3 e model copy 2 edited final untuk postJauha Hanafi
This document discusses transpiration in plants and an experiment measuring transpiration rates under different temperatures. It begins with background on transpiration, the process by which plants release excess water from their leaves into the air. An experiment is then described that measures the temperature and humidity near two plants (Set A and B) under different lamp intensities (60W and 100W) over 16 minutes using temperature and humidity sensors connected to a data logger. The results show both temperature and humidity decreasing more in Set B with the higher lamp intensity. Discussions analyze the temperature and humidity changes between the sets and determine Set B had a higher transpiration rate due to its higher temperature.
This document contains data from an experiment on the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities. The data shows the rate of dissolved oxygen production over time for plants under high and low light intensities. As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until it reaches a maximum rate. Once the light intensity surpasses 10,000 lux, the photosynthesis rate plateaus.
This document contains data from an experiment on the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities. The data shows that the rate of dissolved oxygen production increased over time for both high and low light intensities, but was consistently higher under high light intensity. The rate leveled off after a certain light intensity threshold was reached. Other factors like plant cover can also influence photosynthesis rates.
Hydroponics or growing plants in water or sand, rather than soil, is done using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Visit us at www.top.pro.
Irrigation of Controlled Environment Crops—Part 4: Balancing Light, Water, an...METER Group, Inc. USA
Are you unwittingly compromising your plants?
In a controlled environment many variables affect production. But if any one of those variables gets out of balance, it can undermine your whole operation. For example, if you apply enough nutrients for high production but only enough light for low production, you’ll increase costs and limit yield. To get the most out of your crop, you’ll need to measure and balance environmental inputs correctly to get the most efficient use out of them. If you’re not measuring the right variables, fixing problems that keep you from your goals will be a shot in the dark, because you won’t know what the real problem is.
Amplify your production and efficiency
In part 4 of our popular controlled-environment webinar series, world-renowned soil physicist, Dr. Gaylon Campbell, teaches what is required to ensure all environmental variables remain balanced for the highest possible efficiency and production. Discover:
- How to model biomass production from light, water, and nutrient resources
- Relationships between biomass production, light, and CO2
- Relationships between biomass production and water use
- Relationships between biomass production and nutrient uptake
- Limiting factors in the balance equations
- Examples and monitoring applications
A Guide to Watering Your Garden - Australia Water CorporationKama158x
This document provides guidance on installing an efficient irrigation system for a garden. It discusses designing the system based on the garden layout and plant water needs, installing it properly, and operating it correctly to water only the root zone as needed. The four principles of good irrigation are outlined as applying the right amount of water, timing it appropriately, distributing water evenly, and targeting only the root zone. Different irrigation options are evaluated based on how well they meet these principles. Tips for watering the garden efficiently are also provided.
Evapotranspiration: Pitfalls to Avoid and Why It’s Easier Than You ThinkMETER Group, Inc. USA
Mistakes that kill your estimates
Measuring evapotranspiration (ET) to understand water loss from a native or a managed ecosystem is easier than it looks, but you have to know what you’re doing. If you can’t spend the time or money on a full eddy-covariance system, you’ll have to be satisfied with making some assumptions using equations such as Penman-Monteith.
Like any model, the accuracy of the output depends on the quality of the inputs, but do you know what measurements are critical for success? Plus, as your instrumentation gets more inaccurate, the errors get larger. If you’re not careful, you can end up with no idea what’s happening to the water in your system.
Get the right number every time
You don’t have to be a meteorologist or need incredibly expensive equipment to measure ET effectively. In this 30-minute webinar, Campbell Scientific application scientist Dr. Dirk Baker and METER research scientist Dr. Colin Campbell team up to explain:
- The fundamentals of energy balance modeling to get ET
- Assumptions that can simplify sensor requirements
- What you must measure to get adequate ET estimates
- Assumptions and common pitfalls
- How accurate your equipment should be for good estimates
- Causes and implications of uncertainty
3 e model copy 2 edited final untuk postJauha Hanafi
This document discusses transpiration in plants and an experiment measuring transpiration rates under different temperatures. It begins with background on transpiration, the process by which plants release excess water from their leaves into the air. An experiment is then described that measures the temperature and humidity near two plants (Set A and B) under different lamp intensities (60W and 100W) over 16 minutes using temperature and humidity sensors connected to a data logger. The results show both temperature and humidity decreasing more in Set B with the higher lamp intensity. Discussions analyze the temperature and humidity changes between the sets and determine Set B had a higher transpiration rate due to its higher temperature.
This document contains data from an experiment on the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities. The data shows the rate of dissolved oxygen production over time for plants under high and low light intensities. As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until it reaches a maximum rate. Once the light intensity surpasses 10,000 lux, the photosynthesis rate plateaus.
