This document discusses preprocessing techniques for image mining on biopsy images. It begins with an introduction to biomedical imaging and image mining. The key steps in image mining are described as image retrieval, preprocessing, feature extraction, data mining, and interpretation. Various preprocessing techniques are then evaluated on biopsy images, including interpolation, thresholding, and segmentation. Bicubic interpolation and Otsu thresholding produced good results for enhancing renal biopsy images. Overall, the document evaluates different preprocessing methods and their effects on biopsy images to help extract meaningful features for disease detection through image mining.
Medical Image Fusion Using Discrete Wavelet TransformIJERA Editor
Medical image fusion is the process of registering and combining multiple images from single or multiple imaging modalities to improve the imaging quality and reduce randomness and redundancy in order to increase the clinical applicability of medical images for diagnosis and assessment of medical problems. Multimodal medical image fusion algorithms and devices have shown notable achievements in improving clinical accuracy of decisions based on medical images. The domain where image fusion is readily used nowadays is in medical diagnostics to fuse medical images such as CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and MRA. This paper aims to present a new algorithm to improve the quality of multimodality medical image fusion using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) approach. Discrete Wavelet transform has been implemented using different fusion techniques including pixel averaging, maximum minimum and minimum maximum methods for medical image fusion. Performance of fusion is calculated on the basis of PSNR, MSE and the total processing time and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of fusion scheme based on wavelet transform.
Utilization of Super Pixel Based Microarray Image Segmentationijtsrd
In the division of PC vision pictures, Super pixels are go probably as key part from 10 years prior. There are various counts and methodology to separate the Super pixels anyway whole all of them the best super pixel looking at strategy is Simple Linear Iterative Clustering SLIC have come to pivot continuously recently. The concentrating of small scale group quality verbalization from MRI imaging is more useful to perceive tumors or some other dangerous development contaminations, so the fundamental DNA cDNA microarray is a grounded device for analyzing the same. The division of microarray pictures is the essential development in a microarray assessment. In this paper, we proposed a figuring to dividing the cDNA small show picture using Simple Linear Iterative Clustering SLIC based Self Organizing Maps SOM method. In any case, the proposed figuring is taken up a moving task to look at the bad quality of pictures in addition. There are two phases to separate the image, introductory, a pre setting up the applied picture to diminish fuss levels and second, to piece the image using SLIC based SOM approach. Mr. Davu Manikanta | Mr. Parasurama N | K Keerthi "Utilization of Super Pixel Based Microarray Image Segmentation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46274.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/46274/utilization-of-super-pixel-based-microarray-image-segmentation/mr-davu-manikanta
Adaptive K-Means Clustering Algorithm for MR Breast Image Segmentation
3D Brain Tumor Segmentation Scheme using K-mean Clustering and Connected Component Labeling Algorithms
Volume Identification and Estimation of MRI Brain Tumor
MRI Breast cancer diagnosis hybrid approach using adaptive Ant-based segmentation and Multilayer Perceptron NN classifier
BFO – AIS: A FRAME WORK FOR MEDICAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING SOFT COMPUTING...ijsc
Medical images provide diagnostic evidence/information about anatomical pathology. The growth in
database is enormous as medical digital image equipment’s like Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI),
Computed Tomography (CT), and Positron Emission Tomography CT (PET-CT) are part of clinical work.
CT images distinguish various tissues according to gray levels to help medical diagnosis. Ct is more
reliable for early tumours and haemorrhages detection as it provides anatomical information to plan radio
therapy. Medical information systems goals are to deliver information to right persons at the right time and
place to improve care process quality and efficiency. This paper proposes an Artificial Immune System
(AIS) classifier and proposed feature selection based on hybrid Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)
with Local Search (LS) for medical image classification.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Medical Image Fusion Using Discrete Wavelet TransformIJERA Editor
Medical image fusion is the process of registering and combining multiple images from single or multiple imaging modalities to improve the imaging quality and reduce randomness and redundancy in order to increase the clinical applicability of medical images for diagnosis and assessment of medical problems. Multimodal medical image fusion algorithms and devices have shown notable achievements in improving clinical accuracy of decisions based on medical images. The domain where image fusion is readily used nowadays is in medical diagnostics to fuse medical images such as CT (Computed Tomography), MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and MRA. This paper aims to present a new algorithm to improve the quality of multimodality medical image fusion using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) approach. Discrete Wavelet transform has been implemented using different fusion techniques including pixel averaging, maximum minimum and minimum maximum methods for medical image fusion. Performance of fusion is calculated on the basis of PSNR, MSE and the total processing time and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of fusion scheme based on wavelet transform.
Utilization of Super Pixel Based Microarray Image Segmentationijtsrd
In the division of PC vision pictures, Super pixels are go probably as key part from 10 years prior. There are various counts and methodology to separate the Super pixels anyway whole all of them the best super pixel looking at strategy is Simple Linear Iterative Clustering SLIC have come to pivot continuously recently. The concentrating of small scale group quality verbalization from MRI imaging is more useful to perceive tumors or some other dangerous development contaminations, so the fundamental DNA cDNA microarray is a grounded device for analyzing the same. The division of microarray pictures is the essential development in a microarray assessment. In this paper, we proposed a figuring to dividing the cDNA small show picture using Simple Linear Iterative Clustering SLIC based Self Organizing Maps SOM method. In any case, the proposed figuring is taken up a moving task to look at the bad quality of pictures in addition. There are two phases to separate the image, introductory, a pre setting up the applied picture to diminish fuss levels and second, to piece the image using SLIC based SOM approach. Mr. Davu Manikanta | Mr. Parasurama N | K Keerthi "Utilization of Super Pixel Based Microarray Image Segmentation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46274.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/46274/utilization-of-super-pixel-based-microarray-image-segmentation/mr-davu-manikanta
Adaptive K-Means Clustering Algorithm for MR Breast Image Segmentation
3D Brain Tumor Segmentation Scheme using K-mean Clustering and Connected Component Labeling Algorithms
Volume Identification and Estimation of MRI Brain Tumor
MRI Breast cancer diagnosis hybrid approach using adaptive Ant-based segmentation and Multilayer Perceptron NN classifier
BFO – AIS: A FRAME WORK FOR MEDICAL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING SOFT COMPUTING...ijsc
Medical images provide diagnostic evidence/information about anatomical pathology. The growth in
database is enormous as medical digital image equipment’s like Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI),
Computed Tomography (CT), and Positron Emission Tomography CT (PET-CT) are part of clinical work.
