Presentation on Architectural Drawing

Architectural Drawing
Report
Date - 10 April 2020
Submitted by:-Abhishek M Chavan,
Roll no-04
Class:-Second Year Civil Engineering
Subject:- Architectural Planing and Building
Design
Guided by:Prof. Ramiz Sayyad
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SANDIP UNIVERSITY, NASHIK PAGE OF1 31

Index
1. Introduction
2. Line plan
3. Developed plan
4. Elevation
5. Section
6. Detailed drawing
7. Selection of scale
8. Abbreviation as per IS-962
9. Perspective drawing
10.Angular perspective
11.Parallel perspective
12.Conclusion

Introduction
Architectural Construction Drawings are required for onsite
construction purposes. These drawings present the most
intricate details that are required for onsite construction.
These drawings are usually completed during the design
and development stage after the planning drawings are
approved.
Architectural CD Sets are also
known as working drawing sets.
These drawing lay emphasis on what needs to be built and
the process that needs to be followed. It is very important to
understand the local building standards and codes before
working on Architectural Construction Drawings projects. It
is very important to hire an experienced and
reputed Architectural ﬁrm to accomplish this particular
phase. Right from the placement of the details to the actual
construction or installation of equipment’s, CD Sets are
required at every stage. The reason why there is a

requirement of a skilled and qualiﬁed Architect is because
Construction Drawing creation process varies according to
the understanding of an Architect. Hence an Architect with
mediocre experience of expertise can actually destroy the
whole process and the builder ends up spending a lot of
money with unnecessary delays in construction.
The current trend of developing Architectural working
drawings consists of much more details with different views
or sheets created for each details. The standard practices
also include the notes and also create standard documents
that are attached to the working drawings.
Students of architecture must become familiar with the drawing
types used in the typical architectural practice. Over three class
periods, students review and practice the use of drafting strategies
introduced in ARCH 1112 and apply these methods to a more
complex drawing problem. Concepts covered will include review of
orthographic projection drawings, introduction architectural graphic
standards and notation. Students will develop an understanding of
the co-relation between different drawing types.
This class presents methods for surveying and documenting
measurements. Students will use the architectural scale to translate
an existing building to orthographic representation of its elevations. 

Line plan
Line planning is scheduling and allocating of orders to
production lines according to product setting (product is
being made in the line) and due dates of production
completion. A line plan deﬁnes when a style is going to
be loaded to the line, how many pieces to be expected
(target) from the line and when an order to be
completed. For example, please refer to the following
Table-1, where a simple line planning has been shown in
a spreadsheet.

During booking orders or allocating orders to the
production line, planners must check what is running on
the line and how many days it will take to complete the
running style.
The benefit of Line planning: It helps the production
manager as well as line supervisor with information such
as what is the daily production target for a line. They set
their line (machines and manpower) accordingly. Line
plan also provides information such as how many days
style would run, what is the next style going to be
loaded?
Plans present a detailed layout of an entire floor of a
building structure. It is the basic sheet in an Architectural
working drawing set. It shows the overall space planning
providing a good idea of how space is distributed in any
building structure. plans consists of walls, doors,
windows, stair locations, wall accessories, furniture etc.
depending on the client requirements. Some Architects
based on their experience and expertise give a floor plan
and furniture plans separately. They also provide a detail
sheet with all details separately for better presentation of
construction information during onsite construction 

Developed plan
A development plan is an aspect of town and country
planning in the United Kingdom comprising a set of
documents that set out the local authority's policies and
proposals for the development and use of land in their area.
The development plan guides and shapes day-to-day
decisions as to whether or not planning permission should
be granted, under the system known as development
control or development management in Scotland. In order to
ensure that these decisions are rational and consistent, they
must be considered against the development plan adopted

by the authority, after public consultation and having proper
regard for other material factors.
Section 38(6) of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act
2004( replacing Section 25 of Town and Country Planning
(Scotland) Act 1997 and Section 54A of the Town and
Country Planning Act 1990) requires that decisions made
should be in accordance with the development plan unless
material considerations indicate otherwise. Although
development plans do not have to be rigidly adhered to,
they provide a ﬁrm basis for rational and consistent planning
decisions. 

