The document details various aspects of architectural and structural engineering, focusing on the components and processes involved in creating architectural drawings. It covers topics such as site analysis, plan and floor drawings, section and elevation drawings, as well as structural systems and load types. The author, Eng. Omar Abdirahman Mohamed, outlines the significance of these drawings in facilitating construction and ensuring structural integrity.

1. Faculty of Engineering
Dep. Civil Engineering
SomaliRepublic
Benadir University
Prepared by:
Eng Omar Abdirahman Mohamed (Sayidomar)
CEO @Gahery Architect & Engineering Constarction
DATE: 8/may/2015
CONTACT :+252612221158 or +252616977207
EMAIL: Sayidomar101@gmail.com

2. THE BUILDING
CONTENTS:
1. Architectural of the building.
1.1. Size and Scale.
1.2. Plan Drawing.
1.2.1. Site Analysis.
1.2.2. Site Plane Building Blocks.
1.3. FloorPlane Drawing.
1.3.1. Building Blocks.
1.3.2. Plane View.
1.3.3. 3D Floor Plane.
1.4. SectionDrawing.
1.4.1. Building Section.
1.4.2. Wall Section.
1.4.3. Site Section.
1.4.4. Detail Section.
1.4.5. Section Perspective.
1.5. ElevationDrawing.
2. Structural of the Building.
2.1. Types of Loads.
2.1.1. Static Loads.
2.1.2. Dynamics Loads.
2.2. Structural System.
2.2.1. Classification of the Structures.
2.3. Types of the Structural system.
2.3.1. Frame or Skeletal Structures.
2.3.2. Loads Bearing Structures.
2.3.3. Composite of the Structures System.

3. 1. Architectural of the building.
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building
(or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural
drawings are used by architects and others for a number of purposes:to develop a
design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to
convince clients of the merits of a design, to enable a building contractor to
constructit, as a record of the completed work, and to make a record of a building
that already exists.
Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include
particular views (floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and
scales, annotation and cross referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in
ink on paper or a similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously
made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so
that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently.
1.1. Size and Scale.
Size:
The size of drawings reflects the materials available and the size that is
convenient to transport – rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned
up on a wall. The draughting process may impose limitations on the size that
is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a consistent paper
size system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used
in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 (841 mm × 1,189 mm or 33.1 in
× 46.8 in) or in the USA Arch E (762 mm × 1,067 mm or 30 in × 42 in) or
Large E size (915 mm × 1,220 mm or 36 in × 48 in).
Scale:
Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so that relative sizes are correctly
represented. The scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will fit on
the chosen sheet size, and to show the required amount of detail. At the
scale of one eighth of an inch to one foot (1:96) or the metric equivalent 1 to
100, walls are typically shown as simple outlines corresponding to the
overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an inch to one foot (1:24) or the
nearest common metric equivalent 1 to 20, the layers of different materials

4. that make up the wall construction are shown. Construction details are
drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to 1 scale).
1.2. PLAN DRAWING
A site plan is an architectural plan, landscape architecture document, and a
detailed engineering drawing of proposedimprovements to a given lot .
Such a plan of a site is a "graphic representation of the arrangement of
buildings, parking, drives, landscaping and any other structure that is part of
a development project”.
A site plan is a "set of construction drawings that a builder or contractor uses
to make improvements to a property. Counties can use the site plan to verify
that development codes are being met and as a historical resource.
Site plans are often prepared by a design consultant who must be either a
licensed engineer, architect, landscape architect or land surveyor.
1.2.1. Site analysis
Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning,
a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It
primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site.
The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape
architecture, engineering, economics, and urban planning.
1.2.2 Site plan building blocks:
A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a property that is drawn to scale.
A site plan can show: Site Plans, Elevations and Floor Plans Plan Instructions (Site
Plans, Elevations and Floor Plans).
 Property lines.
 Outline of existing and proposed buildings & structure.
 Distance between buildings.
 Distance between buildings and property lines (setbacks).
 Parking lots, indicating parking spaces.
 Drive ways.