CT images distinguish various tissues according to gray levels to help medical diagnosis. Ct is more
reliable for early tumours and haemorrhages detection as it provides anatomical information to plan radio
therapy. Medical information systems goals are to deliver information to right persons at the right time and
place to improve care process quality and efficiency. This paper proposes an Artificial Immune System
(AIS) classifier and proposed feature selection based on hybrid Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)
with Local Search (LS) for medical image classification.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Review on Brain Disorder Segmentation in MR ImagesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development and Implementation of VLSI Reconfigurable Architecture for Gabor ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Gabor filter is a very effective tool in visual
search approaches and multimedia applications. This filter
provides high resolution in time-frequency domains and thus
finds use in object recognition, character recognition and
pattern recognition applications. Medical Image analysis
using image processing algorithms is one of the best ways of
diagnosing diseases inside human body. The Gabor wavelets
resemble the visual cortex cell operation of mammalian
brains and hence are best suited for biological image analysis.
A Tonsillitis detection system is proposed here using Gabor
filtering approach. This system detects the presence of
Tonsillitis from the tonsils images. A suitable VLSI
architecture for the implementation of the Gabor filter was
modeled in Verilog using Xilinx tool and simulated using the
tonsils test images. The proposed system was successful in
detecting the presence of Tonsillitis from the diseased tonsils
image. The complete system was then synthesized and
implemented on FPGA Artix 7. The design was capable of
operating at a maximum frequency of 394.563 MHz.
Feature Extraction of Chest X-ray Images and Analysis Using PCA and kPCA IJECEIAES
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium which can be diagnosed by its various symptoms like fever, cough, etc. Tuberculosis can also be analyzed by understanding the chest x-ray of the patient which is revealed by an expert physician .The chest x-ray image contains many features which cannot be directly used by any computer system for analyzing the disease. Features of chest x-ray images must be understood and extracted, so that it can be processed to a form to be fed to any computer system for disease analysis. This paper presents feature extraction of chest x-ray image which can be used as an input for any data mining algorithm for TB disease analysis. So texture and shape based features are extracted from x-ray image using image processing concepts. The features extracted are analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (kPCA) techniques. Filter and wrapper feature selection method using linear regression model were applied on these techniques. The performance of PCA and kPCA are analyzed and found that the accuracy of PCA using wrapper approach is 96.07% when compared to the accuracy of kPCA which is 62.50%. PCA performs well than kPCA with a good accuracy.
Lung Cancer Detection on CT Images by using Image Processingijtsrd
This project is mainly based on image processing technique. In this work MATLAB have been used through every procedure made. Image processing techniques are widely use in bio-medical sector. The objective of our work is noise removal operation, thresholding, gray scale imaging, histogram equalization, texture segmentation, and morphological operation. Detection of lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) images is done by using MATLAB software. By using these methods the work has been done on CT images and the final tumor area has been shown with pixel values. Bindiya Patel | Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra | Prof. Amit Kolhe"Lung Cancer Detection on CT Images by using Image Processing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11674.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11674/lung-cancer-detection-on-ct-images-by-using-image-processing/bindiya-patel
Brain tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation and morph...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the field of medical image processing, detection of brain tumor from magnetic resonance image (MRI) brain scan has become one of the most active research. Detection of the tumor is the main objective of the system. Detection plays a critical role in biomedical imaging. In this paper, MRI brain image is used to tumor detection process. This system includes test the brain image process, image filtering, skull stripping, segmentation, morphological operation, calculation of the tumor area and determination of the tumor location. In this system, morphological operation of erosion algorithm is applied to detect the tumor. The detailed procedures are implemented using MATLAB. The proposed method extracts the tumor region accurately from the MRI brain image. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method efficiently detected the tumor region from the brain image. And then, the equation of the tumor region in this system is effectively applied in any shape of the tumor region. Key Words: Magnetic resonance image, skull stripping, segmentation, morphological operation, detection
INVESTIGATION THE EFFECT OF USING GRAY LEVEL AND RGB CHANNELS ON BRAIN TUMOR ...csandit
Analysis the effect of using gray level on the Brain tumor image for improving speed of object
detection in the field of Medical Image using image processing technique. Specific areas of
interest are image binarization method, Image segmentation. Experiments will be performed by
image processing using Matlab. This paper presents a strategy for decreasing the calculation
time by using gray level and just one channel Red or Green or Blue in medical Image and
analysis its impact in order to improve detection time and the main goal is to reduce time
complexity.
Clustering of medline documents using semi supervised spectral clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract We are considering: local-content (LC) information, global-content (GC) information from PubMed and MESH (medical subject heading-MS) for the clustering of bio-medical documents. The performances of MEDLINE document clustering are enhanced from previous methods by combining both the LC and GC. We propose a semi-supervised spectral clustering method to overcome the limitations of representation space of earlier methods. Keywords- document clustering, semi-supervised clustering, spectral clustering
A Review on Brain Disorder Segmentation in MR ImagesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development and Implementation of VLSI Reconfigurable Architecture for Gabor ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Gabor filter is a very effective tool in visual
search approaches and multimedia applications. This filter
provides high resolution in time-frequency domains and thus
finds use in object recognition, character recognition and
pattern recognition applications. Medical Image analysis
using image processing algorithms is one of the best ways of
diagnosing diseases inside human body. The Gabor wavelets
resemble the visual cortex cell operation of mammalian
brains and hence are best suited for biological image analysis.
