This document discusses principles of instructional design and the process of developing instructional materials. It covers: 1) The basic elements of instructional design which include determining learner needs, learning objectives, assessments, instructional approaches, testing effectiveness, and maintaining materials. 2) The three phases of curriculum development - planning, implementation, and evaluation. 3) Factors to consider in materials design such as learning theories, specifications, formats, and authentic versus created materials.

1. PREPARATION
AND
EVALUATION
OF
INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
• PRINCIPLES IN
MATERIAL DESIGN
(NUNAN, 1988)
• DESIGN,
DEVELOPMENT AND
DISSEMINATION OF
MATERIALS
MA. ELENA OBLINO ABAINZA

2. PRINCIPLES IN MATERIAL
DESIGNS

3. Why ID?
 Designing effective instructional materials
is one way of improving the quality of
educational opportunities.
 The common concern of instructional
designers is the facilitation of successful
learning experiences from which learners
can demonstrate their newly acquired
knowledge, skills and attitudes.

4. What is an ISD ?
 Instructional design refers to the
systematic process of translating principles
of learning and instruction into plans or
specifications for instructional materials or
activities

5. Who is an instructional
designer ?
 Instructional designers use established
learning theories and principles as
problem solving procedures (models) to
guide them in making decisions about
their designs.
(Smith and Ragan, 1999)

6. Basic Elements of ID
1. Determining the needs of the learners
and examining the learning context and
environment
2. Determining the outcomes of the
learning program or course and
formulating the learning objectives
3. Developing appropriate and
meaningful assessment criteria and
procedures
4. Establishing the most effective
approach(es) to delivering the
instruction

7. Basic Elements of ID
5. Testing and evaluating the effectiveness
of the instructional system (both the
instruction itself and the performance of
the learner)
6. Implementing, adjusting and
maintaining
the instructional system

8. How we learn?
Taste
1%
Touch
2%
Smell
4% Hear
10%
See
83%
Taste Touch Smell Hear See

9. THREE (3) PHASES OF
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 1
Curriculum Planning
 Identify learner needs
 Set goals and objectives
 Write materials
 Write tests

10. Learning Objects
The term learning object generally refers to
a reusable component at the page, lesson,
or, perhaps, course level.

11. What kind of material?
Easy to create
Easy to offer
Easy to access
Reusable

12. THREE (3) PHASES OF
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 2
Curriculum Implementation
 Instruct learners
 Monitor and adapt instruction
 Write supplementary materials

13. THREE (3) PHASES OF
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
PHASE 3
Curriculum Evaluation
 Test learners
 Evaluate curriculum
 Plan changes in the curriculum

14. Authentic Versus Created
Materials
 Authentic materials
Refer to the use in teaching of texts
that were not specially prepared for
pedagogic purposes.
 Created materials
Refer to textbooks and other specially
developed instructional resources.

15. DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND
DISSEMINATION OF
MATERIALS

16. Design Phase
 Accumulated experiences – the writer reviews
or surveys existing materials which can give
useful information about the demands and
the needs in the field.
 Rationale for the design – identifies the
shortcomings of existing materials to ensure
that such short comings are not repeated in
the present material.
 Conceptual Framework – combines major
and minor concepts regarding language
learning, language teaching theories, and
materials design principles upon which the
material is anchored.

17. Detailed writing of the specification for
the new materials – the specification
includes:
 Goals of the materials
 What are the goals of the instruction? (Where
are we going?)
 Subject matter, language content to be
covered, and the skills to be acquired
through the content

18. Detailed writing of the specification for
the new materials – the specification
includes:
 Techniques and modes of presentation,
practice, use and management
associated with the learning of the
content
 What is the instructional strategy and the
instructional medium?
(How will we get there?)

19. Detailed writing of the specification for
the new materials – the specification
includes:
 Format of the materials including how
learning units are divided
 Technical details for the writing of the
materials

20. Developmental Phase
 Writing the experimental materials
 Internal evaluation of materials
 Controlled tryout

21. Dissemination Phase
 Extensive use of the new IM
 Field evaluation of the IM
 How will we evaluate and revise the
instructional materials for future improvement?
(How will we know when we have arrived?)