This PPT discusses the concept of Dynamic Linker as in Linux and its porting to Solaris ARM platform. It starts from the very basics of linking process
This PPT discusses the concept of Dynamic Linker as in Linux and its porting to Solaris ARM platform. It starts from the very basics of linking process
I prepared these slides for the student of FSC BSC BS Computer science.these slides are very easily understanding the concept of programming in C++.All topics are clear with the help of examples easy in reading the topic and understanding the logic.
A C++ program //include headers; these are modules that include functions that you may use in your //program; we will almost always need to include the header that // defines cin and cout; the header is called iostream.h #include <iostream.h>
int main() {
//variable declaration //read values input from user //computation and print output to user return 0; }
After you write a C++ program you compile it; that is, you run a program called compiler that checks whether the program follows the C++ syntax – if it finds errors, it lists them – If there are no errors, it translates the C++ program into a program in machine language which you can execute.
Concisely describe the following terms 40 1. Source code 2. Object c.pdffeelinggift
Concisely describe the following terms 40% 1. Source code 2. Object code 3. Compiler 4.
Algorithm 5. Byte (used for what purpose) 6. Nano second or ns (used for what purpose) 7.
System program (provide two examples) 8. Application program (provide two examples) 9.
Preprocessing directive 10. ASCII
Solution
Answers:
1.
A programmer writes a program in a particular programming language (ex : c , c++ ,java).This
form of the program is called the source code. it can be read and easily understood by a human
being.
For example : Source code for Hello world program is:
#include
void main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
}
2.
An interpreter or a complier translates source code into executable machine code. This machine
code is called as the object code.
Complier translates source code into object code. Object code contains instructions to be
executed by the computer.
3.
A complier is a program that translates a source program or source code written in particular
programming language ( such as c , c++ or java ) into machine language (code).
Example : Turbo c compiler.
4.
Step –by- step instructions of a program is called is an algorithm.
5.
1 byte = 8 bits.
A byte is a unit of measurement used to measure the data.
Each byte represents a character.
6.
A nano second or ns is a unit of time representing 10-9 or 1 billionth of a second. computer
memory speed is represented in nano seconds.
7.
It is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application
programs.
Examples are :
OS (operating system)
BIOS
Boot program.
8.
Application program is a software program that runs on computer.
Examples are word processors, web browsers.
9.
Preprocessor directives are invoked by the complier to process some programs before
compilation.
Preprocessor directives are lines included in a program that begin with the character #.
10.
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
It is the most common format for text files in computers and on the internet.
Short Answers:
1.
Source code
|
Complier
| Assembly code
Assembler
Libraries | Object code
Link Editor
|
Executable code
2.
a)
Memory unit (storage)
ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unit)
CU (Control Unit)
b)
Storage:
All the data to be processed and the instruction required for processing.
Intermediate results of processing.
Final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unit):
It performs all the arithmetic operations (like addition, subtraction etc) and logical operations.
CU (Control Unit):
The control unit directs and controls the activities of the internal and external devices.
3.
Fetch the instruction
Decode the instruction
Read the effective address
Execute the instruction
In executing the instruction Arithmetic and Logical unit (ALU) performs mathematical or logical
operations .ALU sends a condition signal back to the control unit (CU). The result generated by
the operation is stored in the main memory or sent to o.
Similar to Preprocessor , IOSTREAM Library,IOMANIP Library (20)
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2. Introduction to preprocessors
Various preprocessors directives
The IOSTREAM library
The IOMANIP library
3. Preprocessors are programs that processes the
source code before actual compilation of the
program.
The preprocessors directives always begin with a ‘#’
symbol.
The ‘#’ symbol at beginning of statement in a c++
program indicates that it is a preprocessor directive.
4. The various kinds of preprocessor directives that
preprocessor looks for are:
Macros
File inclusion
Conditional compilation
5. Macros are the piece of code in program which is
given a name.
Whenever this name is encountered in the program
the compiler replaces the name with the actual piece
of code.
#define directive is used for this purpose.
7. This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler
to include a file in the source code program.
There are two types of files that can be included in
the source program:
1. Header files or Standard files
2. User Defined files
8. To include header files we write:
#include<filename>
The <> brackets both delimit the filename and indicate that the
file is to be found in one of the standard directories of system.
To include user defined files we write:
#include “filename”
Filename within “ ” indicate that it is a user defined file.
9. These directives helps to compile a specific portion of
the program or to skip the compilation of some
specific part of the program based on some
conditions.
“ifdef”, “endif”, “ifndef” are some of the
preprocessing commands that helps achieving this
purpose.
10. #ifdef macroname
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
.
.
#endif
• If the macroname is defined then the block of
statement will be executed otherwise compiler will
skip the execution of these statements.
11. C++ I/O libraries provides an interface between the
program and the hardware devices that make up the
computer system.
The IOSTREAM header file of c++ defines a
collection of stream classes that are capable of input,
output or both input and output.
12. CIN OBJECT:
It represents the standard input stream.
It is used along with the extraction operator(>>)
Example :
int a;
cin>>a;
COUT OBJECT:
It represents the standard output stream.
It used along with the insertion operator(<<)
Example :
int a=15;
cout<<“Value of a:”<<a;
13. CERR OBJECT:
It is an object of the class ostream.
It represents the standard error stream.
Example:
cerr<<“system being rebooted in 2 minutesn”;
• CLOG OBJECT:
• It is an object of the class ostream.
• It represents the standard logging stream.
• Example :
clog<< Username<<“has logged into system”;
14. The iomanip library defines a collection of I/O
stream manipulators to modify the behavior of
insertions and extractions.
It is a library that is used to manipulate the output of
c++ program.
15. Setw(int w): it sets the field width to w.
Setfill(char c): it sets the fill character to c.
Setbase(int b): used to set the base field to one of the
possible values according to argument base.
Setprecision(int d): sets the number of places of
accuracy to d.
Scientific: displays the floating point values in
scientific notation.
Fixed: displays the floating point values in decimal
notation
16. Showpos: positive numbers are
displayed with a leading + sign.
Showbase: octal numbers are displayed
preceded with 0 and hexadecimal
numbers are displayed preceded with
0x.
Boolalpha: displays logical values
symbolically as true and false.
Noboolapha : displays logical values as 0
and 1.