This document contains data from an experiment on the rate of photosynthesis under different light intensities. The data shows that the rate of dissolved oxygen production increased over time for both high and low light intensities, but was consistently higher under high light intensity. The rate leveled off after a certain light intensity threshold was reached. Other factors like plant cover can also influence photosynthesis rates.
Hydroponics or growing plants in water or sand, rather than soil, is done using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Visit us at www.top.pro.
Irrigation of Controlled Environment Crops—Part 4: Balancing Light, Water, an...METER Group, Inc. USA
Are you unwittingly compromising your plants?
In a controlled environment many variables affect production. But if any one of those variables gets out of balance, it can undermine your whole operation. For example, if you apply enough nutrients for high production but only enough light for low production, you’ll increase costs and limit yield. To get the most out of your crop, you’ll need to measure and balance environmental inputs correctly to get the most efficient use out of them. If you’re not measuring the right variables, fixing problems that keep you from your goals will be a shot in the dark, because you won’t know what the real problem is.
Amplify your production and efficiency
In part 4 of our popular controlled-environment webinar series, world-renowned soil physicist, Dr. Gaylon Campbell, teaches what is required to ensure all environmental variables remain balanced for the highest possible efficiency and production. Discover:
- How to model biomass production from light, water, and nutrient resources
- Relationships between biomass production, light, and CO2
- Relationships between biomass production and water use
- Relationships between biomass production and nutrient uptake
- Limiting factors in the balance equations
- Examples and monitoring applications
A Guide to Watering Your Garden - Australia Water CorporationKama158x
This document provides guidance on installing an efficient irrigation system for a garden. It discusses designing the system based on the garden layout and plant water needs, installing it properly, and operating it correctly to water only the root zone as needed. The four principles of good irrigation are outlined as applying the right amount of water, timing it appropriately, distributing water evenly, and targeting only the root zone. Different irrigation options are evaluated based on how well they meet these principles. Tips for watering the garden efficiently are also provided.
Evapotranspiration: Pitfalls to Avoid and Why It’s Easier Than You ThinkMETER Group, Inc. USA
Mistakes that kill your estimates
Measuring evapotranspiration (ET) to understand water loss from a native or a managed ecosystem is easier than it looks, but you have to know what you’re doing. If you can’t spend the time or money on a full eddy-covariance system, you’ll have to be satisfied with making some assumptions using equations such as Penman-Monteith.
Like any model, the accuracy of the output depends on the quality of the inputs, but do you know what measurements are critical for success? Plus, as your instrumentation gets more inaccurate, the errors get larger. If you’re not careful, you can end up with no idea what’s happening to the water in your system.
Get the right number every time
You don’t have to be a meteorologist or need incredibly expensive equipment to measure ET effectively. In this 30-minute webinar, Campbell Scientific application scientist Dr. Dirk Baker and METER research scientist Dr. Colin Campbell team up to explain:
- The fundamentals of energy balance modeling to get ET
- Assumptions that can simplify sensor requirements
- What you must measure to get adequate ET estimates
- Assumptions and common pitfalls
- How accurate your equipment should be for good estimates
- Causes and implications of uncertainty
This document describes the design of a color sensor that can detect different light colors and differentiate between them. It discusses color theory, the optical and electronic systems used, including components like photodiodes, lenses, filters, and decoders. The sensor works by filtering light through different colors, converting light to current, amplifying the signals, and using a decoder to indicate the detected color. Potential applications include sorting by color in industries like pharmaceuticals and recycling.
Automation is a preferred for faster and precise operations as compare to manual operation. This paper provides a mean of simple yet effective fixed type of automation for sorting the products. Two products identical in shape and size are sorted out automatically on the basis of drilled or undrilled product. LED and photo transistor arrangement is used for hole detection. Vertical zigzag conveyor is employed instead of usual flat belt conveyor in order to utilise gravitational force as a driving force for feeding the products. 8051 Microcontroller is used for controlling the sorting mechanism by using program or coding. The cost of project is nearly negligible as it is made from the waste except electrical components used for the project. Sincere efforts are taken to set an example of a inexpensive, reliable and easy to manufacture automated machine. The Paper focuses on the aspect of sorting mechanism with microcontroller programming and the automation tasks and solutions is obtained.
The document describes the design of a belt conveyor system. It discusses key considerations for the design such as ensuring continuous material flow, standardization, and minimizing the ratio of non-payload weight to payload weight. It also outlines important design parameters that must be determined like belt dimensions and speed, roller diameter, belt power and tension, idler spacing, pulley diameter, motor selection, shaft design, and control systems. The design aims to provide efficient transportation of materials while allowing for flexibility and automation with low costs.