A Tonsillitis detection system is proposed here using Gabor
filtering approach. This system detects the presence of
Tonsillitis from the tonsils images. A suitable VLSI
architecture for the implementation of the Gabor filter was
modeled in Verilog using Xilinx tool and simulated using the
tonsils test images. The proposed system was successful in
detecting the presence of Tonsillitis from the diseased tonsils
image. The complete system was then synthesized and
implemented on FPGA Artix 7. The design was capable of
operating at a maximum frequency of 394.563 MHz.
Feature Extraction of Chest X-ray Images and Analysis Using PCA and kPCA IJECEIAES
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium which can be diagnosed by its various symptoms like fever, cough, etc. Tuberculosis can also be analyzed by understanding the chest x-ray of the patient which is revealed by an expert physician .The chest x-ray image contains many features which cannot be directly used by any computer system for analyzing the disease. Features of chest x-ray images must be understood and extracted, so that it can be processed to a form to be fed to any computer system for disease analysis. This paper presents feature extraction of chest x-ray image which can be used as an input for any data mining algorithm for TB disease analysis. So texture and shape based features are extracted from x-ray image using image processing concepts. The features extracted are analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (kPCA) techniques. Filter and wrapper feature selection method using linear regression model were applied on these techniques. The performance of PCA and kPCA are analyzed and found that the accuracy of PCA using wrapper approach is 96.07% when compared to the accuracy of kPCA which is 62.50%. PCA performs well than kPCA with a good accuracy.
Lung Cancer Detection on CT Images by using Image Processingijtsrd
This project is mainly based on image processing technique. In this work MATLAB have been used through every procedure made. Image processing techniques are widely use in bio-medical sector. The objective of our work is noise removal operation, thresholding, gray scale imaging, histogram equalization, texture segmentation, and morphological operation. Detection of lung cancer from computed tomography (CT) images is done by using MATLAB software. By using these methods the work has been done on CT images and the final tumor area has been shown with pixel values. Bindiya Patel | Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra | Prof. Amit Kolhe"Lung Cancer Detection on CT Images by using Image Processing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11674.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/11674/lung-cancer-detection-on-ct-images-by-using-image-processing/bindiya-patel
Brain tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation and morph...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the field of medical image processing, detection of brain tumor from magnetic resonance image (MRI) brain scan has become one of the most active research. Detection of the tumor is the main objective of the system. Detection plays a critical role in biomedical imaging. In this paper, MRI brain image is used to tumor detection process. This system includes test the brain image process, image filtering, skull stripping, segmentation, morphological operation, calculation of the tumor area and determination of the tumor location. In this system, morphological operation of erosion algorithm is applied to detect the tumor. The detailed procedures are implemented using MATLAB. The proposed method extracts the tumor region accurately from the MRI brain image. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method efficiently detected the tumor region from the brain image. And then, the equation of the tumor region in this system is effectively applied in any shape of the tumor region. Key Words: Magnetic resonance image, skull stripping, segmentation, morphological operation, detection
INVESTIGATION THE EFFECT OF USING GRAY LEVEL AND RGB CHANNELS ON BRAIN TUMOR ...csandit
Analysis the effect of using gray level on the Brain tumor image for improving speed of object
detection in the field of Medical Image using image processing technique. Specific areas of
interest are image binarization method, Image segmentation. Experiments will be performed by
image processing using Matlab. This paper presents a strategy for decreasing the calculation
time by using gray level and just one channel Red or Green or Blue in medical Image and
analysis its impact in order to improve detection time and the main goal is to reduce time
complexity.
Clustering of medline documents using semi supervised spectral clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract We are considering: local-content (LC) information, global-content (GC) information from PubMed and MESH (medical subject heading-MS) for the clustering of bio-medical documents. The performances of MEDLINE document clustering are enhanced from previous methods by combining both the LC and GC. We propose a semi-supervised spectral clustering method to overcome the limitations of representation space of earlier methods. Keywords- document clustering, semi-supervised clustering, spectral clustering
Optimized Design of an Alu Block Using Power Gating TechniqueIJERA Editor
Power is the limiting factor in traditional CMOS scaling and must be dealt with aggressively. With the scaling
of technology and the need for high performance and more functionality, power dissipation becomes a major
bottleneck for a system design. Power gating of functional units has been proved to be an effective technique to
reduce power consumption. This paper describe about to design of an ALU block with sleep mode to reduce the
power consumption of the circuit. Local sleep transistors are used to achieve sleep mode. During sleep mode
one functional unit is working and another functional unit is in idle state. i.e., it disconnects the idle logic
blocks from the power supply. Architecture and functionality of the ALU implemented on FPGA and is tested
using DSCH tool. Power analysis is carried out using MICROWIND tool.
A primary screening of antitumor substances was carried out among strains of actinomycetes isolated from the samples of natural substrates of arid zones in the Ile-Balkhash region. Antitumor properties of actinomycetes against Staphylococcus aureus209Р(S. aureus 209P) and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 were studied using the agar block technique. The diameter of growth inhibition zone was measured after incubation of the test microorganisms at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. 16 strains of actinomycetes (10,2%) from sandy soils and from the plant rhizosphere of the Kapshagai area virtually having no effect or only slightly affecting the growth of wild-type culture.22 strains of actinomycetes (14,0%) from takyrs and takyr-like soils of the Balkhash area had an activity against staphylococcal mutants two or more times higher than against the stock staphylococcal strain.This strains may be the potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.It was established that 24.2% of the strains of actinomycetes may be potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.
The Comparative Study of Gray Model and Markov Model in Pavement Performance ...IJERA Editor
Pavement performance prediction is an essential component of pavement maintenance management system, which directly affects the choice of maintenance measures and funds. Firstly, this paper uses the Gray theoretical model to predict the status of certain highway pavement damaged. Secondly, the Grey theory and Markov prediction method are combined to forecast it. Finally, the comparison of the results between Grey theory and Markov prediction method analyzes the similarities and differences .The results show that Grey theoretical model is more suitable for recent forecasting, while combination method is suitable for longer-term forecasting.
