disease and is transmitted by the aphid Aphis craccivora, along with its symptoms, transmission, and management.
Topic 5 subviral pathogens
This document provides information about subviral pathogens including hepatitis delta virus (HDV), viroids, and prions. It discusses how HDV requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate and infect liver cells. Viroids are small pathogenic RNA molecules that cause plant diseases and lack a protein coat. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and animals like mad cow disease. The document also discusses viral diseases that affect agricultural crops and efforts to develop transgenic resistance.
HoW86caBLJCa6ZHJ836.pptx
1. The document discusses several viral plant diseases that affect important crop species. It describes the distribution, host range, symptoms, transmission, and management of each disease.
2. Key diseases mentioned include apple mosaic virus, apple ringspot virus, sugarcane mosaic virus, citrus tristeza virus, banana bunchy top virus, tobacco necrosis virus, leaf roll of potato, cotton leaf curl virus, and apple dapple virus.
3. For each disease, the text provides details on the geographical distribution, crops affected, characteristic symptoms on leaves and fruits, how the virus is transmitted, and recommendations for control.
Viral Disease of Plants
This PPT explains Viral Disease of Plants with Distribution, Host range, Symptoms, Transmission and Management with image of symptoms.
Diseases of oats
This document summarizes five main diseases that affect oats: leaf or crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata var. avenae, stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis sp. Tritici, Pyrenophora leaf blotch caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Septoria blotch caused by Phaeosphaeria avenaria, and Barley yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids. It describes the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, fungicide or insecticide application, and controlling volunteer plants and weeds that can harbor the pathogens.
Potato virus,PLRV, PVX, PVY.
if you are finding history, causal organism, symptoms and management practices about the above given diseases,
This presentation will helpful for you.
viral diseases and its imrportance on it
Viral diseases can infect a wide range of plant species and cause economic losses. Apple mosaic virus infects apple and other woody and herbaceous plants, causing pale spots on leaves which may become necrotic. It is transmitted through grafting and vegetative propagation. For management, use virus-tested material and heat therapy. Citrus tristeza virus infects various citrus species and has three syndromes - quick decline, stem pitting, and seedling yellows. It is transmitted by aphids and management includes using tolerant varieties and removing infected trees. Tobacco necrosis virus infects beans, melon, cucumber and tulip, causing necrotic spots near veins. It is transmitted by a
viroid diseases (potato spindle tuber viroid disease),coconut cadang cadang v...
clear description of the disease and symptoms and the dection techniques treatment and control or preventive measures of that diseases
Group1(alva,bablu,fiva) 6th semester presentation
This presentation summarizes several major viral diseases affecting field crops in Meghalaya, India, including their causative agents, symptoms, economic impact, and management practices. It covers Potato Leaf Roll Virus in potatoes, Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus in mungbeans, Citrus Tristeza Virus in citrus, Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus in blackgram, Papaya Ring Spot Virus in papaya, and Potato Virus Y in potatoes. For each disease, it discusses the virus classification, transmission method, characteristic symptoms, and integrated management approaches focusing on prevention and control.
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom
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IDM of Banana.pdf
The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
Integrated disease management of chilli
This document discusses integrated disease management of chilli. It describes several fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode diseases that affect chilli crops at different plant stages. These include damping off, anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot, leaf curl, frog eye leaf spot, fusarium wilt, phytophthora blight, powdery mildew, bacterial wilt, mosaic viruses, and root knot nematode. It recommends an integrated approach using cultural practices, resistant varieties, chemical control and sanitation to manage diseases and maximize chilli production.
Diseases of wheat and their management
This document summarizes several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect wheat. It describes 9 fungal diseases caused by various Puccinia, Ustilago, Tilletia, Erysiphe, and Pythium species. The diseases discussed are yellow/stripe rust, brown/leaf rust, stem/black rust, loose smut, common bunt, powdery mildew, flag smut, and foot rot. It provides details on symptoms, pathogens, life cycles, survival methods and spread, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management approaches are also mentioned. The document additionally briefly discusses 1 bacterial disease and 3 viral diseases that impact wheat.
Viral and nematode diseases of banana
This document provides information on viral and nematode diseases that affect bananas. It discusses four main viral diseases - banana mosaic caused by cucumber mosaic virus, banana streak virus, banana bract mosaic virus, and banana bunchy top virus caused by banana bunchy top virus. It outlines the symptoms, economic impact, and management practices for each. It also discusses four main nematode diseases that impact bananas - burrowing nematode, root-lesion nematode, root-knot nematode, and spiral nematode. For each nematode, it describes the symptoms and provides integrated management practices to control nematode populations.
Banana Bunchy Top Virus(BBTV) .pptx
BBTV is the most serious virus disease of bananas and plantains. It occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia, and South Pacific islands. The virus is transmitted in a persistent, circulative, non-propagative manner by the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, which has worldwide distribution. The virus is also spread through infected planting material. All banana cultivars are thought to be susceptible, with no known sources of resistance.
The typical symptoms of bunchy top of banana are very distinctive and readily distinguished from those caused by other viruses of banana. Infected plants exhibit a rosetted or ‘bunchy top’ appearance. Once infected, plants do not recover.
Idm
This document discusses several diseases that affect chilli plants, including damping off caused by Pythium spp., anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici, bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, and leaf curl caused by tobacco leaf curl virus. It describes the symptoms, etiology, and integrated management strategies for these key diseases, which involve cultural practices like field sanitation, crop rotation, and resistant varieties as well as chemical control methods like seed treatment and foliar application of fungicides and bactericides. Overall, the document provides information on major chilli diseases and recommends an integrated approach to manage them economically and environmentally friendly.
Banana diseases
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
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Presentation papaya
- 1. Symtom of papaya ringspot virus
- 2. The symptom Symptoms • mosaic and chlorosis on leaf develop • distortion of young leaves • have bump and ringspot. • Yellowing and vein-clearing on young leaves • Concentric rings and spots or C-shaped markings, a darker green than the background-green fruit color •Dark-green streaks and rings in the leafstalks and stems
- 3. The symptom
- 4. The life cycle of disease • Have long rod-shaped particle, transmit by numerous species of aphids. • Have 2 type; PRV-P and PRV-W • Carried from plant to plant by aphids during feeding probes. • Not spread by other insects and does not survive in soil or dead plant material. • Also spread by movement of infected papaya plants and cucurbit seedlings
- 5. • start when aphid feeding infected papaya at least 15 second and next feed to healthy papaya. • the virus transmit from infect papaya to healthy papaya through feeding. • transmission occur rapidly. • Aphid vector: , Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and Myzus persicae
- 6. • See the video.
- 7. Recommendation • • • • Farmers must learn the symptoms Different with nitrogen deffeciencies Eradicate (burning) To avoid greater loss