Design Of Belt Conveyor to Prevent the failure and many other drawbacks from ...Vishal Patel
The document discusses the design of a belt conveyor to replace a Redler conveyor for Gokul Refoil & Solvent Ltd. It aims to prevent failures and breakdowns that occur in the Redler conveyor. The project was carried out by three students and guided by Shailesh Prajapati. The design of the belt conveyor is intended to address issues with the Redler conveyor such as frequent breakdowns that waste time and high maintenance and repair costs. A belt conveyor is selected to increase efficiency, reduce failures, and provide a longer lifespan compared to the Redler conveyor.
This document describes an automatic object sorting system that uses image processing and a conveyor belt. The system uses a camera to capture images of objects on the belt and detects the color and shape of each object using MATLAB image processing algorithms. It then sends signals to a microcontroller to control the conveyor belt and sort the objects by moving colored objects to the left or right sides and shaped objects to the left or right based on predetermined criteria. The system is intended to automate sorting in industries to reduce costs and improve efficiency compared to manual sorting.
This document discusses three case studies comparing the costs and benefits of agricultural robots versus conventional methods. The first case examines using an autonomous vehicle for field scouting in cereals, finding it reduces costs by about 20% compared to manual scouting. The second case looks at a robotic weeding system for sugar beets, determining costs could be reduced 12-21% versus conventional weeding. The third analyzes an autonomous grass cutting robot for golf courses, calculating its total annual cost per hectare is €283, compared to using manual labor. Overall, the document finds agricultural robots can provide cost savings in various applications compared to traditional human-operated methods.
This conveyor handbook provides information on belt materials and design considerations for conveyor systems. It discusses reinforcement fabrics and cover compounds used in belt construction and their properties and applications. The handbook also addresses topics such as belt capacities and power requirements, carcass selection, cover selection, pulley diameters, design considerations, and data on solid woven and steel cord belting. Users can find guidance on selecting the proper belt specifications and designing conveyors.
The document provides an overview of various topics in mechanical engineering presented by K. Prudhvi Rahul. It begins with listing the topics to be covered, including basics of ME, units and measurements, measuring instruments, mechanical equipment, manufacturing processes, codes and standards, measurement techniques, HVAC systems, heat transfer, material handling, material properties, IC engines, hydraulic machines, and strength of materials. It then defines mechanical engineering and the role of mechanical engineers. Key concepts discussed include forces, types of forces, friction, energy, motion, measurements and units. Various measuring instruments are also introduced such as rulers, calipers, micrometers, dial indicators, feeler gauges, and pressure gauges.
This document defines and describes various types of conveyor systems and their components. It discusses screw conveyors, flight conveyors, apron conveyors, bucket elevators, and unit load conveyors for moving boxes and packaged goods. It also covers continuous-flow conveyors, pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors, conveyor controls using photoelectric sensors, and the importance of regular inspection and maintenance to ensure the proper functioning of conveyor systems.
Basic Mechanical Engineering- Hydraulic turbinesSteve M S
The document discusses different types of hydraulic turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from falling or flowing water into mechanical energy. It classifies turbines based on the type of energy at the inlet as either impulse turbines (only kinetic energy) or reaction turbines (both pressure and kinetic energy). It describes the Pelton wheel and Francis turbine as examples of each type. It further classifies turbines based on the main flow direction and provides ranges for suitable head based on specific speed. In summary, the document provides an overview of common hydraulic turbine classifications and examples like the Pelton and Francis turbines used for high and medium heads respectively.
This document provides an introduction to machine elements and power transmission devices taught in the second semester of a mechanical engineering course. It discusses various machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, bearings, clutches, and brakes. It also covers power transmission devices such as belt drives, chain drives, and gear drives. The document describes the function, types, materials, and design of these common mechanical components.
This document presents information about turbines submitted by Rajeev Kumar Mandal. It includes an introduction defining turbines as devices that convert the kinetic, potential, or intermolecular energy of a fluid into mechanical energy of a rotating member. It then discusses the basic components and design of turbines. It classifies turbines based on their operation as either impulse turbines, which use fluid velocity changes to spin the turbine, or reaction turbines, which react to fluid pressure changes. Examples of different types of turbines are provided, including steam, gas, water, and wind turbines. The document focuses on steam turbines, explaining their use in power plants to generate electricity from coal, oil, or nuclear energy.
Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to rotational energy. The main types are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, which use jet velocity, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan, which use changing fluid pressure. Steam turbines convert thermal energy from pressurized steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators using combustion. Wind turbines have rotors to capture kinetic wind energy and generators to produce electricity. Turbines are used widely in power generation and industrial applications.
