Presentation 12 5 Bio
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The document discusses several genetics concepts: 1) An operon is a group of genes that operate together, such as the lac operon genes required for E. coli to use lactose as food. 2) The operator region is where the repressor binds to turn the operon off, preventing transcription. 3) Differentiation is the process where cells become specialized in structure and function during development. 4) Hox genes control tissue differentiation and mutations can affect organ development.
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1) Upon contact with the egg's jelly coat, the acrosome reaction is initiated, causing enzymes to be released from the acrosome to digest the coat.
2) This reaction fuses the acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane, releasing enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the vitelline envelope and reach the egg.
3) The influx of calcium triggers the extension of the acrosomal process through actin polymerization, allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg membrane.
Male
The male reproductive system consists of both primary and secondary sex organs. The primary organs are the testes, which produce sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Sperm then travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and other ducts. The testes are controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. Secondary sex organs include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands which produce fluid for semen. The penis is also a secondary sex organ used for copulation.
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Endocrine systems of birds
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Auxin hormones
Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes growth. It is produced by plant tips and occurs in extremely low concentrations throughout the plant. Charles Darwin first concluded that a growth stimulus is produced in plant tips and transmitted downward. Later, experiments showed that this stimulus could pass through gelatin but not barriers, and it was called "auxin". F.W. Went isolated auxin from plant tips in 1926. Auxin is transported polarly from tips downward through cells using pH gradients and carrier proteins. It regulates gene expression and cell elongation to promote vertical plant growth.
acrosome reaction
The document discusses the process of fertilization and the acrosome reaction. It describes how:
1) Upon contact with the egg's jelly coat, the acrosome reaction is initiated, causing enzymes to be released from the acrosome to digest the coat.
2) This reaction fuses the acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell membrane, releasing enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the vitelline envelope and reach the egg.
3) The influx of calcium triggers the extension of the acrosomal process through actin polymerization, allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the egg membrane.
Male
The male reproductive system consists of both primary and secondary sex organs. The primary organs are the testes, which produce sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Sperm then travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and other ducts. The testes are controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. Secondary sex organs include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands which produce fluid for semen. The penis is also a secondary sex organ used for copulation.
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This document summarizes the process of spermatogenesis and sperm development. It describes how sperm develop from immature forms through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the testes, with support from Leydig and Sertoli cells. The document also outlines characteristics of mature semen and various factors that can influence sperm development, including hormones, temperature, diet, and environmental exposures.
Biology chapter-28_section_2[1]
Crustaceans typically have two pairs of antennae, a cephalothorax formed from the fusion of the head and thorax, mandibles for biting and grinding food, and appendages like chelipeds bearing large claws for catching food and swimmerets used for swimming.
Chelicerates like horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks and scorpions have chelicerae mouthparts containing fangs and two body sections with four pairs of walking legs. Horseshoe crabs are the oldest living arthropods dating back 600 million years while spiders feed by injecting prey with venom and digestive enzymes. Ticks and mites are often parasites that attach to hosts to suck blood or plant fluids.
What is an animal
Animals are living things that cannot make their own food, digest what they eat, and have many cells with nuclei to move around. They can be divided into vertebrates that have backbones and invertebrates without, and their body parts are arranged in either radial symmetry in a circle or bilateral symmetry along a line.
22 3
Vascular tissue conducts water and nutrients throughout plants. Xylem carries water upward from roots, while phloem transports nutrients and carbohydrates. Vascular plants have lignin, which makes cell walls rigid. Roots absorb water and minerals underground, while leaves are photosynthetic organs containing vascular tissue bundles. Stems connect and support roots and leaves, transporting between them.
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Johannes kepler[1]
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer born in 1571 who made significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics. He published his book Mysterium Cosmographicum which explained his cosmological model based on the Copernican system. Kepler is renowned for his three laws of planetary motion which accurately described the motion of planets, including that their orbits are elliptical with the sun at one focus. He also discovered that Mars' orbit is not perfectly circular and observed a comet at the young age of six.
