1. The document discusses urban growth and development trends in Chinese cities, focusing on Chengdu as a case study. It notes that foreign direct investment has accelerated growth in Chengdu in recent years. 2. Pollution is highlighted as a major problem facing expanding Chinese cities. A potential solution proposed is "The Wall", a concentrated urban development model for Chengdu consisting of a 156 square kilometer walled area. 3. Benefits claimed for The Wall approach include reduced pollution through compact development, energy savings from district heating systems, and securing land for future urban growth needs in a sustainable way.

1. the wall 墙城
The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban
architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu
Jasper Nijveldt
P5 3-2-2012

4. Top 50 cities 2025 |Urban economic clout moves east

6. And 400 million farmers
then moved in?

7. And what if they also
want an Ipad?

8. And a new car?

9. How will the cities
look like?

10. How will cities grow?

11. How will you move around?

12. Can you breathe
normally?

14. Would it be dense?

15. Chinese?

16. Or will everybody live
in sprawled suburbs?

20. fingermodel doomsday THE WALL THE WALL on
every scale
156 KM2

30. the wall theory and zoom in
reflection neighborhood

31. context |URBAN POPULATION
Compound annual growth rate,
2005–25
Millions of people %
926 2.4
120 6.9
104 1.1
Megacities
(10+)
572
32 316 3.4
Big cities 84
(5–10)
Midsized cities 161
(1.5–5)
233 2.2
Small cities 150
(0.5–1.5)
Big towns 0.3
145 154
(<0.5)
2005 2025
49
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

32. context |URBAN POPULATION
1.000.000.000
2030

33. context |URBAN POPULATION
1/8
of the world will live in
a Chinese city

34. context |URBAN POPULATION
One New York every two years

37. context |SUGGESTED GROWTH PATTERN
ECONOMY RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT
Exhibit 7 Exhibit 9
Exhibit 7 Exhibit 8 Exhibit 9
Exhibit 8
Concentrated growth 7scenariosgrowth generate the highest
Exhibit
would scenarios would generate the highest Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption
Exhibit 8
Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land of arable land
Exhibit 9
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss
Concentrated
per capita GDP per capita GDP but also higher efficiencyhigher efficiency higher energy consumption
Concentrated growth would entail
but also
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
per capita GDP but also higher efficiency China total arable land
China total China total arable land
Million hectares arable land
Urban energy intensity Urban GDP Urban energy demand Million hectares
Urban population Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita Urban energy energy intensity 2000
BTU per renminbi
Urban intensity
Renminbi trillion, GDP
Urban Urban GDP
QBTUs
Urban energy demand Million hectares
Urban energy demand
Million people Urban Renminbi trillion, 2000Urban GDP
Urbanpopulation
population Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita
Urban GDP/capita
Renminbi thousand, 2000 BTU per renminbi
BTU per renminbi RenminbiRenminbi trillion, 2000
trillion, 2000 QBTUs QBTUs Loss
Loss
Million people
Million people Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi thousand, 20002000
Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi thousand, Loss
2005–2025,
2005–2025,
2005 4,917 12 59 % 2005–2025,
Exhibit 7 2005 2005 4,917 4,91712 8 12 59 125 % %Exhibit 9
2005 573 12 21 Exhibit 59 125 125
2005
2005 573
573 1212 21 21
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest Concentrated growth would entail 120
120 higher 120
energy consumption Central government
Central government
Central government
target minimum for 2010
Concentrated
Supercities 1,926 68 131
Supercitiesper capita GDP
Supercities 917
Supercities 917
917
68 68 68 76 76 76
Supercities
Supercities 1,926 1,926 but also higher efficiency131 115
68 68 131 target minimumtarget minimum for 2010
for 2010
–7 –7
115 115 Hub Hub and spoke
and spoke –7
Hub and spoke China total ara
+20% +20% +20% Supercities
Supercities –8
Hub and spoke Hub and spoke 2,088 2,088 2,088 68 68 142 142 110142 110 Supercities –8 –8
Hub and spoke 930
Hub and spoke
Hub and spoke 930
930
68 68 68 75 75 75 Hub and spoke 68
Urban energy intensity 110
Urban GDP Urban energy demand Million hectares
Urban population Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita BTU per renminbi 105 105 Renminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs
Distributed Distributed 105
Distributed Distributed
Distributed 944
Million people 60
944
Renminbi trillion, 2000 growth Renminbi Distributed 2,317
60 65 65 growth thousand, 2000 2,317
2,317 60 60
60 139 139
139
growth growth 944 60 65 growth 100 –20
growth 100 100 –20
Distributed growth
Distributed growth Distributed growth –20
Townization Townization935 935
54 54 62 62 Townization Townization
Townization2,278
2,278 2005
2,278 54
54
54 123 123 4,917
95
123 95 12 59
Townization
Townization –22–22 125
2005Townization 573
935 54 12 62 21 95 Townization –22
+15% 0 0
+26%
+26%
+26%
+23%
+23%
+23%
+15%
+15%
2005
2005 0
2010
2010 2005
2015
2015 2010
2020
2020 2015
2025
2025 2020 120
2025
Supercities 1,926 68 131
Supercities 917 68 76
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis 115
contain loss of arable142
land
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis 8 9 10
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis 10
Generate highest per capita GDP higher efficienctand spoke energy, 2,088
Hub use of More
8 9
8
+20% 9 10
68 110
Hub and spoke 930 68 75
effective control of pollution 105
Distributed
Distributed growth
2,317 60 139
944 60 65
growth 100
Townization 2,278 54 123 95
Townization 935 54 62
+15% 0
+26% +23%
2005
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
8 9

