This document discusses learning, types of learning, psychological perspectives on learning, media, methods, and technology as they relate to education. It covers: 1. Different types of learning including habituation, sensitization, associative learning, classical conditioning, imprinting, observational learning, and enculturation. 2. Psychological perspectives on learning from behaviorist, cognitivist, constructivist, and social-psychological views. 3. Various media used for instruction like slides, videos, charts, and multimedia presentations. 4. Instructional methods categorized as presentation, demonstration, discussion, drilling, tutorials, cooperative learning, gaming, simulation, discovery, and problem solving. 5. The role

1. Media, Technology, and Learning

2. Learning

3. LearningLearning is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. It is also the development of new knowledge, skills, or attitudes as an individual interacts with information and the environment.

4. Types of LearningHabituationIn psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition stimulus.

5. Types of Learning SensitizationSensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995).

6. Types of LearningAssociative learningAssociative learning is the process by which an element is taught through association with a separate, pre-occurring element. It is also referred to as classical conditioning.

7. Types of LearningClassical conditioningThe typical paradigm for classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus. Following conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the "conditioned stimulus"). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response.

8. Types of LearningImprintingImprinting describes any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.

9. Types of LearningObservational learningThe learning process most characteristic of humans is imitation; one's personal repetition of an observed behavior, such as a dance.

10. Types of LearningPlayPlay generally describes behavior which has no particular end in itself, but improves performance in similar situations in the future.

11. Types of LearningEnculturationEnculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of their native culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in that culture.

12. Types of LearningMultimedia learningMultimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information (Mayer 2001).

13. Types of LearningE-learning and augmented learningElectronic learning or e-learning is a general term used to refer to Internet-based networked computer-enhanced learning.

14. Types of LearningRote learningRote learning is a technique which avoids understanding the inner complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard.

15. Types of LearningInformal learningInformal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations.

16. Types of LearningFormal learningFormal learning is learning that takes place within a teacher-student relationship, such as in a school system.

17. Types of LearningNon-formal learningNon-formal learning is organized learning outside the formal learning system.

18. Types of LearningTangential learningTangential learning is the process by which some portion of people will self-educate if a topic is exposed to them in something that they already enjoy such as playing a musical instrument.

19. Types of LearningDialogic learningDialogic learning is a type of learning based on dialogue.

20. The Domains of Learning:Benjamin Bloom has suggested three domains of learning:Cognitive – To recall, calculate, discuss, analyze, problem solve, etc.Psychomotor – To dance, swim, ski, dive, drive a car, ride a bike, etc.Affective – To like something or someone, love, appreciate, fear, hate, worship, etc.

21. Psychological Perspectives on LearningBehaviorist Perspective The behavior of an organism could be shaped by reinforcing , or rewarding, the desired responses to the environment.

22. Psychological Perspectives on LearningCognitivist PerspectiveLearners combine the information and skills in long term memory to develop cognitive strategies, or skills for dealing with complex tasks.

23. Psychological Perspectives on LearningCognitivist PerspectiveSchemata. Schemata (singular, schema) are the mental structures by which individuals organize their perceived environment.Assimilation. Assimilation is the cognitive process by which a learner integrates new information and experiences into existing schemata.Accomodation. The process of modifying existing schemata or creating new ones.

24. Psychological Perspectives on LearningConstructivist PerspectiveIt considers the engagement of students in meaningful experiences as the essence of learning. The role of instruction is not to dispense facts but to provide students with ways to assemble knowledge.

25. Psychological Perspectives on LearningSocial – Psychological PerspectiveSocial psychologists look at the effects of the social organization of the classroom on learning.

26. Media

27. MediaMedia refers to all modes of communication, including print and audio- visual forms and their accompanying technology.