Agricultural robots can perform various agricultural tasks autonomously such as spraying, mechanical weed control, fruit picking, monitoring farms, and allowing farmers to increase efficiency and precision. Various types of agricultural robots are used for tasks like harvesting (Demeter robot), weed control, forestry work, horticulture, and fruit picking. Agricultural robots have advantages like collecting crop samples close to plants, applying chemicals precisely, and working continuously without needing rest. However, challenges include the costs of the technology and ensuring periodic human presence in fields. Future agricultural robots may include flying microbots and exoskeleton suits to assist with labor-intensive tasks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides instructions and materials for teachers to help welcome and support new English language learner students. It includes tips for the first few days with new students such as learning their names, making identification cards, and providing a language reference sheet. A language learning center with books and activities is also suggested to be set up. Assessment of students' language levels and involving their families are addressed. The bulk of the document consists of mini-books, games, art projects and other activities focused on basic vocabulary organized by topic to build students' English skills.
Turbines convert hydraulic energy from flowing water into mechanical energy via a shaft. Francis turbines, invented in 1848, are a common type of inward reaction turbine that convert both kinetic and pressure energy. They have main components like a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines that use nozzles to convert water's pressure energy into kinetic energy before it strikes buckets on the runner to rotate it. They are suitable for high head applications.
This document discusses crop-adapted spraying (CAS), a method for optimizing pesticide application in orchards. CAS aims to match sprayer settings to orchard characteristics to achieve consistent pesticide coverage. Traditional pesticide labels do not account for orchard variability. CAS involves calibrating sprayers using orchard measurements and pesticide information. Trials found CAS reduced spray volumes by 20-35% compared to standard practices, saving up to $4,140 annually for one orchard, while maintaining pest control. CAS has the potential to save the Ontario apple industry $3.2 million annually in reduced pesticide use while improving quality.
This document describes a humidity control system for greenhouses. It outlines the project objectives of maintaining optimal humidity levels for plant growth. The system design uses a humidity sensor and two comparators with resistors to check voltage across the sensor and trigger actions to control humidity. The total cost is estimated at $7.76. The design is compared to commercial controllers, with advantages of a lower cost but lower resolution and measuring range. Suggestions are provided to improve the design using more accurate components and a microcontroller.
This document describes the design of a color sensor that can detect different light colors and differentiate between them. It discusses color theory, the optical and electronic systems used, including components like photodiodes, lenses, filters, and decoders. The sensor works by filtering light through different colors, converting light to current, amplifying the signals, and using a decoder to indicate the detected color. Potential applications include sorting by color in industries like pharmaceuticals and recycling.
Automation is a preferred for faster and precise operations as compare to manual operation. This paper provides a mean of simple yet effective fixed type of automation for sorting the products. Two products identical in shape and size are sorted out automatically on the basis of drilled or undrilled product. LED and photo transistor arrangement is used for hole detection. Vertical zigzag conveyor is employed instead of usual flat belt conveyor in order to utilise gravitational force as a driving force for feeding the products. 8051 Microcontroller is used for controlling the sorting mechanism by using program or coding. The cost of project is nearly negligible as it is made from the waste except electrical components used for the project. Sincere efforts are taken to set an example of a inexpensive, reliable and easy to manufacture automated machine. The Paper focuses on the aspect of sorting mechanism with microcontroller programming and the automation tasks and solutions is obtained.
The document describes the design of a belt conveyor system. It discusses key considerations for the design such as ensuring continuous material flow, standardization, and minimizing the ratio of non-payload weight to payload weight. It also outlines important design parameters that must be determined like belt dimensions and speed, roller diameter, belt power and tension, idler spacing, pulley diameter, motor selection, shaft design, and control systems. The design aims to provide efficient transportation of materials while allowing for flexibility and automation with low costs.
Design Of Belt Conveyor to Prevent the failure and many other drawbacks from ...Vishal Patel
The document discusses the design of a belt conveyor to replace a Redler conveyor for Gokul Refoil & Solvent Ltd. It aims to prevent failures and breakdowns that occur in the Redler conveyor. The project was carried out by three students and guided by Shailesh Prajapati. The design of the belt conveyor is intended to address issues with the Redler conveyor such as frequent breakdowns that waste time and high maintenance and repair costs. A belt conveyor is selected to increase efficiency, reduce failures, and provide a longer lifespan compared to the Redler conveyor.
This document describes an automatic object sorting system that uses image processing and a conveyor belt. The system uses a camera to capture images of objects on the belt and detects the color and shape of each object using MATLAB image processing algorithms. It then sends signals to a microcontroller to control the conveyor belt and sort the objects by moving colored objects to the left or right sides and shaped objects to the left or right based on predetermined criteria. The system is intended to automate sorting in industries to reduce costs and improve efficiency compared to manual sorting.
This document discusses three case studies comparing the costs and benefits of agricultural robots versus conventional methods. The first case examines using an autonomous vehicle for field scouting in cereals, finding it reduces costs by about 20% compared to manual scouting. The second case looks at a robotic weeding system for sugar beets, determining costs could be reduced 12-21% versus conventional weeding. The third analyzes an autonomous grass cutting robot for golf courses, calculating its total annual cost per hectare is €283, compared to using manual labor. Overall, the document finds agricultural robots can provide cost savings in various applications compared to traditional human-operated methods.