38. context |URBAN CHINA
Shenyang
Beijing
Tianjin
Zhengzhou
Xuzhou
Xi’an
Shanghai
Chengdu Wuhan
Chongqing
1
Chinese cities in 2010
Shenzhen
Hong Kong
population > 5 mln
Guangzhou
population > 7 mln
population > 10 mln
* including agglomerations
Dongguang and Foshan

49. context |2-5-2000

50. context |1-5-2003

51. context |26-7-2006

52. context |4-8-2009

53. context |2011

54. context |2011

55. context |2011

56. context |2011

57. context |FDI ACCELERATES GROWTH
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is highly active in
Chengdu last five years, five times more than Chinese average.
Chengdu: 5 times more than Chinese average
• In 2009, Chengdu utilised USD 2.8 billion in FDI, with an
annual growth rate of 24.4 percent. The utilised FDI from
2005 to 2009 has been growing at a CAGR of 50.2 percent
each year, compared to the national rate of 10.5 percent
FDI generates far more growth than
earlier forms of industrialization
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
400
350
300 X 1,5
250
200
150
100
50
economic reform industrialization, export,
manufacturing
Global,
FDI
?
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

59. problem| POLLUTION
Chengdu
“The haze in Chengdu is pervasive.
It is said that if a dog sees the sun, he will bark at
(NASA)
the intruder.”

60. problem| POLLUTION

61. problem| NEXT STEP

62. problem |AREA NEEDED
2010 2030 2050 POTENTIAL THE WALL
12.2 16.7 20.3 27.5
2050 27X27 KM
2030 20X20 KM

63. problem |DOOMSDAY FINGER MODEL
2010 2030 2050 POTENTIAL THE WALL
12.2 16.7 20.3 27.5
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
economic reform industrialization, export, Global,
manufacturing FDI
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)
25
20
15 biking
10
5
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
average during rush hour

64. proposal |THE WALL
2010 2030 2050 POTENTIAL THE WALL
12.2 16.7 20.3 27.5
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
economic reform industrialization, export, Global,
manufacturing FDI
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)
25
20
15 biking 156 KM2
10
5
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
¥
average during rush hour

65. proposal |THE WALL | unroll the wall
2010 2030 2050 POTENTIAL THE WALL
12.2 16.7 20.3 27.5
max potential 100.000 p/sqkm Den Helder
+ 15.600.000
156km2 Maast
Den Helder
312km
312km
56km2
Maastricht

66. x
their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities the fact that
scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite
proposal |THE WALL | savingspollution secure would miss the bar to justify the
energy
air that these would sources
scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant would secure would miss the bar to justify
energy savings that these despite the fact that the
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenario
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.
Exhibit 6.10
Exhibit 6.10
Exhibit 6.10
Exhibit 6.10 Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitig
Aggressive transportsupercities’ pollution. Because of severe NO could mitigate
policies and emission issues
their impact on air-quality standards x problems in a supercities SHENZHEN E
supercities’ air-quality issuesfuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the
Estimated NOx concentrations*
scenario, SHENZHEN EXAMPLE
Estimated NOx concentrations*per msavings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the
mgenergy 3, 2025
OTHER mg per m3, 2025 investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.
AGRICULTURE 2.89
COMMERCIAL AND Exhibit 6.10
2.89
- 40%
Exhibit 6.10
RESIDENTIAL HEATING
Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate
CONSUMER AND - 40% supercities’ air-quality issues SHENZHEN EXAMPLE
-90%
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS Estimated NOx concentrations*
mg per m3, 2025
2.89
- 40%
-90%
52%
- 50%
27% - 50%
-90%
- 50% 0.29
0.29
TRANSPORT Base Expanded Tightened
0.29
Target (Level
INDUSTRY forecastExpanded transit, emissions
public Tightened III standard)
Base Expanded Tightened
Base
density, (Level
Target fleet Target (Level
forecast public transit, emissions industry
III standard)
forecast public transit, emissions density, fleet industry
III standard)
density, fleet industry
* Assuming constant concentration factor; includesfactor; includes only transportation-related
* Assuming a a constant concentration only transportation-related measures; further potential may measures; further potentia
exist in,e.g., NOxNOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
exist in,
e.g., scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
source: EPA 2008 Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may
Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
88
exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
Exhibit 6.11
Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis 88
Exhibit 6.11
Exhibit 6.11 construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring
Measures in
megacity
Exhibit 6.11 pollution under control
Exhibit 6.11
Exhibit 6.11 Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help brin
Shenzhen’s estimated PM 10
megacity cut PM10 significantly and help bring
Measures in construction can 2025
Million tonne,pollution under control , 2025 as a supercity
PM emissions from construction
10 concentration
mg/m 3
megacity pollution under control
116
0.29
0.06 Shenzhen’s estimated PM10

67. TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources
DENSITY DENSITY
LOCALISED LOCALISED
GREEN GREEN
FEEDER SYSTEM FEEDER SYSTEM
HOUSES HOUSES
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
URBAN GROWING CITY
URBAN GROWING CITY
SPRAWL RELIESSPRAWL USE
ON CAR RELIES ON CAR USE
DENSITY DENSITY
LOCALISED LOCALISED
GREEN GREEN
FEEDER SYSTEM FEEDER SYSTEM
HOUSES HOUSES
New transport system URBAN
SPRAWL
GROWING CITY
URBAN GROWING CITY
RELIES ON CAR USERELIES ON CAR USE
SPRAWL
? ? O2 O2
CO2 CO2
? ? O2 O2
CO2 CO2
EXISTING EXISTING UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND
CARBON CARBON
EXISTING EXISTING
METRO SYSTEM METRO SYSTEM PARKING PARKING CAPTURE CAPTURE
METRO SYSTEM METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
EXISTING EXISTING UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUNDCARBON CARBON
EXISTING EXISTING
METRO SYSTEM METRO SYSTEM PARKING PARKING CAPTURE CAPTURE
METRO SYSTEM METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED-SYSTEM
THE WALL CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
New industry system INDUSTRY INDUSTRY DWELLINGS EXISTING
DWELLINGS GREEN EXISTING
INDUSTRY GREEN INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY HOUSESINDUSTRY HOUSES
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS EXISTING GREEN
EXISTING GREEN
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
INDUSTRY HOUSES
INDUSTRY HOUSES
A B A C B D C D
O2 O2
WASTE WASTE
A B A B E E
CO2 COLD
CO2 COLD
HEAT HEAT
CO2 CO2
F F
A B A C B D C D C C
D O2 D2
O G G
WASTE WASTE
A B A B E E
CO2 COLD
CO2 COLD
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
COTHE WALL - CO
CLUSTERED SYSTEM
2 2
HEAT HEAT
F F
C C

68. design |THE WALL | generic becomes specific

69. design |THE WALL | forest wall

70. design |THE WALL | forest sand wall

72. design |THE WALL | river wall

73. design |THE WALL | water wall

86. design |THE WALL

92. Reflection|critique linear city
Soria y Mata, Linear City, 1882

93. Reflection|critique linear city
Malcolmson, Metro-linear
project, 1957
Miljutin, Tractorstoi, 1930

94. Reflection|critique linear city
Le Corbusier, The Industrial Linear City 1932

95. Reflection|critique linear city
Argumentation:
- Limited extension of the city;
- Efficiency in building;
- A fordist mass production.
- Best of both worlds (city and landscape);
- Orientation on transport.

96. Reflection|critique linear city
- Remains a scheme
- Ignores existing context
- Repetition and ratio
- Birds eye perspective
- Ignores everyday live

97. Haussmann and Le Corbusier in China 239
ordinary public space under pressure
Reflection|superimposing le corbusier
Figure 2. Plan for street widening overlaid on existing street network in Beijing’s West City District,

98. other Asian cities with large-scale land-assembly-dependent development, such
Reflection|superimposing in Singapore, it is rather rare in China. Despite
as in Hong Kong’s new towns or le corbusier
William Whyte’s findings that buildings and open spaces that are adjacent to
streets but level-separated from them inhibit public access, the higher density
Figure 6. Model showing the street facade of the Xin Fu San Cun project by Joe Carter.
¸

99. “
Reflection|placelessness
‘the capitalized
modernization of
China leads to a
decline of ordinary
public places, and
to a feeling that
cities are becoming
‘placeless’

100. Reflection|placelessness

101. Reflection| placelessness

102.
Reflection|placelessness
Ignoring existing topography, Shanghai, (Miao, 20

103. Theory|ordinary public places
‘The new city, is based on
a ‘disappearance of stable
relations with a physical and
cultural geography of a place’
Augé Sorkin Cacciari

104. Theory|ordinary public places
“I argue that human beings originate
in an alienated condition, and define
themselves, through their social
spatial environment. Therefore
meaningful places are crucial for
everyday life!”
Heidegger

105. Theory|ordinary public places
“Placelessness is the inevitable
destiny of the urban condition.
These generic cities are located
in Asia. “
Koolhaas

106. Theory|ordinary public places
how to design places meaningful for everyday
life in a radically transforming, and generalizing
Chinese city?