Comparative study on two kinds of finite element analysis of PBL shear connec...IJERA Editor
According to the different construction forms of PBL shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beam and steel-concrete joint section, eight finite element models in two groups of the two construction forms are conducted to study different mechanical properties of PBL shear connectors. Following conclusions can be drawn from the finite element method calculation results. The load-slip curve, mechanical properties of PBL shear connector are quite different in two construction forms. With the same construction parameter, the ultimate bearing capacity, shear stiffness and ductility factor of PBL shear connectors in steel-concrete joint section are better than that in steel-concrete composite beam. In addition, concrete strength, perforated diameter, thickness of the perforated plate, diameter of the perforated rebar and construction form are the influencing factors of the bearing capacity, shear stiffness and ductility factor of PBL shear connectors.
To Reduce the Pollution from the Earth which is exhausted By Vehicles?IJERA Editor
1.1 Objectives
To reduce quantity of pollute gases from the atmosphere. Also reduced effect of the exhaust gases on human
being.To get some products which may use in different purposes.
1.2 Beneficiaries
For better environment near the cross roads.Also for society and world by reducing CO2.Get product was
economic and use for environment.
1.3 Value of result
We can use these on crossing roads in urban area.We can also use these at toll plaza on highway.We may also
use at that where daily traffic are very high. Also
for industrial purpose.
1.4 Unique selling point
“Stay comfort, because we steal your detriment”
Modified design for Full Swing SERF and High Speed SERFIJERA Editor
In this chapter we have discussed the research work done on the basis of literature review and study. The
research methodology and the techniques to modify the present designs in order to achieve better performance
have been discussed with their merits and demerits. In this paper FS-SERF and HS- SERF full adder topologies
are presented. The analysis of Power, Delay, Power Delay Product (PDP) optimization characteristics of SERF
Adder is designed. In order to achieve optimal power savings at smaller geometry sizes, proposed a heuristic
approach known as FS-SERF and HS-SERF adder model.
Windows used in FIR Filters optimized for Far-side Stop band Attenuation (FSA...IJERA Editor
It has been proposed that the Exponential window provides better side-lobe roll-off ratio than Kaiser window
which is very useful for some applications such as beam forming, filter design, and speech processing. In this
paper the second application i.e. design of digital nonrecursive Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter by using
Exponential window is proposed. The far-end stopband attenuation is most significant parameter when the
signal to be filtered has great concentration of spectral energy. The filter should be designed in such a way so
that it can provide better far-end stopband attenuation (amplitude of last ripple in stopband). Digital FIR filter
designed by Kaiser window has a better far-end stopband attenuation than filter designed by the other previously
well known adjustable windows such as Dolph-Chebyshev and aramaki, which are special cases of
Ultraspherical windows, but obtaining a digital filter which performs higher far-end stopband attenuation than
Kaiser window will be useful. In this paper, the design of nonrecursive digital FIR filter has been proposed by
using Exponential window. It provides better far-end stopband attenuation than filter designed by well known
Kaiser window, which is the advantage of filter designed by Exponential window. The proposed schemes were
simulated on commercially available software and the results show the close agreement with proposed theory.
Physicochemical Evaluation of Flaxseed-Date BarIJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to develop a flaxseed-date-bar fortified high level of dietary fibre by using
functional ingredients. Formulations were developed containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 grams of flaxseed flour.
Flaxseed- date bar were evaluated for their, Physic-chemical properties. In the physical evaluation of bar it was
found that flaxseed flour increase the hardness from 1076.82g to 1403.12g.The results revealed that the bar
containing nuts and oilseeds shows maximum protein content (10.09 percent), dietary fibre content (9.89
percent), and ash content(2.90 percent) was found in flaxseed-date bar. The gross energy of the flaxseed-date
bar was in the range of 353.75 kcal to 377.08 kcal .The maximum gross energy was recorded by following
sample A4were as the minimum was obtained by A0. The result revealed that flaxseed-dates along with nuts can
be useful to prepare flaxseed-date bars of good sensory and nutritional value which provide substantial amount
of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and dietary fibre.
Modified design for Full Swing SERF and High Speed SERFIJERA Editor
In this chapter we have discussed the research work done on the basis of literature review and study. The
research methodology and the techniques to modify the present designs in order to achieve better performance
have been discussed with their merits and demerits. In this paper FS-SERF and HS- SERF full adder topologies
are presented. The analysis of Power, Delay, Power Delay Product (PDP) optimization characteristics of SERF
Adder is designed. In order to achieve optimal power savings at smaller geometry sizes, proposed a heuristic
approach known as FS-SERF and HS-SERF adder model.
Design and Implementation of Real Time Remote Supervisory SystemIJERA Editor
In today’s fast growing communication environment and rapid exchange of data in networking field has triggered us to develop a home based remote supervisory monitoring system. In the present paper the physiological parameters of the patient such as body temperature, ECG, Pulse rate and Oxygen Saturation is displayed in MATLAB graphical user interface which is processed using ARM7 LPC2138. In case any emergency persist and parameters goes abnormal over the optimum level then a buzzer will ring to alert the caretaker. And the vital parameters will be displayed on the patient side computer and an automatic SMS will be sent to the doctor using GSM interface.
A Synchronizing Devicefor Power Electronic ConvertersIJERA Editor
In this paper we introduce a synchronizing device for power electronic converters with single-phase or threephase
AC input voltage. The voltage synchronizing transformer in this device has been replaced by a current
transformer and a double galvanic isolation has been realized by means of optical media. Results from computer
simulation and experimental studies have been brought out.
A Simple Uhf Rfid Circularly-Polarized Reader Antenna DesignIJERA Editor
In this paper, the simple antenna is proposed for ultra high- frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification
(RFID) application. It is designed to achieve circular polarization with unidirectional beam. The antenna is
composed of the truncated radiation patch and ground plane. The simulation results show that the antenna
achieves the return loss of -31.92 dB, gain of 8 dBic, axial ratio (AR) of 1.8 dB and 3 dB AR beamwidth of 60
degree over the band width of 915-928 MHz.