This conveyor handbook provides information on belt materials and design considerations for conveyor systems. It discusses reinforcement fabrics and cover compounds used in belt construction and their properties and applications. The handbook also addresses topics such as belt capacities and power requirements, carcass selection, cover selection, pulley diameters, design considerations, and data on solid woven and steel cord belting. Users can find guidance on selecting the proper belt specifications and designing conveyors.
The document provides an overview of various topics in mechanical engineering presented by K. Prudhvi Rahul. It begins with listing the topics to be covered, including basics of ME, units and measurements, measuring instruments, mechanical equipment, manufacturing processes, codes and standards, measurement techniques, HVAC systems, heat transfer, material handling, material properties, IC engines, hydraulic machines, and strength of materials. It then defines mechanical engineering and the role of mechanical engineers. Key concepts discussed include forces, types of forces, friction, energy, motion, measurements and units. Various measuring instruments are also introduced such as rulers, calipers, micrometers, dial indicators, feeler gauges, and pressure gauges.
This document defines and describes various types of conveyor systems and their components. It discusses screw conveyors, flight conveyors, apron conveyors, bucket elevators, and unit load conveyors for moving boxes and packaged goods. It also covers continuous-flow conveyors, pneumatic and hydraulic conveyors, conveyor controls using photoelectric sensors, and the importance of regular inspection and maintenance to ensure the proper functioning of conveyor systems.
Basic Mechanical Engineering- Hydraulic turbinesSteve M S
The document discusses different types of hydraulic turbines used to convert hydraulic energy from falling or flowing water into mechanical energy. It classifies turbines based on the type of energy at the inlet as either impulse turbines (only kinetic energy) or reaction turbines (both pressure and kinetic energy). It describes the Pelton wheel and Francis turbine as examples of each type. It further classifies turbines based on the main flow direction and provides ranges for suitable head based on specific speed. In summary, the document provides an overview of common hydraulic turbine classifications and examples like the Pelton and Francis turbines used for high and medium heads respectively.
This document provides an introduction to machine elements and power transmission devices taught in the second semester of a mechanical engineering course. It discusses various machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, bearings, clutches, and brakes. It also covers power transmission devices such as belt drives, chain drives, and gear drives. The document describes the function, types, materials, and design of these common mechanical components.
This document presents information about turbines submitted by Rajeev Kumar Mandal. It includes an introduction defining turbines as devices that convert the kinetic, potential, or intermolecular energy of a fluid into mechanical energy of a rotating member. It then discusses the basic components and design of turbines. It classifies turbines based on their operation as either impulse turbines, which use fluid velocity changes to spin the turbine, or reaction turbines, which react to fluid pressure changes. Examples of different types of turbines are provided, including steam, gas, water, and wind turbines. The document focuses on steam turbines, explaining their use in power plants to generate electricity from coal, oil, or nuclear energy.
Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to rotational energy. The main types are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, which use jet velocity, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan, which use changing fluid pressure. Steam turbines convert thermal energy from pressurized steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators using combustion. Wind turbines have rotors to capture kinetic wind energy and generators to produce electricity. Turbines are used widely in power generation and industrial applications.
Agricultural robots can perform various agricultural tasks autonomously such as spraying, mechanical weed control, fruit picking, monitoring farms, and allowing farmers to increase efficiency and precision. Various types of agricultural robots are used for tasks like harvesting (Demeter robot), weed control, forestry work, horticulture, and fruit picking. Agricultural robots have advantages like collecting crop samples close to plants, applying chemicals precisely, and working continuously without needing rest. However, challenges include the costs of the technology and ensuring periodic human presence in fields. Future agricultural robots may include flying microbots and exoskeleton suits to assist with labor-intensive tasks.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides instructions and materials for teachers to help welcome and support new English language learner students. It includes tips for the first few days with new students such as learning their names, making identification cards, and providing a language reference sheet. A language learning center with books and activities is also suggested to be set up. Assessment of students' language levels and involving their families are addressed. The bulk of the document consists of mini-books, games, art projects and other activities focused on basic vocabulary organized by topic to build students' English skills.
Turbines convert hydraulic energy from flowing water into mechanical energy via a shaft. Francis turbines, invented in 1848, are a common type of inward reaction turbine that convert both kinetic and pressure energy. They have main components like a spiral casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Pelton wheels are impulse turbines that use nozzles to convert water's pressure energy into kinetic energy before it strikes buckets on the runner to rotate it. They are suitable for high head applications.