107. Theory|ordinary public places
“The world is what we
perceive. The way people use
and value places is highly
influenced by their perception
of space.”
Merleau-Ponty

108. Theory|ordinary public places
Therefore the perceptual experience
of space is crucial in the success of
any urban design.

109. Perception of space|linearity
china west
small scattered central and static nodes
places and streets
yamen

110. Perception of space|hierarchy
china west
yamen
church
hierarchical system non-orthogonal system
similarity in volumes individual volumes

111. Perception of space|unity church
china west
collective inward public outward
focus on family focus on individual

112. Perception of space|human scale
china west
small scattered private spaces large pieces in the centre of blocks
horizontal city vertical city

113. Perception of space|enclosure
space is perceived as a
series of walled enclosures
presenting space little by
little
form meaningful places by
enclosing spaces
local context determines
outcome

114. Perception of space|enclosure

115. Perception of space|enclosure

120. Zoom in neighborhood|parameters

121. Zoom in neighborhood|valley
taking existing as a basis to develop

123. Zoom in neighborhood|valley
taking existing as a basis to develop

124. Zoom in neighborhood|bamboo hills and ponds
taking existing as a basis to develop

126. Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries yamen
taking existing as a basis to develop

127. Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries
taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
23 7 15 7 23
- symetrical profile
- continuity facade
- no setback
- transparency 1st floor
- max 5 stories
- land use mix
- max 12 m between each entrance
- max 25% open space on plot

128. Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries yamen
taking existing as a basis to develop

129. Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries
taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
- transition zone 5 m ( porches, veranda’s,
frontyard
- 3-4 stories
- asymetrical profile
- height differences
- max 7 m. between each entrance
- sitting elements
- land use mix
- vendors and street stalls
- planting as spacemakers

130. Zoom in neighborhood|building plots

131. Zoom in neighborhood|zoning

133. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

134. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

135. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

136. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

137. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
1st floor min. 4 m.
max. height 18.00
At least one side
accessible to public
One side at least a
Wall
max. 80% build
min. 7 m.x 7m. court
at least 5 m. distance
on 50% max 23 m.
max. 6 m.setback
from street.
5m
max. 5 plots per
developer
6m

138. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

139. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

140. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

141. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

142. Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

143. Zoom in neighborhood|specials

144. Zoom in neighborhood|framework

154. Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

155. Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

156. Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

157. series of enclosed worlds | water

158. series of enclosed worlds |water
Water
Gravelbed
Prefab concrete with constructed gutter
CRUCIAL DETAIL
Prefab concrete
Coated steel gutter
Helophytes
Concrete
Gravel

159. series of enclosed worlds |water
- toned down materials
- stones baked by local soil
- only plantation, water and
concrete elements stand out
- gravel in watercascade to
increase sound

160. series of enclosed worlds | water cleaning
Storage + first filter
Clean air
Wall water transport system
Black water Chinese citronella grass
hylophytes and gravel
Water tank
Storage ponds
Clarification plant
Grey water
Clean gutter
Helophytes
Primary sedimentation Planted trench filter
Chengdu water system

171. result|CHINA 2030
URBAN AREA
By 2013 loss of arable land will go below
governments minumum of 120million ha
1990 2010 2030

172. result|CHINA 2030
URBAN POPULATION
By 2030 urban population will almost double
from 572 m in 2005 to one billion
1990 2010 2030

173. result|CHINA 2030
MIGRANTS
70% will be migrants
1990 2010 2030

174. result|CHINA 2030
BIODIVERSITY
By 2030 7 to 20% of the landscape will be lost
1990 2010 2030

175. result|CHINA 2030
WATER
By 2030 3 billion cubic meters of water is short
1990 2010 2030

176. result|CHINA 2030
ENERGY
By 2030 energy demand will triple
1990 2010 2030

177. result|CHINA 2030
AIR POLUTION
By 2030 35 million cars will be sold annually
1990 2010 2030

178. result|CHINA 2030
TRANSPORT
By 2030 the current subway system need
to expand eight times
1990 2010 2030

179. result|CHINA 2030
FOOD
By 2030 meat consumption will double
1990 2010 2030

180. result|CHINA 2030
WASTE
By 2030 solid waste will increase by 150%
1990 2010 2030

182. result|Technical
urban the Wall rural

183. result|Psychological

184. result|INTEGRAL WALL

185. result|NEW CHINESE WALLS

187. the wall 墙城
The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architec-
tural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu
Jasper Nijveldt