Investigation &Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Adsorbent Synthesized fr...IJERA Editor
Waste disposal is becoming a cause of concern &alot of research is being carried out for removal of pollutants. Adsorption is viewed as one of the effective methods & new adsorbents having low cost, bio-degradability& effectiveness are being developed. Bark, leaves, seeds, drumsticks&shells can be synthesized into adsorbents.Present work addresses to the development of adsorbent from waste materials such as ‘Tectona grandis’ seeds. Thermal and boiling water treatment have been adopted in synthesis of three types of adsorbents namely ‘Thermally treated whole seed’, ‘Thermally treated particulateseed’ & ‘Raw boiled whole seed’. In preliminary investigation ‘Raw boiled whole seed’ is found to be effective in 12% adsorption of Victoria blue from synthetically prepared aqueous solution. Similarly these adsorbents are useful in removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution to the extent of 12 to 52 % depending upon the type of adsorbent and initial feed solution. ‘Thermally treated particulate seed’ is observed to be the best amongst three adsorbents synthesized. It can concluded that there is need to tap the potential in adsorbentssynthesized from ‘Tectona grandis seed’ by conducting more experiments involving different types of adsorbents.
Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of AluminumIJERA Editor
Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In this research 70 specimens of aluminum (2 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures; Th = 100, 300 and 500 ° C. Number of repeated cycles; N =1 to 100. Results are evaluated then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal fatigue.
Control of Suddenly Expanded Flow at Low Supersonic Mach NumbersIJERA Editor
In the present study the experiments were conducted to control the base pressure from a convergent-divergent
nozzle at low supersonic Mach numbers to assess the effectiveness of active control mechanism in the form of
micro jets at different expansion level. The parameters considered in the present study are the diameter ratio,
length to diameter ratio (L/D), Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR), and the Mach number. The diameter ratio selected
for the present study are 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.5. Experiments were conducted for nozzle pressure ratio (NPR)
from 3 to 11. The L/D ratio of the enlarged duct was varied from 10 to 1, and results are presented for L/D 4, 3,
2, and 1. The Mach numbers of the present studies are 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.5. The results show that the Micro jets
are very effective and are able to raise the base pressure value to a considerable level under the influence of
favorable pressure gradient except at lower NPR 3. At NPRs 5 and 7 for some cases the trends differ due to the
level of expansion, nature of waves present in the base region, relief available to the flow, L/D ratio of the
enlarged duct and the Mach numbers. It is seen that most of the cases exhibit similar behavior for the L/Ds in
the range 4 and 3, which means; that the back pressure has not adversely influenced the flow field in the base
region as well as in the duct. The minimum duct length required for the flow to be attached is L/D = 2, even
though in some cases flow is attached with duct wall. With this it can be stated that the micro jets can be an
alternative for the for base pressure control.
Radix-2 Algorithms for realization of Type-II Discrete Sine Transform and Typ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, radix-2 algorithms for computation of type-II discrete sine transform (DST-II) and type-IV
discrete sine transform (DST-IV), each of length 2 ( 2,3,.....)
m
N m , are presented. The odd-indexed
output components of DST-II can be realized using simple recursive relations. The recursive algorithms are
appropriate for VLSI implementation. The DST-IV of length N can be computed from type-II discrete cosine
transform (DCT-II) and DST-II sequences, each of length N/2.
A new approach for content-based image retrieval for medical applications usi...IJECEIAES
Content based image retrieval (CBIR) has become an important factor in medical imaging research and is obtaining a great success. More applications still need to be developed to get more powerful systems for better image similarity matching, and as a result getting better image retrieval systems. This research focuses on implementing low-level descriptors to maximize the quality of the retrieval of medical images. Such a research is supposed to set a better result in terms of image similarity matching. In this research a system that uses low-level descriptors is introduced. Three descriptors have been developed and applied in an attempt to increase the accuracy of image matching. The final results showed a qualified system in medical images retrieval specially that the low-level image descriptors have not been used yet in the image similarity matching in the medical field.
Lung Cancer Detection using Machine Learningijtsrd
Modern three dimensional 3 D medical imaging offers the potential and promise for major advances in science and medicine as higher fidelity images are produced. Due to advances in computer aided diagnosis and continuous progress in the field of computerized medical image visualization, there is need to develop one of the most important fields within scientific imaging. From the early basis report on cancer patients it has been seen that a greater number of people die of lung cancer than from other cancers such as colon, breast and prostate cancers combined. Lung cancer are related to smoking or secondhand smoke , or less often to exposure to radon or other environmental factors that’s why this can be prevented. But still it is not yet clear if these cancers can be prevented or not. In this research work, approach of segmentation, feature extraction and Convolution Neural Network CNN will be applied for locating, characterizing cancer portion. Harpreet Singh | Er. Ravneet Kaur | "Lung Cancer Detection using Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33659.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-architecture/33659/lung-cancer-detection-using-machine-learning/harpreet-singh
Image Segmentation Based Survey on the Lung Cancer MRI ImagesIIRindia
Educational data mining (EDM) creates high impact in the field of academic domain. The methods used in this topic are playing a major advanced key role in increasing knowledge among students. EDM explores and gives ideas in understanding behavioral patterns of students to choose a correct path for choosing their carrier. This survey focuses on such category and it discusses on various techniques involved in making educational data mining for their knowledge improvement. Also, it discusses about different types of EDM tools and techniques in this article. Among the different tools and techniques, best categories are suggested for real world usage.