5.  Surrounding streets.
 Landscaped areas.
 Easements.
 Ground sign location Utilities.
Fig2.1.
Fig 2.2.

6. 1.3. FLOOR PLAN DRAWING
In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan is a drawing to scale,
showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and
other physical features at one level of a structure.
Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and
wall lengths.
Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters,
furnaces, etc. Similar to a map the orientation of the view is downward from
above, but unlike a conventional map, a plan is drawn at a particular vertical
position (commonly at about 4 feet above the floor).
Objects below this level are seen, objects at this level are shown 'cut' in plan-
section, and objects above this vertical position within the structure are
omitted or shown dashed.
Plan view or plan form is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an
object on a horizontal plane, like a map.
Floor plans usually show the layout of rooms, key dimensions and levels,
and may also use conventions and symbols to show materials and locations
of fittings and appliances. Recommended scales are: 1: 200, 1: 100, 1: 50
Line types are used to differentiate information in floor plans. Hatching or
conventions are used to illustrate materials, while symbols are used to
show fittings and appliances, often with standard abbreviations.
1.3.1. Building blocks.
A floor plan is not a top view or birds eye view. It is a measured drawing to
scale of the layout of a floor in a building.
A top view or bird's eye view does not show an orthogonally projected plane
cut at the typical 4 footheight above the floor level.
 a floor plan could show:
 Interior walls and hallways.
 Windows and doors and restrooms.
 Appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, water heater.
 Interior features such as fireplaces, saunas and whirlpools.
 The use of all rooms.
1.3.2. Plan view.
 A plan view is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the
position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is
a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object above
the plane (section) is omitted to reveal what lies beyond.

7. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper portion of the walls may
typically be omitted 30. Roofplans are orthographic projections, but they
are not sections as their viewing plane is outside of the object.
1.3.3. 3D Floor plans.
Despite the purposeof floor plans originally being to depict 3D layouts in a
2D manner, technological expansion has made rendering 3D models much
more costeffective.
3D plans show a better depth of image and are often complimented by 3D
furniture in the room.
This allows a greater appreciation of scale than with traditional 2D floor
plans.
Fig 2.3. A sample floor plan of a Caravanserai .

8. Fig 2.4.
1.4. SECTION DRAWINGS
A kind of drawing that visualizes what a section of a structure will appear to
be after being cut by a vertical plane.
An architectural section is subset of orthographic projection drawings
wherein the projection plane is positioned intersecting the objects or space of
interest. Objects are depicted according to their relationship to this (typically
vertical) cut plane.
Most aspects of an architectural section drawing closely follow the
conventions of orthographic projection, while others aspects (suchas the
way the interior of walls and roofs are depicted) are notational.
1.4.1.BuildingSection
This drawing depicts spaces inside and outside a building.
Context for the surrounding spaces (trees, buildings) as well as people

9. (Silhouettes) are often included to help visualize the space.
Typical Scale: 1/8"=1' to 3/8"=1
1.4.2.WallSection
This section explains the construction systems and material choices by
isolating just the wall, floor, and ceiling attachments on one side of the
building. Wall sections detail the foundations, interior and exterior surface
material thickness, and wall composition.
Typical Scale: 1/2"=1' to 1"=1
1.4.3.SiteSection
This is a vertical cut through the context of the surrounding site, which may
include other buildings, trees, water, or other landscape features to explain
the nearby adjacencies.
1.4.4.Detail Section
A partial or call-out section magnifies the scale of a small portion of a larger
section in order to show more highly detailed information. These drawings
typically range from 1"= 1' to full scale.
1.4.5.Section Perspective
A section perspective is a compositedrawing which combines a section
through the building, room or detail, with the perspective view that would
appear beyond that cut. Not generally used in actual documentation, they are
a valuable tool for presentation drawings and process and study work.
They are good at illustrating the project narrative (much like a rendering)
and, in place of conventional section, they may be more dynamic in
conveying the relationship between spaces.

