Presentation 33
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Pragmatics deals with language use and context. Presuppositions are implicit assumptions about information speakers expect hearers to know, like background facts. For example, asking "Did you know John and Mary split up?" presupposes the hearer knows they were a couple. Implicatures go beyond literal meaning to infer intention. For example, saying "I'm busy" in response to "Are you coming to the party?" implies the speaker won't attend. Entailments are inferences that don't depend on context, like the statement "Jane no longer writes fiction" presuming she once did. Presuppositions are crucial to understanding meaning beyond words in conversations.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication and involves three major skills: understanding intended meaning, status of those involved, and speaker intent. It examines how transmission of meaning depends not just on linguistic knowledge but also contextual factors like knowledge about participants and the inferred purpose behind an utterance. Pragmatic competence specifically refers to the ability to understand another person's intended meaning.
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Pragmatics includes inference, presupposition, implicature, and entailment. Inference and presupposition allow listeners to interpret utterances based on context. Pragmatic implicature conveys additional meaning beyond the literal words through context. Entailment is related but distinct from implicature as it operates at the semantic level and does not depend on context like IF X THEN Y logical statements. Together, presupposition, implicature, and entailment help provide the full meaning of an utterance based on context.
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Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge but also on the context of the situation in which an utterance is made. It examines the ways context contributes to meaning. This includes studying how language is used in social interactions, the different types of speech acts, implicature, presupposition, and how context helps determine what is actually meant by an utterance, beyond just its literal meaning. Pragmatics considers both linguistic and contextual knowledge in interpreting meaning.
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Human Communication Messages and Constitutive ProcessesWhen Joh
Human Communication: Messages and Constitutive Processes
When John and Mary construct their shared realities, they engage in what we call the human communication process. Both John and Mary serve as sources and receivers of messages. Both engage in message encoding and decoding and in selecting verbal and nonverbal channels for message transmission. Both are influenced by their individual competence and their perception of the competence of the other. Each brings to the exchange a different set of experiences, and each may view the context of their interaction differently. Thus, all their messages are subject to distortion or noise. The effect, or what happens between John and Mary, is a result of the complex interaction of all these elements. John and Mary are literally constituting or bringing about the reality of their relationship.
Human communication process
Attempts to construct shared realities through social interaction.
Source/Receiver
Each individual engaged in communication with others is both a message source and a message receiver. We talk (send messages) while closely monitoring the nonverbal reactions of others (receiving messages). We listen (receive messages) and determine how to respond (send messages). We use technology to rapidly exchange messages without cues important in face-to-face interactions. Often message-sending and message-receiving activities occur so rapidly that they seem to be happening simultaneously.
Source/Receiver
Individuals send messages as sources and receive messages as receivers. The process is often so rapid as to appear simultaneous.
Encoding/Decoding
Message encoding is the process of formulating messages, choosing content and symbols to convey meaning. Message decoding is the process of assigning meaning in the role of receiver to message symbols generated by the message source.
Encoding/Decoding
As a message source and receiver, each individual encodes and decodes messages. Message encoding is the process of formulating messages, choosing content and symbols to convey meaning. Message encoding is determining what we want to be understood (content) and how we believe that it can best be presented (choosing symbols). Message decoding is the process of assigning meaning in the role of receiver to message symbols generated by the message source. Decoding is taking what we see and hear from others and deciding how it should be interpreted or understood. Both encoding and decoding are influenced by our communicative competence (knowledge, sensitivity, skills, and values), our personal identifications (cultural, social, organizational, and other), our specific intentions (desire for clarity, openness, manipulation, deceit, control, and so forth), our past experiences, our perception of the competence of others, and the communication context.
Message
The message is the symbolic attempt to transfer meaning; it is the signal that serves as a stimulus for a receiver. Sources send messages consisting of aud ...
Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis focuses on analyzing both written and spoken communication beyond the sentence level. It examines how people interact and make meaning based on context clues, background knowledge, and social purpose. Some key aspects of discourse analysis include examining cohesion between statements, coherence, speech events, conversational interactions, and Grice's cooperation principle which outlines assumptions speakers make. The goal is to interpret the intended meaning, not just the surface level meaning of words.
Cross_Cultural_Communication_Wksp1
This workshop covered cross-cultural communication and competency. The goals were to increase awareness of how cultural differences affect communication and increase competence in communicating effectively across cultures. Various terms related to culture and communication were defined. Components of non-verbal communication were discussed. Bias-free discussion and developing competency were also covered. The workshop concluded that understanding communication styles and cultural influences is important for building relationships across cultures and using bias-free language promotes effective cross-cultural communication.
Presentation1
Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by studying both spoken and written interaction beyond the sentence level. Discourse analysis examines how people comprehend and produce communicative acts through pragmatic analysis of naturally occurring language use. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by both language and the medium used, as well as socially situated identities.
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Presentation 33
- 1. Pragmatics presupposition and Entailment Presented By : TayybaAmber
- 2. Introduction Pragmatics : Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
- 3. Inference and presupposition We infer the "total meaning" of an utterance based on all the information we have available in the moment we hear it. This includes past experiences, our knowledge about the person we are communicating with, about the situation, about what was previously said, what is deemed culturally appropriate and countless other factors.
- 4. Presupposition In everyday communication, speakers have a number of presuppositions about the world- knowledge of hearers.When someone addresses you and says "Did you know that John and Mary split up?" the speaker has the presupposition that you know John and Mary and were aware of the fact that they were previously a couple.
- 5. Pragmatic implicature and entailment implicature is the process through which speakers include meaning beyond the literal message in an utterance. Example: Bob: Are you coming to the party? Jane: You know, I'm really busy
- 6. Entailment Entailment is a related but distinct phenomenon and it belongs in the realm of semantics, because it is not affected by the context.
- 8. Jane no longer writes fiction. Presupposition: Jane once wrote fiction Examples of presupposition Have you stopped eating meat? Presupposition: you had once eaten meat
- 9. CONCLUSION It is conclude that presupposition and pragmatics is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. It is very helpful in our learning and information for our students.