Amphibians
Amphibians are vertebrates that live in water as larvae and on land as adults. They have moist skin without scales or claws. There are three types of amphibians: salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians. Amphibians evolved to live partially on land by developing stronger bones, lungs, and breathing tubes. They can breathe through their skin but some live on land for more available food. Amphibians have external fertilization and undergo metamorphosis from embryo to adult. Frogs jump while toads prefer land. Salamanders and newts have different skin textures. Axolotls never develop lungs while caecilians resemble worms and live underground.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm. The pharynx is a passageway for food and air and contains the epiglottis. The larynx holds the vocal cords and is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing. The trachea is a cartilage-reinforced tube that branches into the bronchi and carries air into the lungs. The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli, which are tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm is a muscle that contracts and relaxes to help breathe air in and
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The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
Lesson 13.4
The document discusses gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes like bacteria, genes are organized into operons and regulated by DNA-binding proteins that control transcription. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes needed to break down lactose and is turned on or off by the lac repressor binding in the presence or absence of lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is more complex and regulated by transcription factors binding regulatory regions and controlling transcription. RNA interference is another mechanism where small RNAs regulate genes by interfering with mRNA. Master control genes regulate development by controlling gene expression and cell differentiation.
Morgantayloraliciabio pressi
Prokaryotes like bacteria regulate gene expression to conserve energy by only expressing genes necessary in their current environment. DNA-binding proteins control transcription of groups of genes called operons, like the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes needed to transport and break down lactose sugars when lactose is present. Eukaryotes also regulate genes through transcription factors and RNA interference, which uses miRNA to silence gene expression. Precise genetic control of development is especially important for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and regulate homeotic genes that determine organ formation.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Mod 4 regulation of gene expression -notes SH.pdf
This note is created for BSc students of molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology microbiology, and other biological science students.
Regulation of gene expression
This document summarizes gene regulation and expression. It defines key terms like genes, genomes, and gene expression. It explains that some genes are continuously expressed while others are only expressed under certain conditions. There are mechanisms that turn genes on and off. Gene regulation is essential for optimal energy use and the growth, development, and existence of organisms. There are two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation which increases gene expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Regulation can occur during transcription, translation, and post-translation. Prokaryotes provide models for studying gene expression in mammalian cells. In prokaryotes, genes in the same metabolic pathway are often clustered in operons, where a single promoter initiates transcription of multiple
Lac operon
This is my first presentation share in this platform. Hope this is helpful for you! Here, I have tried to explain MECHANISM OF LAC OPERON in E.Coli in informative and crisp manner with simple language and few images.
Prokaryotic expression system
The document discusses prokaryotic expression systems, which are genetic constructs used to produce proteins or RNA inside or outside cells. It focuses on the prokaryotic system, which is most widely used for recombinant protein production in E. coli bacteria. Key aspects covered include the history of prokaryotic expression research, types of gene regulation like operons and regulatory molecules, examples of operons like the lac and trp operons, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are made up of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
l bkomnfdtg9iugnerz89ugojk[xndfgo9i-zsdjnrgfiu9jaSEfjaEWjf8AEUfh8iochem.pptx
poifkjg9iuerg8ujhzerugwkonmrentiojeotj
Lac operon
The operon theory proposes that genes are organized into operons - clusters of genes under the control of a single promoter. An operon contains a promoter, operator, and multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. It is negatively regulated - in the absence of lactose, a repressor binds the operator to prevent transcription, but lactose or allolactose induce transcription by binding to the repressor. The operon theory explains how bacteria regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
Ch 11 gene expression lecture presentation
This document summarizes gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the lac operon model in prokaryotes and how it regulates lactose digestion genes in response to the presence of lactose. Cancer occurs due to loss of genetic control of cell division, with proto-oncogenes able to become oncogenes through mutations and tumor suppressor genes unable to inhibit cell division when damaged. Carcinogens cause cancer by altering DNA or interfering with control and repair mechanisms.
Gene Regulation.ppt
This document discusses gene regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes like E. coli, genes are organized into operons and regulated by repressor proteins that bind to operator sites. The lac operon controls lactose digestion, using a repressor that binds only in the absence of lactose. In eukaryotes, genes have introns and exons, and regulatory elements in promoters control transcription factor binding to regulate expression in different tissues through mechanisms like alternate splicing.
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Biology chapter-28_section_2[1]
Crustaceans typically have two pairs of antennae, a cephalothorax formed from the fusion of the head and thorax, mandibles for biting and grinding food, and appendages like chelipeds bearing large claws for catching food and swimmerets used for swimming.
Chelicerates like horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks and scorpions have chelicerae mouthparts containing fangs and two body sections with four pairs of walking legs. Horseshoe crabs are the oldest living arthropods dating back 600 million years while spiders feed by injecting prey with venom and digestive enzymes. Ticks and mites are often parasites that attach to hosts to suck blood or plant fluids.