Elevation
Elevations basically represent the different sides of a
building. There are usually 4 elevations in any Construction
Drawing Set. Façade or front elevation, Rear Elevation,
Side elevation 1 & 2. These are exterior elevations and
there can be interior elevations too in the Construction
Drawing sets that represent the interior details. Elevations
usually represent the exterior detailing part including the
façade details, canopies etc. Elevation drawings are
extremely important in developing kitchen details or
bathroom details. Without the interior elevations we cannot
work with the kitchen furniture such as cabinets, wall
mounts, ﬁxtures etc. To detail a bathroom, we need to have
the interior elevations showing the bathroom. Drawing the

elevations help us identify the intricate details of any fixture
or furniture that needs to be installed
Elevation drawings are emblematic. Unlike floor plans,
they’re less abstract and don’t require much translating to
comprehend. A well-executed elevation should be both
informative and evocative. As basic drawing conventions in
the design industry, lines representing building materials
(like brick, stone, and siding) are intended to have a
tangible quality. Looking at these images, you can
recognise characteristics like scale, texture, and
reflectiveness as much as you can identify doors, windows,
roofs, and columns – even with an “untrained” eye.
This is what makes elevations special. In residential design
specifically, people are often drawn to and compelled by
familiarity and nostalgia. Your home should be a place of
comfort and this can be derived, in part, by association –
the bay window off your living room reminds you of days
waving back to your family as you left the house. Or, the
chimney peaking over your roof makes you think of winters
spent in front of the fire. These sentimental qualities are
powerful and are rooted in visual memories. When working
with an architect or choosing a design from a builder, this
type of recognition will resonate with you – it will ensure that
you not only understand the home your building and that it
meets your expectations, but it captivates you as well.  

Sections
Sections provides with the details through a vertical cut
plane and presents details in a better way. Section views
are wee different from the floor plan as they are presented
within bold line and the sections are more detailed views
than floor plans. Section drawings also explain the
correlation between different levels in the building. It gets
very difficult to understand the levels and other factors such
as height from the plans alone. Accurate Section details are
very important to achieve high quality construction
drawings. Sections are also known as cross sections.

In an orthographic section, the interior is also described through
interior elevations of the primary architectural surfaces, while
the combination of a section with a perspective describes in
depth the interior as a space, using the techniques of
perspectival projection.
Because the section begins with the visualisation of that which
will not be directly seen, it remains abstracted from the
dominant way of understanding architecture through
photographs and renderings. Sections provide a unique form of
knowledge, one that by necessity shifts the emphasis from
image to performance, from surface to the intersection of
structure and materiality that comprises the tectonic logic of
architecture.
The section reveals simultaneously its interior and exterior
profiles, the interior space and the material, membrane or wall
that separates interior from exterior, providing a view of the
object that is not usually seen. This representational technique
takes various forms and graphic conceits, each developed to
illustrate different forms of architectural knowledge, from
building sections that use solid fill or pooch to emphasise the
profile of the form to construction details that depict materials
through lines and graphic conventions. 

Detailed drawing
Detailed drawings are very important in Architectural
Construction Drawing set. These drawings consist of the
small and large details placed in drawings. These include
window details, door details, kitchen furniture and ﬁxture
details, bathroom details, ceiling ﬁxtures etc. The detail
drawings consists of dimensions, exploded views etc. to
enable the onsite construction labor force to order
components accordingly.
Architectural Construction Drawings or working drawings
would be a complete set with all of the above mentioned

drawings and many other drawings. These drawings are
prepared with an intention to facilitate onsite construction
accurately. Usually these drawings are printed in A3 formats
in 2D sheet form. They are created in Auto CAD. However,
with the advent of BIM technology working Drawings or
Architectural CD sets are also built using BIM software like
Rev-it.
When develop CD set using the principles of BIM, the
output is extremely accurate and cost effective. Creating
and placing the details becomes much better. Since we will
be ﬁrst modelling the design in 3D and then developing 2D
drawings, we can use the 3D model for presentation, retain
it and continue to make changes when required. Best part
of the working with BIM changes that we make in 3D model
or plan view is automatically reﬂected in the elevations and
sections. 