28. 35 mm. slides. 35 mm. still camera permits the production of slide transparencies from actual objects. Properly equipped with macro-lens attachments can also produce visuals from flat pictures of standard book.Overhead transparencies. The medium uses the overhead equipment by which 8x10 transparency materials are enlarged onto a screen through projection.Moving films. Come in three gauges, namely in 35, 16, and 18 mm. sizes. 35 mm. films are more practical for educational purposes.Types of Media

29. Types of MediaTelevisions or the beta-video system. The TV beta-video facility should not be seen merely as a boon to the families in the households.

30. Charts. Self- made charts and posters serve as a basic and universal aid for bringing fascinating and exciting experiences in the classroom.

31. Multimedia Presentation. Multimedia can mean either the use of media on a sequential arrangement on the use of various media presented simultaneously, as in the projection of several images, utilizing slides and moving films, on multiple screen. Method

32. MethodMethods are the procedures of instruction selected to help learners achieve the objectives or to internalize the content or message.

33. Ten Method CategoriesPresentation. In the presentation method, a source tells, dramatizes, or otherwise disseminates information to learners.Demonstration. In this method of instruction, learners view a real lifelike example of a skill or procedure to be learned.

34. Ten Method CategoriesDiscussion. As a method, discussion involves the exchange of ideas and opinions among students or among students and teacher.Drill-and-practice. In drill-and-practice learners are led through a series of practice exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or to refresh an existing one.

35. Ten Method CategoriesTutorial. A tutor on the form of a person, computer software, or special printed materials- presents the content, poses a question or problem , requests a learner’s response, analyzes her response, supplies appropriate feedback, and provides practice until the learner demonstrates a predetermined level of competency.

36. Ten Method CategoriesCooperative Learning. Learner’s need to develop skills in working and learning together because their eventual workplaces will require teamwork.Gaming. Gaming provides a playful environment in which learners follow prescribed rules as they strive to attain a challenging goal.

37. Ten Method CategoriesSimulation. Simulation involves learners confronting a sealed down version of a real life situation. It allows realistic practice without the expense or risks otherwise involved.Discovery. The discovery method uses an inductive, or inquiry approach to learning; it presents problems to be solved through trial and error.

38. Ten Method CategoriesProblem Solving. Problem solving involves placing the students in the active role of being confronted with a novel problem situated in the real world.

39. Technology

40. TechnologyThe word technology does not necessarily imply the use of machines but refers to any practical art using scientific knowledge. Technology can make an ordinary person capable of superior performance and a means, either printed or electronic, to distribute that instruction.

41. Types of Technology1. Assertive TechnologyIt includes mechanical, electronic micro-processor based equipment, non-mechanical and non-electronic aids, specialized instructional materials services and strategies that people with disabilities can use either:Assist them in learning

42. Make the environment

43. Enable them to complete in workplace

44. Enhance their independence

45. Otherwise improve their qualityTypes of Technology2. Information TechnologyProvides access to knowledge and resources on a wide web component is the most prominent example of information.3. Technology of TeachingRefers to instructional approaches that are very systematically designed and applied in very precise ways.

46. Roles of Technology in Learning

47. Roles of Technology in LearningTechnology as tools to support knowledge constructionFor representing learning ideas, understanding, and belief.

48. For producing organized multimedia knowledge bases by learners.Roles of Technology in LearningTechnology as information vehicles for exploring knowledge to support learning by constructingFor accessing needed information.

49. For comparing perspectives, beliefs, and world views.Roles of Technology in LearningTechnology as content to support learning by doingFor representing and stimulating meaningful real-world problems, situation and contexts.

50. For representing beliefs, perspectives, arguments, and stories of others.

51. For defining a safe, controllable problem space for student thinking.Roles of Technology in LearningTechnology as a social medium to support learning by conversingFor collaborating with others.

52. For discussing, arguing, and building consensus among members for a community.

53. For supporting discourse among knowledge-building communities.Roles of Technology in LearningTechnologyas intellectual partner to support learning by reflectingFor helping learners to articulate and represent what they know.

54. For reflecting on what they have learned and how they come to know it.

55. For supporting learners internal negotiations and meaning making.