What is an animal
Animals are living things that cannot make their own food, digest what they eat, and have many cells with nuclei to move around. They can be divided into vertebrates that have backbones and invertebrates without, and their body parts are arranged in either radial symmetry in a circle or bilateral symmetry along a line.
22 3
Vascular tissue conducts water and nutrients throughout plants. Xylem carries water upward from roots, while phloem transports nutrients and carbohydrates. Vascular plants have lignin, which makes cell walls rigid. Roots absorb water and minerals underground, while leaves are photosynthetic organs containing vascular tissue bundles. Stems connect and support roots and leaves, transporting between them.
Seafloor features1
The document defines key terms related to the scientific study of oceans including bathymetry, the measurement of ocean depths; submersibles, small underwater crafts used for research; sonar, a mechanism that calculates ocean depth; and seafloor spreading, the process by which plate tectonics produces new oceanic lithosphere at ocean ridges.
Johannes kepler[1]
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer born in 1571 who made significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics. He published his book Mysterium Cosmographicum which explained his cosmological model based on the Copernican system. Kepler is renowned for his three laws of planetary motion which accurately described the motion of planets, including that their orbits are elliptical with the sun at one focus. He also discovered that Mars' orbit is not perfectly circular and observed a comet at the young age of six.
Amphibians
Amphibians are vertebrates that live in water as larvae and on land as adults. They have moist skin without scales or claws. There are three types of amphibians: salamanders, frogs and toads, and caecilians. Amphibians evolved to live partially on land by developing stronger bones, lungs, and breathing tubes. They can breathe through their skin but some live on land for more available food. Amphibians have external fertilization and undergo metamorphosis from embryo to adult. Frogs jump while toads prefer land. Salamanders and newts have different skin textures. Axolotls never develop lungs while caecilians resemble worms and live underground.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm. The pharynx is a passageway for food and air and contains the epiglottis. The larynx holds the vocal cords and is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing. The trachea is a cartilage-reinforced tube that branches into the bronchi and carries air into the lungs. The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles that lead to clusters of alveoli, which are tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm is a muscle that contracts and relaxes to help breathe air in and
Movement of air
The document summarizes wind formation and wind systems. Winds form due to differences in air temperature caused by uneven solar heating between the equator and poles. The Coriolis effect causes winds to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Major wind systems include trade winds near the equator, prevailing westerlies at 30-60 degrees latitude, and polar easterlies near the poles. Jet streams are high-altitude winds that blow west to east and influence air travel. Local winds include sea breezes that blow inland during the day and land breezes that blow seaward at night due to differences in land and ocean temperatures.
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Biochem gene expression regulation(29.6.10)
The document discusses gene regulation and provides examples in bacteria. It explains that certain genes are turned on or off depending on environmental factors. It describes the lac operon in E. coli, which contains genes involved in processing the sugar lactose. The lac operon is regulated by the presence of lactose and glucose such that the genes are only expressed when glucose is absent and lactose is present.
Lesson 13.4
The document discusses gene regulation and expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes like bacteria, genes are organized into operons and regulated by DNA-binding proteins that control transcription. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes needed to break down lactose and is turned on or off by the lac repressor binding in the presence or absence of lactose. In eukaryotes, gene expression is more complex and regulated by transcription factors binding regulatory regions and controlling transcription. RNA interference is another mechanism where small RNAs regulate genes by interfering with mRNA. Master control genes regulate development by controlling gene expression and cell differentiation.
Morgantayloraliciabio pressi
Prokaryotes like bacteria regulate gene expression to conserve energy by only expressing genes necessary in their current environment. DNA-binding proteins control transcription of groups of genes called operons, like the lac operon in E. coli, which expresses genes needed to transport and break down lactose sugars when lactose is present. Eukaryotes also regulate genes through transcription factors and RNA interference, which uses miRNA to silence gene expression. Precise genetic control of development is especially important for multicellular organisms to differentiate cells and regulate homeotic genes that determine organ formation.
Gene regulation in prokaryotes
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Mod 4 regulation of gene expression -notes SH.pdf
This note is created for BSc students of molecular biology, biochemistry, biotechnology microbiology, and other biological science students.