Selection of scales
Scale drawings allow us to accurately represent sites,
spaces, buildings and details to a smaller or more practical
size than the originalWhen a drawing is described as ‘to
scale’, it means that each element in that drawing is in the
same proportion, related to the real or proposed thing – it is
smaller or indeed larger by a particular percentage.If
something is ‘drawn to scale’ we expect that it has been
drawn, or printed, to a common scale that is used as
standard in the construction industry. As we gain a better
understanding of scale, we can view a drawing in a
particular scale and instantly recognise and understand the
spaces, zones and gain a quick understanding of the
existing or proposed spatial relationships.

In the real world, one meter is equal to one meter. A
drawing at a scale of 1:10 means that the object is 10 times
smaller than in real life scale 1:1. You could also say, 1 unit
in the drawing is equal to 10 units. As the numbers in the
scale get bigger, i.e. 1:50 – 1:200, the elements in the
drawing actually get smaller. This is because in a drawing at
1:50 there is 1 unit for every 50 unit in real life. A drawing of
1:200 is representing 200 units for every one unit – and
therefore is showing the elements smaller than the 1:50
drawing.
Working with scales for architectural
representation
In architecture, we use a collection of standard scales to
represent our designs. For example, it is common practice
to produce ﬂoor plans at a scale of 1:100 (dependent on
size of project and paper). Once you gain an understanding

of scales, it is easy to understand which scale is most suited
to which type of drawing.
These scale bars show what one unit represents at different
scales.
The general requirement of a scaled drawing is to convey
the relevant information clearly with the required level of
detail. If you are working in practice there will often be ofﬁce
standards. For example, they may only use layout sheets of
either A3 or A1 – depending on the scale of the project and
information that is being represented. As a student, you
need to make these decisions based on industry standard.
It is always best to use a ’round’ scale, i.e., one of the
scales mentioned below, and not make up your own.
Location Plan and Key Plans

1:1250 (often requested by planners)
1:1000
1:500

Site Plans, Sketch schemes etc

1:200
1:100

Plan drawings – ﬂoor plans, elevations, sections

1:100
1:50

Room plans, interior elevations


1:20

Component / detail drawings

1:10
1:5 

Abbreviation as per IS 962
Abbreviation are generally used undraping for the sake
of clarity. A systematic notation of architectural and
building terms is necessary for the uniformity, and for
avoiding confusion and ambiguity. Abbreviation are the
same in the singular and plural. Abbreviations and
symbols recommended for use in general building
drawings are listed in table

Perspective Drawing
This is such type of pictorial drawing in which the shape of
an object looks same as its construction.
The picture obtained in perspective drawing resembles the
picture taken by a camera. Since, in the perspective
projection, the actual shape of the object looks like the true
one, therefore, even a common man can understand it
easily.
Perspective drawing is constructed for a building so that the
concerned persons, like the owner of the house, ofﬁcer-in-
charge of the department could understand it easily,
generally who are not expert technically.
The actual dimensions are not given in perspective
projection.
The object is seen from one point for the construction of this
drawing.

So, the horizontal lines do not look parallel but seem to
meet at a point, and that point is called vanishing point.
Objectives OF Perspective Projection.
Following are the Objectives of Perspective Drawing:
1. To represent the actual construction of buildings and
other objects.
2. To prepare other Models.
3. To illustrate drawings in pamphlets.
4. To illustrate different parts of the assembly drawing.
5. To represent positions of moving things.
6. The artists construct such drawings to illustrate the actual
view.
Principles OF Perspective Projection.
Following are the principles of Perspective Projection:
1. The vertical axes of the drawing are shown
perpendicular.
2. The horizontal lines of the drawing look to meet at a point
called Vanishing Point.
3. The vanishing points are shown on the horizontal lines in
the System of Horizontal Lines.
4. If a horizontal line lies in the horizontal plane, then its
actual length will be visible.
5. If some lines is in the picture plane, then its length will be
visible short to its actual length.

