Introduction
Transport of O2 in the blood
Oxygen movement in the lungs and tissues
O2 dissociation curve
Bohr effect
Applied
Transport of CO2
The haldane effect
Chloride Shift or Hamburger Phenomenon
Reverse Chloride Shift
Introduction
Transport of O2 in the blood
Oxygen movement in the lungs and tissues
O2 dissociation curve
Bohr effect
Applied
Transport of CO2
The haldane effect
Chloride Shift or Hamburger Phenomenon
Reverse Chloride Shift
Transport of oxygen (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Supply of oxygen to tissues mainly involves two systems i.e. respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
Supply of oxygen to tissues depends upon
Adequate PO2 in atmospheric air
Adequate pulmonary ventilation
Adequate gaseous exchange in the lungs
Adequate uptake of oxygen by the blood
Adequate blood flow to the tissues
Adequate ability of the tissues to utilize oxygen
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood because the oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in the alveoli is greater than the Po2 in the pulmonary capillary blood.
In the other tissues of the body, a higher Po2 in the capillary blood than in the tissues causes oxygen to diffuse into the surrounding cells.
The Po2 of the gaseous oxygen in the alveolus averages 104 mm Hg,
whereas the Po2 of the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillary at its arterial end averages only 40 mm Hg
Therefore, the initial pressure difference that causes oxygen to diffuse into the pulmonary capillary is 104 – 40, or 64 mm Hg.
About 98 percent of the blood that enters the left atrium from the lungs has just passed through the alveolar capillaries and has become oxygenated up to a Po2 of about 104 mm Hg.
Another 2 per cent of the blood which supplies mainly the deep tissues of the lungs and is not exposed to lung air. This blood flow is
called “shunt flow,” meaning that blood is shunted past the gas exchange areas
One gram of Hb can bind 1.34 ml of Oxygen
Normal level of Hb is 15 grams/dL
Thus 15 grams of hemoglobin in 100 milliliters of blood can combine with a total of almost exactly 20 milliliters of oxygen if the hemoglobin is 100 per cent saturated
This is usually expressed as 20 volumes per cent
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein consisting of heme and globin.
The ferrous form can bind oxygen.
Hemoglobin molecule consists of four subunits each consists of one heme and one polypeptide chain
Each subunit can bind one molecule of Oxygen
Oxygenation is a very rapid and reversible process and it can occur in 0.01 seconds
When PO2 is high, oxygen binds with Hb to form Oxyhemoglbin
When PO2 is low oxygen leaves Hb to form Deoxy Hb.
Factors that shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
6) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxdideAyub Abdi
lecture 6: transportaion of both gases need a hemoglobin and part of them are transported by plasma. if Hb is low the saturation of oxygen also low and leads a hypoxia, fatigue, dyspnea, etc. in other hand acidosis can occur.
Transport of oxygen (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Supply of oxygen to tissues mainly involves two systems i.e. respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.
Supply of oxygen to tissues depends upon
Adequate PO2 in atmospheric air
Adequate pulmonary ventilation
Adequate gaseous exchange in the lungs
Adequate uptake of oxygen by the blood
Adequate blood flow to the tissues
Adequate ability of the tissues to utilize oxygen
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood because the oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in the alveoli is greater than the Po2 in the pulmonary capillary blood.
In the other tissues of the body, a higher Po2 in the capillary blood than in the tissues causes oxygen to diffuse into the surrounding cells.
The Po2 of the gaseous oxygen in the alveolus averages 104 mm Hg,
whereas the Po2 of the venous blood entering the pulmonary capillary at its arterial end averages only 40 mm Hg
Therefore, the initial pressure difference that causes oxygen to diffuse into the pulmonary capillary is 104 – 40, or 64 mm Hg.
About 98 percent of the blood that enters the left atrium from the lungs has just passed through the alveolar capillaries and has become oxygenated up to a Po2 of about 104 mm Hg.
Another 2 per cent of the blood which supplies mainly the deep tissues of the lungs and is not exposed to lung air. This blood flow is
called “shunt flow,” meaning that blood is shunted past the gas exchange areas
One gram of Hb can bind 1.34 ml of Oxygen
Normal level of Hb is 15 grams/dL
Thus 15 grams of hemoglobin in 100 milliliters of blood can combine with a total of almost exactly 20 milliliters of oxygen if the hemoglobin is 100 per cent saturated
This is usually expressed as 20 volumes per cent
Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein consisting of heme and globin.
The ferrous form can bind oxygen.
Hemoglobin molecule consists of four subunits each consists of one heme and one polypeptide chain
Each subunit can bind one molecule of Oxygen
Oxygenation is a very rapid and reversible process and it can occur in 0.01 seconds
When PO2 is high, oxygen binds with Hb to form Oxyhemoglbin
When PO2 is low oxygen leaves Hb to form Deoxy Hb.
Factors that shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
6) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxdideAyub Abdi
lecture 6: transportaion of both gases need a hemoglobin and part of them are transported by plasma. if Hb is low the saturation of oxygen also low and leads a hypoxia, fatigue, dyspnea, etc. in other hand acidosis can occur.