Regulation of gene expression
This document summarizes gene regulation and expression. It defines key terms like genes, genomes, and gene expression. It explains that some genes are continuously expressed while others are only expressed under certain conditions. There are mechanisms that turn genes on and off. Gene regulation is essential for optimal energy use and the growth, development, and existence of organisms. There are two main types of gene regulation: positive regulation which increases gene expression, and negative regulation which decreases it. Regulation can occur during transcription, translation, and post-translation. Prokaryotes provide models for studying gene expression in mammalian cells. In prokaryotes, genes in the same metabolic pathway are often clustered in operons, where a single promoter initiates transcription of multiple
Lac operon
This is my first presentation share in this platform. Hope this is helpful for you! Here, I have tried to explain MECHANISM OF LAC OPERON in E.Coli in informative and crisp manner with simple language and few images.
Prokaryotic expression system
The document discusses prokaryotic expression systems, which are genetic constructs used to produce proteins or RNA inside or outside cells. It focuses on the prokaryotic system, which is most widely used for recombinant protein production in E. coli bacteria. Key aspects covered include the history of prokaryotic expression research, types of gene regulation like operons and regulatory molecules, examples of operons like the lac and trp operons, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are made up of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
Cell Differentiation
Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells that cooperate and communicate to form organized systems. In humans there are over 10 trillion cells comprising 200 types of tissues. Each cell originates from a single fertilized egg cell and differentiates through activation of certain genes while others remain inactive, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. Bacteria also regulate genes in response to environmental signals, turning groups on and off. The lac operon in E. coli is a well-studied example of genetic control, where a repressor protein either allows or prevents transcription of genes involved in lactose metabolism depending on the presence of lactose.
l bkomnfdtg9iugnerz89ugojk[xndfgo9i-zsdjnrgfiu9jaSEfjaEWjf8AEUfh8iochem.pptx
poifkjg9iuerg8ujhzerugwkonmrentiojeotj
Lac operon
The operon theory proposes that genes are organized into operons - clusters of genes under the control of a single promoter. An operon contains a promoter, operator, and multiple structural genes. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes involved in lactose metabolism. It is negatively regulated - in the absence of lactose, a repressor binds the operator to prevent transcription, but lactose or allolactose induce transcription by binding to the repressor. The operon theory explains how bacteria regulate gene expression in response to environmental conditions.
Ch 11 gene expression lecture presentation
This document summarizes gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the lac operon model in prokaryotes and how it regulates lactose digestion genes in response to the presence of lactose. Cancer occurs due to loss of genetic control of cell division, with proto-oncogenes able to become oncogenes through mutations and tumor suppressor genes unable to inhibit cell division when damaged. Carcinogens cause cancer by altering DNA or interfering with control and repair mechanisms.
Gene Regulation.ppt
This document discusses gene regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In prokaryotes like E. coli, genes are organized into operons and regulated by repressor proteins that bind to operator sites. The lac operon controls lactose digestion, using a repressor that binds only in the absence of lactose. In eukaryotes, genes have introns and exons, and regulatory elements in promoters control transcription factor binding to regulate expression in different tissues through mechanisms like alternate splicing.
Why would a cell want to express genes in an operon Why notSol.pdf
Why would a cell want to express genes in an operon? Why not?
Solution
An operon is a cluster of genes operating together. Genes in operon are transcribed on
requirement of the cell or the genes are turned off when they are not required. Thus, cells express
genes in operons for regulation of gene transcription and to express the genes only when they are
required. An operon contains an operator gene, repressor gene and structural genes. Operator
gene to which the RNA polymerase will be bind to transcribe the genes. Operon also contains a
repressor. Repressor molecule when binds the operator, RNA polymerase cannot be bind to
operator and the transcription of genes is turned off. Thus, expression of genes in cells is
regulated by operons. Operons are observed mostly in prokaryotic cells as the genes in
prokaryotes are transcribed and translated together..
6.gene expression
The document summarizes key concepts about gene regulation and expression in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses how the lac and trp operons in E. coli are regulated through induction/repression and feedback inhibition. It also notes that while eukaryotes use similar processes, gene expression is more complex due to differences in gene organization and chromatin-based regulation rather than operons.
Lecture Merodiploids -lac genes_slideshare.pdf
The document discusses the use of merodiploids, or partially diploid prokaryotes, in studying gene mutations in the lac operon in E. coli. Merodiploids contain two copies of certain genes, which allows researchers to examine how wild-type and mutated alleles interact. A series of examples are provided to illustrate how different mutations in the lac operon's operator, repressor, and promoter regions would affect the production of beta-galactosidase and permease in merodiploid E. coli under varying conditions.