Technical Terms OF Perspective Drawing.
Following are the technical terms of Perspective Drawing:
i. Station Paint.
It is the point from where the observer looks object.
ii. Picture Plane.
It is the plane in which picture of the object forms.
iii. Horizontal Plane.
This plane is parallel to the Earth and in line with the eye of
the observer.
iv. Ground Plane.
If some plane is taken on the surface of the Earth. This is
called a Ground Plane.
v. Ground Line.
This is the line of intersection of the ground plane and the
picture plane.
vi. Horizontal Line.
This is such a line which starts from observer’s eye and
meets the picture plane after passing through the horizontal
plane.vii. Center of Vision.
This is the point on the picture plane which is the point of
intersection of the horizontal line emerging from Station
point.
viii. Piercing Point.
This is the point on the picture plane which is formed by the
intersection of the picture plane and the projection line.
ix. Vanishing Point.

This is the point at inﬁnity where the length, breadth, and
height of an object vanish.
x. Axis of Vision.
This is the horizontal line which starts from the observer’s
eye and makes an angle of 90° with the picture plane.
Location OF Station Point:
Station point is selected at such a position so, that the
vision of the object is very clear.
It is selected nearly the middle of the object so, that the
angle formed to the sides of the object be kept between 30°
to 60°.
Position OF Object:
While drawing a perspective drawing, the horizontal plane is
taken at a height equal to the observer’s eye.
If the object is small then drawing is drawn by placing the
object somewhat above or below the horizontal plane.
Types OF Perspective Drawing:
Following are the two methods of Perspective Drawing:
1. Angular Perspective .
2. Parallel Perspective. 

Angular perspective
This type of perspective drawing is also called two-point
perspective drawing.
i. The line of the picture plane is drawn at some suitable
place in the drawing sheet. It is represented by P-P.
ii. The top view of the object is drawn making an angle of 30
to 60 degrees with the horizontal line on the picture plane.

iii. The station point is shown at some suitable place below
the picture plane. All the points of the top view are joined
with the station point.
iv. The lines joining the top view with the Station point will
intersect the picture plane.
In this way, the points produced on the picture plane are
called Piercing Points.
Perpendicular, parallel lines will be drawn downward from
these points.
v. Lines are drawn parallel to the sides of the top view to
intersect the picture plane.
Perpendicular lines will be drawn from these intersecting
points in the downward direction.
vi. A horizontal line is drawn at some suitable position below
the station point.
The points where this line intersects the previously drawn
vertical lines will be the Vanishing Points.
vii. The front view of the object is drawn at some place
below the horizontal line.
viii. Horizontal lines are drawn from the different points of
the front view. These will intersect the vertical lines drawn
from the top view.
In this way, the points produced by lines coming from a
single point of top view and the front view will be the points
of the Perspective drawing.

The perspective drawing will be completed by joining these
points to the right and left vanishing points. 

Parallel perspective
Perspective projection is drawn mostly by this method. In
this method, only one vanishing point is selected.
This type of perspective drawing is also called one point
This method involves the following steps:
i. The top view is drawn at a suitable place and front view
under it.
ii. The picture plane is shown under the top view and
ground level under the front view.
iii. A station point is shown by one side of both the views at
some suitable angle, and all the points of the top view are
joined with it.

iv. The points arising from the intersection of the picture
plane and the visual rays joining the point of top view to the
station point will be piercing points.
v. The horizontal line is drawn between the picture plane
and ground level. The vanishing point is put on the station
point on the horizontal line.
All the points of the front view are joined with it.
vi. The vertical line under the top view and the line going
from front view toward the vanishing point will intersect each
other.
The point arising from the intersection of lines emerging
from the same point of the two views will be the point of the
By joining all such points, the perspective projection will be
completed.

Conclusion
Accuracy of Architectural Construction
Drawings ultimately determine how the quality of
onsite construction. It is mandatory for the
Architectural ﬁrm to be highly proﬁcient in working
with diverse building types or structures applying
different standards and codes.

Presentation on Architectural Drawing

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