This document discusses crop-adapted spraying (CAS), a method for optimizing pesticide application in orchards. CAS aims to match sprayer settings to orchard characteristics to achieve consistent pesticide coverage. Traditional pesticide labels do not account for orchard variability. CAS involves calibrating sprayers using orchard measurements and pesticide information. Trials found CAS reduced spray volumes by 20-35% compared to standard practices, saving up to $4,140 annually for one orchard, while maintaining pest control. CAS has the potential to save the Ontario apple industry $3.2 million annually in reduced pesticide use while improving quality.
This document describes a humidity control system for greenhouses. It outlines the project objectives of maintaining optimal humidity levels for plant growth. The system design uses a humidity sensor and two comparators with resistors to check voltage across the sensor and trigger actions to control humidity. The total cost is estimated at $7.76. The design is compared to commercial controllers, with advantages of a lower cost but lower resolution and measuring range. Suggestions are provided to improve the design using more accurate components and a microcontroller.
Eco-Tex Ag Solutions Agriculture Slide Show 112012 AbrvRoyalMav
An introduction to Dual Oxygen Aerobic Technology*By Eco-Tex Systems
Advantages
Odor . . . Once it is operating, there is none.
Sludge The lagoon contents produce no sludge.
This is 3rd Generation Technology
The systems are far less expensive than traditional systems
Eco-Tex Dual Oxygen Aerobic Systems – Our second Generation Technology
An irrigation lagoon for a nursery company.
A 52 unit housing development.
A tipping floor wash system for a Portland area * garbage company.
This suspended equipment bay was a major step to reliability and improved control of the circulation of the primary cell in the DOAS system.
Oil & Gas Applications
WATER TREATMENT
Ratio of production for crude oil at perforation
1 Barrel of Crude Oil to 1 Barrel of Contaminants
Oil
Soil
Chemicals used by perforation industry
Water with High Levels of Hydrocarbons
Heavy Metals
Salts
This document summarizes research on off-season hydroponic strawberry production in Arizona. Key points discussed include using ever-bearing cultivars, aggregate hydroponics with a porous substrate, nighttime humidity control, and daylength extension lighting to allow year-round harvesting. Experimental results found yields of 7 kg/m2 and fruit sizes of 20g on average. Future work will focus on developing movable hydroponic systems and improving cultivar information. The overall goal is to establish a more sustainable system for winter strawberry production in Arizona.
2015-08-13 ESA: NextGen tools for scaling from seeds to traits to ecosystemsTimeScience
This document discusses using new technologies to monitor ecosystems and plants at high resolution over time. It proposes collecting detailed data on individual plants and trees in fields and forests through methods like:
- Automated imaging of plant growth in controlled lab conditions
- Sensor networks and remote sensing to generate 3D models of field sites from aerial drones and ground-based laser scanning
- Genotyping every plant to correlate phenotypes with genetics
The goal is to generate massive, multilayer datasets that track environmental and genetic factors over time at plant and ecosystem scales, analogous to advances in high-throughput genomics and phenomics. This would transform ecological understanding and address global challenges around food security and climate change.
Weed Sensing SPAA Precision Agriculture Factsheet 2016
SPAA is a non-profit independent membership based group formed in 2002 to promote precision agriculture in Australia. www.spaa.com.au Twitter: SPAA_EO, SPAA_DO
1) The document discusses aquaculture and aquaponics systems for balancing food production, economic development, and environmental impact reduction. It outlines various challenges with aquaculture including institutional failures and lack of infrastructure.
2) Two honors students conducted a study comparing plant growth and fish mortality in goldfish vs koi aquaponics systems, finding koi systems produced greater growth. They also analyzed costs/benefits of the systems.
3) Aquaponics has potential as a "leapfrog technology" but depends on support from government, hatcheries, and a network of suppliers like the electric grid or mobile network.
What is an optimal spray threshold which results in optimal yield protection?Jennifer Blackburn
1) Researchers conducted field experiments across 5 states and 6 locations to determine optimal spray thresholds for protecting sorghum yield from aphid damage.
2) Results showed that economic thresholds varied by location but generally ranged from 30-135 aphids per leaf. Lower thresholds were recommended for more susceptible hybrids or under hot/dry conditions favoring aphid increase.
3) Next steps include investigating surrogate measures for estimating aphid loads, effects of plant stage and health, hybrid sensitivity, and natural enemies to refine economic thresholds.
Slide deck for a woody encroachment study exploring grassland bird response to mesquite invasion. Bonus slides on CRP and gamebird habitat changes in the Great Plains.
Internet of Things (IoT) Based Plant Monitoring System in an Aeroponics Verti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an Internet of Things (IoT) based plant monitoring system for an aeroponics vertical farming technique. It discusses using sensors like temperature, humidity, light, and pH connected to an ESP32 microcontroller to monitor and control the environment for plant growth. The system aims to maintain optimal conditions for growing plants using an aeroponics technique indoors without soil or pesticides. It provides a block diagram and flowchart of the system and describes the components used like the ESP32, sensors, LED grow lights and aeroponics watering method.