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
DNA contains genetic information in the form of genes. Gene expression is regulated through positive and negative regulation, and this regulation is essential for organism growth and development. The lac operon in E. coli regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism. It consists of structural and regulatory genes. In the absence of lactose, a repressor protein binds to the operator gene and prevents transcription. In the presence of lactose, it binds to the repressor and induces a conformational change, allowing transcription and expression of the structural genes.
Regulation of Gene expression.pdf
1. Gene expression is regulated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes use operons to regulate groups of genes, while eukaryotes have more complex nuclear-based regulation.
2. The lac operon in E. coli regulates genes for lactose metabolism. It is turned on in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose through a repressor protein that binds DNA and an activator protein that stabilizes RNA polymerase.
3. The lac operon includes genes for the enzyme beta-galactosidase which breaks down lactose. A repressor protein binds the operator site and blocks transcription unless removed by the sugar allolactose in the presence of lact
Lac operon
The lac operon controls genes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli. It consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that are regulated by a single promoter. Expression of the lac genes is controlled by the lac repressor protein, which binds to the operator region and blocks transcription unless lactose is present. When lactose is detected, it causes an allosteric change in the repressor, releasing it from the operator and allowing transcription. Glucose also prevents expression through catabolite repression by inhibiting the activator protein required for stable transcription initiation.
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Why would a cell want to express genes in an operon Why notSol.pdf
Why would a cell want to express genes in an operon Why notSol.pdf
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More from Tamara
Biology 26.1
This document defines key terms related to the animal kingdom, including invertebrates, vertebrates, feedback inhibition, blastula, protostomes, deuterostomes, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and more. It describes animals as multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs and outlines their essential functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Complex animals are noted to have high cell specialization, internal organization, bilateral symmetry, a head with sense organs, and a body cavity.
Biology 26.2
Sponges contain specialized cells like choanocytes that use flagella to move water through the sponge for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. They have structures like spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica that form their skeleton, and archaeocytes that produce these spicules. Sponges reproduce through internal fertilization and larval stages, and some can form protective gemmules during unfavorable conditions.
Biology 22.5
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Flowering plants can also be annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether their life cycle is one, two, or more than two years.
Earth science 13.1
The document discusses Precambrian time from 4.56 billion years ago until the Cambrian period over 4 billion years later. It describes shields as flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within continental interiors. Stromatolites are layered mounds formed from algae trapping sediment and calcium carbonate. Earth's original atmosphere lacked oxygen but primitive organisms evolved photosynthesis which began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth science 13.4
The Cenozoic Era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animal, replacing reptiles. Flowering plants known as angiosperms also became the dominant land plant over gymnosperms. Major geological events like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes occurred in western regions due to plate tectonics during this era. Mammals were better adapted than reptiles for more active lifestyles through bearing live young and maintaining steady body temperatures.
Earth science 13.2
The Paleozoic Era saw an explosion of life, as the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia formed most of the southern and northern portions of the supercontinent Pangea. During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, life was restricted to the seas surrounding Gondwana, which contained the continents of present-day South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Asia. By the end of the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, all continents had fused into the single landmass of Pangea, and plants first began moving from waterside habitats onto land.
Earth science 13.3
The Mesozoic era was the Age of Reptiles, where reptiles like dinosaurs quickly became the dominant land animals due to developing shelled eggs. Gymnosperms also dominated as the prominent plant during this time. A major geological event was the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Many reptile groups went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 8.2
This document discusses seismograms and the different types of seismic waves that are recorded, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It explains that seismograms amplify and electronically record ground motion from earthquakes, allowing scientists to determine the epicenter location using travel time graphs from multiple seismographs. The document also covers historical intensity and magnitude scales used to describe earthquake size and introduces moment magnitude as the most widely used scale today because it estimates the energy released.
Biology 28 2 groups of arthropods
This document defines and describes key anatomical terms used to classify groups of arthropods. It discusses the cephalothorax, thorax, and abdomen found in crustaceans, as well as specific structures like the carapace, mandibles, chelipeds, swimmerets, chelicerae, pedipalps, and spinnerets. It concludes with three key concepts: arthropods are classified by body segments and appendages, especially mouthparts; crustaceans typically have two antennae, two or three body sections, and mandibles; and chelicerates have chelicerae mouthparts and two body sections, with nearly all having four pairs of walking legs.