Bohr’s effect- The Bohr effect is a physiological phenomenon first described by Danish physiological Christian Bohr, stating that the “oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin is inversely related to the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion.
#An increase in blood CO2 concentration which leads to decrease in blood pH will results in hemoglobin proteins releasing their oxygen load.
#One of the factor that Bohr discovered was pH. He found that if the pH is lower than the normal, then hemoglobin does not bind oxygen.
#And this effect of CO2 on oxygen dissociation curve is known as Bohr effect.
Haldane effect- The Haldane effect is first discovered by John Scott Haldane.
#The Haldane effect describe the phenomenon by which binding of oxygen to hemoglobin promotes the release of carbon dioxide.
#Haldane effect is the mirror image of Bohr effect.
#The decrease in carbon dioxide leads to increase in the pH, which result in hemoglobin picking up more oxygen.
#This is a helpful biochemical feature which facilitates exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the pulmonary and peripheral circulations.
Once the oxygen diffuses across the alveoli, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the tissues where it is unloaded, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the alveoli to be expelled from the body. Although gas exchange is a continuous process, the oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by different mechanisms.
What You’ll Learn to Do
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2. Group members
1. Md. Shariar Islam
2. Anika baree mumu
3. Eshita nasrin vabna
4. Tahmid hossen fahim
5. Afshana mim
6. Mst. Suraya akter
3. Concepts
Transport of O2
O2 & Hb dissociation curve and it’s factors
Reaction of Hb & O2
Transport of CO2
Cyanosis
4. Transport of O2
Transport of oxygen from alveolar air into tissue cell can
be considered in 4 steps:
1. Diffusion of O2 from alveolar air into pulmonary
capillary
2. Transport of O2 in blood
3. Diffusion of O2 from blood to tissue interstitial fluid
4. Diffusion of O2 from interstitial fluid into cells
5. Diffusion of O2 from alveolar air into
pulmonary capillary
• The partial pressure of O2 in alveolus is 104
mm of Hg.
• The partial pressure of O2 in pulmonary
capillary at arterial end is 40 mm of Hg
• The pressure difference is (104-40)=64 mm of
Hg
• For the balance of O2 partial pressure O2
diffuse into pulmonary blood from alveolar air
6. Transport of O2 in blood
1. In the form of oxy-haemoglobin- About 97%
2. As physical solution – remaining 3%
7. Diffusion of O2 from blood to tissue
interstitial fluid
• The partial pressure of O2 in blood is 95 mm of
Hg
• The partial pressure of O2 in interstitial fluid is
40 mm of Hg
• The pressure difference is (95-40)=55 mm of
Hg
• The difference causes diffusion of O2 into
interstitial fluid
8. Diffusion of O2 from interstitial fluid
into cells
• The partial pressure of O2 in interstitial fluid is
40 mm of Hg
• The partial pressure of O2 in cell is average 23
mm of Hg
• For the requirement of O2 pressure for
chemical process causes diffusion of O2 from
interstitial fluid into cells
11. Oxygen Haemoglobin dissociation curve is
graphical recording which shows a progressive
increase in the percentage saturation of the
haemoglobin that is bound with oxygen as the
P O2 increase
14. Reaction of Hb and O2
iron protein
Represent as Hb4 contain Fe2+
Reaction:
• Hb4+O2= Hb4O2
• Hb4O2+ O2= Hb4O4
• Hb4O4+ O2= Hb4O6
• Hb4O6+ O2= Hb4O8
Haem Globin
15.
16. Transport of CO2
• CO2 produce by tissue cells and diffuse into
plasma.
• Over 90% CO2 diffuse into RBC and some
combine with Hb
• Most CO2 form H2CO3 and then dissociate into
H+ and HCO3
-
• Most ot the HCO3
- diffuse out of the RBC into
the plasma
• In the lungs Hb releases the H+ ion and it
combine with the HCO3
- to reform carbonic
acid
17. • Carbonic acid break up into H2O and CO2
• CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillary into
the alveoli and then the atmosphere
18. Chemical forms in which CO2 is carried
to the blood
Two different ways:
1. As bicarbonate ions: CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3
-
2. As carbomino compound:
• Carbomino haemoglobin:CO2+HbNH2= HbNHCOOH
• Carbomino protein:PrNH2 + CO2 = PrNHCOOH
21. Symptoms
• The skin on the finger tips, toes, palms or feet
is bluey green.
• The affected body part feels cold to the touch.
• The colour returns to normal after warming
up the body part.
22.
23. Sites
1. Nail beds
2. Mucous membranes
3. Ear lobes
4. Fingers
5. Tip of the nose
6. Tip of the tongue
24. Causes
1. Narrow of blood vessels
2. Low blood pressure
3. Hypothermia
4. Vein or artery problems
5. Heart fail to pump blood
6. Problems with the lymph system
25. Treatment
1. Medicine for treat heart and lung condition
2. Life system change such as quitting smoking