LED farming involves using LED lights to grow plants indoors in stacked layers to maximize production. It has several benefits over traditional farming such as higher crop yields year-round, lower water and energy usage, and increased nutritional value of plants. LEDs use specific wavelengths that are more efficient for photosynthesis than sunlight. Crops commonly grown using LED farming include lettuce, tomatoes, strawberries, and basil. However, there is still debate around whether LED farming can be considered organic agriculture.
This document summarizes a project exploring the agronomic feasibility and economic potential of growing biomass crops in Ontario. The project involves field trials of various biomass crops like miscanthus, switchgrass, and native grasses at multiple research sites. Data is being collected on establishment, yields, costs, and winter survival. Processing, aggregation, and potential end-uses are also being studied. Challenges identified include agronomic gaps, optimal processing and handling methods, and developing markets and policy support. Regional biomass tours and a preliminary report are planned to share initial findings.
1. When designing an olive grove, the harvest method should be defined first as it is a major expense. This will influence choices around spacing, training, and equipment.
2. The size of the grove determines the appropriate harvesting equipment. Larger groves can afford more efficient machines.
3. Training systems must be compatible with harvesting equipment for high efficiency. Comb harvesters require accessible olives on long branches while trunk shakers need short, upright branches.
Effect of Seedling Density on Growth Attributes of Cauliflower variety Kathma...AI Publications
Nursery management including optimum seedling density is an important factor for better crop performance. A study was carried out to examine the effect of seedling density on growth attributes of cauliflower seedlings cv. Kathmandu local in the field of Lamjung Campus in Oct., 2018. Experiment consists of four treatments which were replicated five times and laid out in RCBD. Seed spacing treatments viz. 0.5cm x 1.0cm, 1.0cm x 1.0cm, 1.5cm x 1.5cm and 2.0cm x 2.0cm were maintained in a raised nursery beds. Field germination percentage was recorded up to 60% at fourth day after sowing (DAS) whereas in lab it was up to 74%. Above and below ground seedling biomass, unfold leaves area, number of true leaves, plant height and root length were recorded at 23 DAS by destructive method. ImageJ package was used for leaf area measurement. Data were tabulated in MS Excel and analyzed by GenStat. Root length (4.85cm) was significantly higher in spacing of 2cm x 2cm which was at par with 1.5cm x 1.5cm whereas lower in 0.5cm x 1.0cm. Significantly maximum value for fresh weight of root (0.045gm), fresh weight of shoot (0.91gm), dry weight of shoot (0.11gm) and dry matter percentage (12%) was observed in 1.5cm x 1.5cm spacing. Seedlings greater than 1.5cm to 2cm spacing performed better than closer spacing in most of the variable of interests, however, there was no significant differences observed in number of true leaves, leaf area and plant height. A trial with wider spacing considering seedling health is recommended.
IRJET- Development and Performance Evaluation of Solar Operated Power WeederIRJET Journal
The document describes the development and testing of a solar-powered weeder. The weeder was tested on maize crops using different blade widths (50, 60, 70 mm) and numbers of blades (2, 3, 4) to evaluate performance. Key findings include:
- Maximum field capacity of 0.175 ha/day and weeding efficiency of 88.03% were achieved.
- Minimum plant damage of 1.96% was observed.
- The average performance index calculated was 841.
- Three blades per flange provided the best balance of weeding efficiency and low plant damage.
Determining Artificial Light Requirement for Growing PlantsIRJET Journal
This document discusses determining the artificial lighting requirements for growing plants hydroponically. It begins with an introduction to hydroponics and the Dutch Bucket system. It then explains the important lighting metrics for plants like PAR, PPF, PPFD, and DLI. LED lights are identified as most suitable for indoor plant growth due to their efficiency and spectral properties. The document then shows calculations to determine the lighting load needed to grow tomatoes using a Dutch Bucket system, finding requirements of 297 μmol/m2/s PPFD, 221 μmol/s PPF, and 210.6 Watts of power. It estimates a total annual electricity usage of 1,076 kWh for an area of 0.743 m2.
Workshop Trade-off Analysis - CGIAR_19 Feb 2013_CRP 1.1_Anthony WhitbreadLotteKlapwijk
This document summarizes the "Dryland Systems" program, which focuses on improving food security and livelihoods in dryland areas. It targets vulnerable populations dependent on agricultural systems in developing countries. The program focuses on two strategic research themes: 1) reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience to shocks, and 2) sustainably intensifying production to improve food security and income. It aims to use systems analysis approaches and modeling tools at various scales to understand key tradeoffs and interventions. Models are used from the plant to regional scales to simulate impacts and inform the program.