10. Fig 2.5.
Fig 2.6

11. 1.5. ELAVATION DRAWINGS
An “elevation” is a drawing that shows the front or side of something.
A floor plan, by contrast, shows a spacefrom above – as if you are looking
down on the room from the ceiling.
Thus, you see the tops of everything, but you cannot view the front, side or
back of an object.
An elevation gives you the chance to see everything from the other
viewpoints.
Elevations are essential in kitchen design, as well as other detailed
renovations. Without elevation drawings, you cannot see the details of your
new cabinetry, the size of each drawer or the location of each cabinet.
A floor plan simply cannot communicate all of this information adequately.
While an elevation is not required for every renovation or redecorating
project, they are very useful when designing items like a fireplace, bathroom
vanities, bars, or any location with built-in cabinetry, such as an office or
entertainment space.
The information shown on an elevation drawing will give you a chance to
make small changes to the design before anything is built or ordered – you
don’twant to be surprised during the installation.
Fig 2.7.

12. Fig 2.8.
Fig 2.8.

13. STRUCTURAL OF THE BUILDING
The structural system of a building must be able to supporttwo types of loads:
—static and dynamic;
Static Loads:Static loads are assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it
reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position.
Under a static load (live load, dead load, impact load, ground pressure).
1.
Dead load
Deadloadsare static loads acting vertically
downward on a structure, comprising the self-weight
of the structure and the weight of building elements,
fixtures, and equipment permanently attached to it.
2. Live load Liveloadscomprise any moving or movable loads on a
structure resultingfrom occupancy, collected snow and
water, or moving equipment.
A live load typically acts vertically downward.
3.
Impact load
Impact loadsare kinetic loads of short duration due to
moving vehicles, equipment, and machinery.
Building codes treat this load as a static load.
4. Ground
pressure
Ground pressure is the horizontal force a soil mass exerts
on a vertical retainingstructure.

14. IMPACT LOAD
DEAD LOAD
GROUND
PRESSURE
LIVE LOAD
1/5/2016

15. Dynamic Loads:
Dynamic loads are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in
magnitude and point of application.
Under a dynamic load, a structure develops inertial forces in relation to its mass
and its maximum deformation does not necessarily correspond to the maximum
magnitude of the applied force.
The two major types of dynamic loads are wind loads and earthquake loads.
1. Wind load:
Wind loads are the forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of
air, assumed to come from any Horizontal direction.
2. Earthquakeload (Semiticload):
An earthquakeconsists of a series of longitudinaland transverse
vibrations.

16. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
Structural Systems: A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to
support a load.
Important examples related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges,
and towers.
Classification of structures:
Classification of structural systems is based on many considerations.
Generally, the most fundamental component or “elements” of a structural
system are classified based on their mode(s) of deformation and load
resisting Behavior.
A structural system can be composed ofvarious types of elements in order to
satisfy the functional requirements.
Structural Elements
Some of the more common elements from which structures are composed:

17. 1. Bars and rods:
2. Beams:
1. Beams are usually straight horizontal members.
2. Used to carry vertical loads.

18. Classified according to the way they are supported.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment and less important shear
force.

19. 3. Columns:
*Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are
referred to as columns,
*Tubes and wide-flange cross sections are often used for metal columns, and
circular, square cross sections with reinforcing rods are used for those made of
concrete.
*Occasionally, columns are subjected to both an axial load and a bending.

20. Types of structures:
The combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are
composed is referred to as a structural system.
Their three structural systems based on method of the transfer of loads and
They are:
1. Frame Structural or Skeletal Structural.
2. Load Bearing Structures.
3. The composite structural system.
1. Skeletal structures or Framed Structures;
In this type of structures a frame work of columns, beams and floors are built first.
Then walls are built to portion the living area.

21. 2.Load BearingStructures;
In this type of structure the load on the structure is transferred vertically downward
through walls.
A load from roof and floors gets transferred to wall and then wall has to transfer
these loads as well as self weight. Such constructions are used in residential
buildings where dimension of rooms is less. Residential buildings up to ground +2
floors can be built economically with such structures.

22. 3, Thecomposite structural system;
In this system we can combine the two proceeding structural systems,
utilizing both linear columns and beams, and horizontal and vertical bearing
planes.