Biology 2.4
Chemical reactions involve reactants being converted into products through breaking and forming chemical bonds, requiring a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Catalysts like enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this activation energy, with enzymes being protein catalysts that facilitate substrate reactions within cells.
Earth science 12.3
This document discusses radiometric dating and how it is used to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals. It explains key concepts such as radioactivity, half-life, and how comparing ratios of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and carbon-12 can be used to calculate radiocarbon dates for samples. Radiometric dating relies on the fact that radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate and comparing the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes allows the age of a sample to be estimated.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 7.3
Wind shapes landscapes through processes like deflation, desert pavement formation, and loess and dune deposition. Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material by wind. Desert pavement is a layer of coarse pebbles created when wind removes finer material. Loess deposits are windblown silt deposits that form blanket-like layers, while dunes are ridges of wind-deposited sand that can vary in shape depending on wind and vegetation factors.
Earth science 7.2
Much of the weathered debris in deserts comes from mechanical weathering like alluvial fans formed where stream slopes abruptly decrease. While chemical weathering is less common, over long periods clays and thin soils can form. Desert streams are ephemeral, only flowing after rain, and often drying up before reaching oceans due to evaporation and soil infiltration. Most desert erosion comes from running water, though wind also erodes deserts, water does the most erosional work.
Earth science 7.1
Glaciers are large masses of ice that originate on land from compacted snow and move due to gravity. During an ice age, large ice sheets form on continents and flow outward, carving U-shaped valleys and depositing unsorted sediment called till. Valley glaciers are smaller glaciers confined to mountain valleys that flow due to plastic deformation and basal sliding between the ice and bedrock.
Earth science 6.3
Groundwater exists below the surface in the saturated zone where all spaces between rock and sediment are filled with water. The water table marks the top of this zone, and groundwater moves slowly through porous and permeable materials. Springs form where the water table intersects the surface, and overuse or contamination can threaten groundwater supplies in some areas. Karst regions have irregular terrain with sinkholes caused by erosion of soluble rock by groundwater in caverns below the water table.
Earth science 6.2
This document defines key terms related to streams and their processes, including bed load, capacity, alluvium, delta, natural levee, floodplain, flood, drainage basin, divide. It also describes concepts such as how streams erode and deposit sediment according to flow velocities, and how flooding occurs and can be mitigated. The overall work of streams is to shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment within drainage basins.
Earth science 6.1
The document discusses key concepts about running water and the water cycle. It defines terms like infiltration, transpiration, gradient, stream channel, discharge, tributary, base level, and meander. It explains that water constantly circulates among the oceans, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere in the water cycle. Balance in the cycle means annual precipitation equals evaporation globally. A stream's ability to erode and transport materials depends on its velocity, while gradient decreases and discharge increases from headwaters to the mouth.
More from Tamara (20)
Recently uploaded
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena Syrota
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdf
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.Â
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und ĂĽberflĂĽssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Dmitrii Kamaev, PhD
Senior Product Owner - QIAGEN
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte Webinar
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
GNSS spoofing via SDR (Criptored Talks 2024)
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays - June 2024
Columbus Data & Analytics Wednesdays, June 2024 with Maria Copot 20
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Recently uploaded (20)
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
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Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
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Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
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Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
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“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
“Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transfor...
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Â
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Biomedical Knowledge Graphs for Data Scientists and Bioinformaticians
Â
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Â
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Â
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024
Â
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Â
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...
Â
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
Â
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Â
Presentation 12 5 Bio
- 1. 12-5
- 2. Operon A group of genes that operate together is known as an operon. Because these genes must be expressed in order for the bacterium to be able to use the sugar lactose as food, they are called the lacoperon.
- 3. Operator The (O) region of a chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off”. When the lac repressor binds to the (O) region, RNA polymerase is prevented from beginning the process of transcription.
- 4. Differentiation This is the process of development in which cells become specialized in structure and function. They don’t just divide during embryonic development, they also become specialized.
- 5. Hox Gene A series of genes, known as the hox genes, control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo. Mutations can effect these genes, which can change the development of organs and other body parts.
- 6. How are lac genes turned off and on? The lac genes in E. coli are turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose. Lactose causes the repressor to be released from the operate (O) region.
- 7. How are most eukaryotic genes controlled? Most eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and have regulatory sequences that are much more complex than those of the lacoperon. Operons are generally not found in eukaryotes. Many eukaryotic genes include a sequence called the TATA box that may help RNA polymerase.