A novel medical image segmentation and classification using combined feature ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diagnosis is the first step before giving a medicine to the patient. In the recent past such diagnosis is performed using medical images where segmentation is the prime part in the medical image retrieval which improves the feature set that is collected from the segmented image. In this paper, it is proposed to segment the medical image a semi decision algorithm that can segment only the tumor part from the CT image. Further texture based techniques are used to extract the feature vector from the segmented region of interest. Medical images under test are classified using decision tree classifier. Results show better performance in terms of accuracy when compared to the conventional methods. Key Words: Medical Images, Decision Tree Classifier, Segmentation, Semi-decision algorithm
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Development and Comparison of Image Fusion Techniques for CT&MRI ImagesIJERA Editor
Image processing techniques primarily focus upon enhancing the quality of an image or a set ofimages to derive
the maximum information from them. Image Fusion is a technique of producing a superior quality image from a
set of available images. It is the process of combining relevant information from two or more images into a
single image wherein the resulting image will be more informative and complete than any of the input images. A
lot of research is being done in this field encompassing areas of Computer Vision, Automatic object detection,
Image processing, parallel and distributed processing, Robotics and remote sensing. This project paves way to
explain the theoretical and implementation issues of seven image fusion algorithms and the experimental results
of the same. The fusion algorithms would be assessed based on the study and development of some image
quality metrics
Due to diagnosis problem in detecting lung Cancer, it becomes the most dangerous cancer seen in human being. Because of early diagnosis, the survival rate among people is increased. The prediction of lung cancer is the most challenging cancer problem, due to its structure of cells in human body. In which most of tissues or cells are overlapping on one another. Now-a-days, the use of images processing techniques is increased in growing medical field for its disease diagnosis, where the time factor plays important role. Detecting cancer within a time, increases the survival rate of patients. Many radiologists still use MRI only for assessment of superior sulcus tumors and in cases where invasion of spinal cord canal is suspected. MRI can detect and stage lung cancer and this method would be excellent of lung malignancies and other diseases.
A comparison of image segmentation techniques, otsu and watershed for x ray i...eSAT Journals
Abstract The most dangerous and rapidly spreading disease in the world is Tuberculosis. In the investigating for suspected tuberculosis (TB), chest radiography is the only key techniques of diagnosis based on the medical imaging So, Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) has been popular and many researchers are interested in this research areas and different approaches have been proposed for the TB detection. Image segmentation plays a great importance in most medical imaging, by extracting the anatomical structures from images. There exist many image segmentation techniques in the literature, each of them having their own advantages and disadvantages. The aim of X-ray segmentation is to subdivide the image in different portions, so that it can help during the study the structure of the bone, for the detection of disorder. The goal of this paper is to review the most important image segmentation methods starting from a data base composed by real X-ray images. Keywords— chest radiography, computer aided diagnosis, image segmentation, anatomical structures, real X-rays.
Review of Image Segmentation Techniques based on Region Merging ApproachEditor IJMTER
Image segmentation is an important task in computer vision and object recognition. Since
fully automatic image segmentation is usually very hard for natural images, interactive schemes with a
few simple user inputs are good solutions. In image segmentation the image is dividing into various
segments for processing images. The complexity of image content is a bigger challenge for carrying out
automatic image segmentation. On regions based scheme, the images are merged based on the similarity
criteria depending upon comparing the mean values of both the regions to be merged. So, the similar
regions are then merged and the dissimilar regions are merged together.
Similar to Preprocessing Techniques for Image Mining on Biopsy Images (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Preprocessing Techniques for Image Mining on Biopsy Images
1. Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.07-11
www.ijera.com 7 | P a g e
Preprocessing Techniques for Image Mining on Biopsy Images
Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani1
, Mrs. Shoba Krishnan2
1
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Mumbai University, Chembur
2
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Mumbai University, Chembur
ABSTRACT
Biomedical imaging has been undergoing rapid technological advancements over the last several decades and
has seen the development of many new applications. A single Image can give all the details about an organ from
the cellular level to the whole-organ level. Biomedical imaging is becoming increasingly important as an
approach to synthesize, extract and translate useful information from large multidimensional databases
accumulated in research frontiers such as functional genomics, proteomics, and functional imaging. To fulfill
this approach Image Mining can be used. Image Mining will bridge this gap to extract and translate semantically
meaningful information from biomedical images and apply it for testing and detecting any anomaly in the target
organ. The essential component in image mining is identifying similar objects in different images and finding
correlations in them. Integration of Image Mining and Biomedical field can result in many real world
applications
Keywords - Biomedical Imaging, Data Mining, Image Mining, Image Mining Application, Image Retrieva,
Preprocessing
I. INTRODUCTION
Biomedical Imaging is the science and the
branch of medicine concerned with the development
and use of imaging devices and techniques to obtain
internal anatomic images and to provide biochemical
and physiological analysis of tissues and organs.
Biomedical Imaging concentrates on the capture of
images for both, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Recent progress in developing refining the techniques
and tools for medical imaging, coupled with ever
increasing power and cost effectiveness of
computational platforms and mass storage, has led to
tremendous progress research and clinical biomedical
imaging applications.
A single Image can give all the details about an
organ from the cellular level to the whole-organ
level. Biomedical imaging is becoming increasingly
important as an approach to synthesize, extract and
translate useful information from large
multidimensional databases accumulated in research
frontiers such as functional genomics, proteomics,
and functional imaging [2]. To fulfill this approach
Image Mining can be used.
Image mining is rapidly gaining attention in the
field of data mining, information retrieval and
multimedia databases because of its potential in
discovering useful image patterns based on color,
texture, shape and basic descriptors of any image [3].
Image Mining will bridge this gap to extract and
translate semantically meaningful information from
biomedical images and apply it for testing and
detecting any anomaly in the target organ. [4] The
essential component in image mining is identifying
similar objects in different images and finding
correlations in them. Integration of Image Mining
and Biomedical field can result in many real world
applications.
II. MERGER OF IMAGE MINING AND
BIOPSY IMAGES
There is an increase in incidence of health issues
which are very difficult to diagnose, especially in
developed countries. Though much less common,
these diseases prove fatal if not treated in time. There
are few diseases whose etiologies are not clear and
neither are the reasons for the increased number of
cases. For effective treatment of these diseases early
detection represents a very important. Existing
techniques of Biomedical Imaging do not provide
with immediate results. The current practice in
biomedical imaging involves presenting a 2D/3D
image data after suitable processing to a human who
carries out a qualitative assessment based on expert
judgment. Thus, these results are solely dependent on
human interpretations of the biomedical images.
After this, these images are archived for maintaining
records. The basic functioning of this system can be
seen in Fig.1
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.07-11
www.ijera.com 8 | P a g e
Fig.1 Basic Methodology for Mining Biopsy Images
Image mining system can help in reducing the
time lag with the results as well as dependency on
observations by naked human eye. Image Mining can
be applied for two applications on the created
database:
a. To query the database to extract images from
past cases which are related to the present case
b. To compare the features, patterns and properties
of the present case image, processed according to
the requirement, with the created database from
test images
Thus, integration of biomedical imaging and
image mining makes diagnostic process efficient and
swift. Detecting malignant tissue or cells at earliest
stage can go a long way for successful treatment.
Thus, collaboration between these two fields can
nullify various procedural and clinical variations that
affect the final diagnose.
III. PROCESS FOR IMAGE MINING
Image mining deals with the extraction of
implicit knowledge, image data relationship, or other
patterns not explicitly stored in the images and
between image and other alphanumeric data [3]. For
example, in the field of archaeology, many
photographs of various archeological sites have been
captured and stored as digital images [5].These
images, once mined, may reveal interesting patterns
that could shed some lights on the behavior of the
people living at that period of time.
Image mining of biopsy images deals with the
extraction of implicit knowledge, image data
relationship, or other patterns not explicitly stored in
the biopsy images and between input image of the
patient and other alphanumeric data. A minute
change in a pattern in the input image is of
significance in biopsy images. Low level computer
vision and image processing techniques cannot be
relied upon for images of such importance [3]. The
rudimentary steps in the process remain same which
are:
1. Image Retrieval
2. Preprocessing
3. Transformation and Feature Extraction
4. Data Mining
5. Interpretation and Evaluation
In this paper, we will study effects of various
preprocessing techniques on biopsy images.
IV. PREPROCESSING TECHNIQUES
FOR IMAGE MINING ON BIOPSY
IMAGES
The aim of preprocessing is an improvement of
image data that suppresses unwanted distortions or
enhances some image features important for further
processing and improve the manipulation of datasets
[6]. Image pre-processing can significantly increase
the reliability of an optical inspection. Several filter
operations which intensify or reduce certain image
details enable an easier or faster evaluation [7]
Some of the preprocessing techniques performed
were Segmentation, Gray Scale Modification,
Thresholding and Interpolation. [5] Gray scale
modification did not enhance biopsy images
satisfactorily whereas thresholding, segmentation and
interpolation enhanced required features in the same.
A. Image Retrieval
Image mining presents special characteristics due
to the richness of the data that an image can show.
Effective evaluation of the results of image mining
by content requires that the user point of view is used
on the performance parameters. Experiments with
color similarity mining by quantization on color
space and measures of likeness between a sample and
the image results have been carried out to illustrate
the proposed scheme. For identifying minutest of
defect or anomaly on a cellular level, we need to
divide the digitalized biopsy image in three color
planes; RGB; i.e. we retrieve color based content
from each image. Images are divided into red, blue
and green planes and thresholding is performed on
each plane. Also, results were observed using bit
plane slicing technique but RGB planes were more
effective in highlighting details in a cell [11].
B. Interpolation
Changing the pixel dimensions of an image is
called resampling, which affects the display size of
an image. When an image is downsampled, there is a
decrease in the number of pixels in the image, i.e.
information is deleted from the image. When an
image is upsampled, there is an increase in the
number of pixels in the image, i.e. new pixels are
added based on color values of existing pixels. There
are three different techniques used for resampling [8]:
a. Nearest neighbor - This interpolation
determines the grey level from the closest pixel
3. Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.07-11
www.ijera.com 9 | P a g e
to the specified input coordinates, and assigns
that value to the output coordinates. Or simply
said, NN uses the digital value from the pixel in
the original image which is nearest to the new
pixel location in the corrected image. This
method is considered the most efficient in terms
of computation time.
b. Bilinear Interpolation - This determines the
grey level from the weighted average of the four
closest pixels to the specified input coordinates,
and assigns that value to the output coordinates,
or BI takes a weighted average of 4 pixels in the
original image nearest to the new pixel location.
This method generates an image of smoother
appearance than nearest neighbor, but the grey
level values are altered in the process, resulting
in blurring or loss of image resolution
(equivalent to a low pass filtering). The image is
less ―blocky‖ but linear features still remain
sharp [10].
c. Cubic Interpolation - Cubic convolution
determines the grey level from the weighted
average of the 16 closest pixels to the specified
input coordinates, and assigns that value to the
output coordinates or CC calculates a distance
weighted average of a block of 16 pixels from
the original image which surround the new
output pixel location. As with bilinear
interpolation this method results in completely
new pixel values. The image is theoretically
slightly sharper than that produced by bilinear
interpolation, and it does not have the disjointed
appearance produced by nearest neighbor
interpolation. Cubic convolution requires about
10 times the computation time required by the
nearest neighbor method.
C. Thresholding and Segmentation
Feature selection and extraction is next step after
pre-processing in the process of Image Mining. The
approach here is to mine from Images – to extract
patterns and derive knowledge from large collections
of images, deals mainly with identification and
extraction of unique features for a particular domain.
Even if there are various features available, the aim is
to identify the best features and thereby extract
relevant information from the images. For this
purpose, it is necessary to segment the biopsy image.
For our application, we segment images into regions
identifiable by region descriptors (blobs).
The basic idea of image segmentation is to group
individual pixels (dots in the image) together into
regions if they are similar. Similar can mean they are
the same intensity, form a texture, line up in a row,
create a shape, etc. There are many techniques
available for 147 image segmentation, and they vary
in complexity, power, and area of application.
Image thresholding sets the pixels in the image
to one or zero; it works as a binarization technique. In
biomedical application, thresholding is performed to
group similar cells, which increases the probability of
detecting any anomaly between them [12]. Generally,
histogram shape based thresholding methods are
applied for biomedical purposes. But, for our
application, differentiating between background and
foreground matter of a cell is of significance than the
curvature or peaks of the biopsy image. This was
achieved with clustering based thresholding
techniques. Otsu’s method is applied on these biopsy
images and background and foreground are
differentiated with minimum variance between the
pixels. The results for the same are given in section
V.
V. RESULTS
To study the effects of preprocessing techniques
effectively, we performed all the above mentioned
techniques on renal as well as lung biopsy samples.
The biopsy images are first stained with Sirius Red
technique, the best possible stain for collagen
histochemistry, before converting them to digital
format. In bright-field microscopy of renal biopsy,
collagens are red on a pale yellow, while nuclei are
ideally black but may often be gray or brown. A
conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the
work or suggest applications and extensions.
A. Results for Interpolation on Renal Biopsy
Initially, before proceeding for preprocessing on
the renal biopsy images, we retrieve on the basis of
their content; i.e. red, blue and green planes. These
three planes were further processed individually for
precise results these three planes can be seen in Fig.2
(a), (b), (c).
Fig.2 (a) Red Plane Image of Renal biopsy sample
4. Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.07-11
www.ijera.com 10 | P a g e
Fig.2 (b) Green Plane Image of Renal biopsy sample
Fig.2 (c) Blue Plane Image of Renal biopsy sample
A. Results for Interpolation on Renal Biopsy
Bicubic Interpolation was performed on the
input image of both the tissues. Bicubic convolution
determines the grey level from the weighted average
of the 16 closest pixels to the specified input
coordinates, and assigns that value to the output
coordinates or BC calculates a distance weighted
average of a block of 16 pixels from the original
image which surround the new output pixel location.
The image is theoretically slightly sharper than
that produced by bilinear interpolation (although this
statement is not confirmed by our experiments), and
it does not have the disjointed appearance produced
by nearest neighbor interpolation. Cubic convolution
requires about 10 times the computation time
required by the nearest neighbor method It was
observed that renal image gave better results with this
interpolation while lung tissue was more accurate
with Cubic interpolation. The results of the same can
be seen in Fig.3.
Fig.3 Result for Interpolation on Renal biopsy
sample
A. Results for Thresholding on Renal Biopsy
On the renal biopsy tissue, we performed Otsu
thresholding, i.e. after converting it to a Gray image.
Conversion to Gray Image is necessary to enhance
the contrast in these images. As required, we divided
the image on the basis of plasma and sub-cellular
components of the renal tissue. [9] Background was
assigned higher value pixels and foreground was
assigned lower value pixels. These results are as
shown:
5. Ms. Nikita Ramrakhiani Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 3) August 2015, pp.07-11
www.ijera.com 11 | P a g e
Fig.4. Result for Thresholding on Renal biopsy
sample
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In the initial stage of the project, we
implemented Preprocessing techniques like Bicubic
Interpolation, Cubic Interpolation on various tissues
images and analyzed the results for the same. For our
future work, we will perform Segmentation Square
Characterization to divide the images into 37X37
pixel size and perform data mining and feature
extraction on each part. With this analysis, further in
the second stage of the project a database has to be
created for these features of the processed images. It
was concluded from the initial stage that efficiency of
preprocessing techniques vary for biopsy samples.
Plane Slicing technique was eliminated due to its less
accuracy and Bicubic Interpolation was selected for
future work.
For further research, a total of 30 images will be
collected for training phase and features like Entropy,
Mean, Edge, Correlation and Second Angular
Moment are to be extracted. These extracted features
will be compared through Decision Tree Algorithm
for detection of fatal diseases as well as minor issues
or defects.
REFERENCES
Journal Papers:
[1] Ordonez, E. Omiecinski,‖Image mining: A
new approach for data mining,‖ Technical
Report GITCC-98-12,Georgia Institute of
Technology, College of Computing, 1998
[2] Henning Müller, Nicolas Michoux, David
Bandon, Antoine Geissbuhler, ―A review of
content-based image retrieval systems in
medical applications—clinical benefits and
future directions―, Service of Medical
Informatics, University Hospital of Geneva,
Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva 14,
Switzerland, Jul-03
[3] H. Wynne, L.L Mong, and J. Zhang, ―Image
mining: trends and developments‖, Journal
of Intelligent Information Systems‖, 2002
[4] Mohamed. M.M.A. Salama, K.Rizkalla
―Application of Data Mining Techniques for
Medical Image Classification‖, Conference:
Proceedings of the Second International
Workshop on Multimedia Data Mining,
MDM/KDD'2001, August 26th, 2001
[5] Prabhjeet Kaur, Kamaljit Kaur, ―Review of
Different Existing Image Mining
Techniques‖, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Science
and Software Engineering Research Paper,
Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014
[6] A.Kannan, Dr.V.Mohan, Dr.N.Anbazhagan
―An Effective Method of Image Retrieval
using Image Mining Techniques‖, The
International journal of Multimedia & Its
Applications (IJMA) Vol.2, No.4, November
2010
[7] Er.Jyori Rani, Er.Sarabjeet Kaur, ‖Image
Restoration Using Various Methods and
Performance Using Various Parameters‖,
International Journal of Advanced Research
in Computer Science and Software
Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1, January
2014
[8] Anthony Parker, Robert V Kenyon, Donald
E. Troxel. ―Comparison of Interpolating
Methods for Image Resampling‖, IEEE
Translations on Medical Imaging
[9] Mehmet Sezgin, Bulent Sankur, ―Survey
over image thresholding techniquesand
quantitative performance Evaluation‖,
Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13(1), 146–
165 (January2004).
Books:
[10] Sumeet Dua, Rajendra Acharya U, Data
Mining in Biomedical Imaging, Signaling,
and Systems
[11] William R. Hendee, E. Russell Ritenour,
Medical Imaging Physics
[12] Michael Brenner, John Tony, Peter
Weinberger, The Computational Challenges
of Medical Imagin.