Fire and herbivory can influence tree size transitions in Acacia drepanolobium. Preliminary results show that while mean size of small trees (<1m) was similar between burned and unburned areas, burned trees had higher levels of ant mutualism traits like nectar. Specifically, burned small trees were occupied by ant species that provide better defense and had more nectar rewards. Further analysis will examine how fire temperature and herbivory levels affect tree response, and how the presence of neighboring trees impacts post-fire ant colonization.
This document describes an on-the-go device that uses lasers and cameras to measure tree calipers and count trees in nurseries. It can measure calipers to within +/- 2.5 mm for unstaked trees and provide counts with over 95% accuracy. The device uses two lasers and a 60 Hz camera to capture multiple frames of each tree from different angles as it travels down rows at speeds up to 3 mph. It has been tested in several nurseries on different tree types with good accuracy. Localization software can also track the device's path within a nursery to within sub-meter accuracy.
The document summarizes research on developing an automated system called the Z-Trap to monitor insect populations as an alternative to current manual methods. The Z-Trap uses sensors and electronics to detect and count insects caught in the trap and wirelessly transmits the data, providing a more efficient way to monitor insect populations and help determine pesticide application needs. Field tests of prototype Z-Traps were conducted in 2011 at orchards in Washington and Pennsylvania to evaluate their effectiveness.
This document proposes a four station vacuum and filling apple harvester unit with a work platform and trailer. The harvester uses vacuum to collect apples and has four filling stations to load the apples into bins or boxes. It includes a work platform and will be trailer-mounted for easy transportation between orchards.
Gwen Hoheisel narrates a presentation about the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission's November 2010 trip to Italy's Trade Shows and Orchard Tours
The document discusses the market opportunity for specialty crop automation for mid-sized farms between 25-1000 acres. It notes that these mid-sized farms represent a larger opportunity than smaller farms due to scale, and larger farms due to already having custom automation. The hypothesis is that automating specialty crops for mid-sized farms could address an unmet need and solve business problems in a market with sufficient scale. Next steps proposed include testing this hypothesis, observing customers to identify opportunities, understanding the business model better, and developing prototypes.
Researchers developed new electronic insect traps to automatically monitor moths in orchards. Prototype traps from 2009 had poor capture rates compared to standard traps, possibly due to repellent effects. A new "Z-trap" using bio-impedance performed better in 2010 trials against codling moth and oriental fruit moth than standard traps. Infrared traps also showed potential. Researchers continued improving and testing designs, analyzing signal data, and aiming to incorporate features into a single integrated trap design that could automatically report detections to users. The work was funded by grants and supported by collaborators from multiple universities and the USDA.
George Kantor from Carnegie Mellon University presented on distributed sensing in horticultural environments. Sensor networks use self-contained nodes to wirelessly collect data like temperature and humidity from fields and relay it back to a central point. Robots can also map fields using laser scanning and cameras. While sensor networks have moderate spatial resolution but high temporal resolution with simple sensing, robots have high spatial resolution but lower temporal resolution with more sophisticated sensing. Both approaches can be combined, with sensor networks monitoring fields frequently and robots providing more detailed scans less often. The collected data can be used with models to automate irrigation scheduling based on predicted plant water usage.
This document summarizes developments in automation technologies for tree fruit production being researched by Penn State University and industry partners. Key areas of research include automated fruit transport and bin filling to reduce labor costs, monitoring systems for insect pests and plant stress, autonomous crop load scouting for timely management decisions, and reconfigurable vehicles that can perform multiple orchard tasks like spraying and harvesting. Field trials are also testing new high-density orchard training systems. The goal is to develop precision technologies that increase productivity and efficiency for specialty crop growers.
This document summarizes research on developing an autonomous sensing and positioning system for use with fruit production equipment to reduce labor costs. Labor is one of the biggest challenges for specialty crop industries, and thinning fruit is very labor intensive. Existing mechanized thinning equipment like the Darwin String Thinner has been shown to significantly reduce costs. The researchers aim to improve this equipment by adding sensing capabilities and autonomous controls to increase speed and efficiency. They are testing ultrasonic and laser sensors to map trees and precisely position the equipment. Their goal is to develop fully autonomous thinning equipment to further reduce labor needs.
- Surveys were conducted at fruit growing conventions in Pennsylvania and New York to assess needs, benefits, and obstacles regarding automation technologies for specialty crops.
- The top areas in need of technological advancement were harvesting, spraying, monitoring yield and quality, and plant/soil/water/nutrient status.
- Anticipated benefits of harvest assist technologies included increased worker productivity, reduced costs, and improved management of harvest operations. However, cost was seen as a major obstacle.
- Automated monitoring technologies for diseases, insects, and plant stress were viewed favorably if proven effective at improving precision and efficiency of management practices.
The document describes two passive approaches to filling bins with apples during harvest: a pneumatic self-adjusting apple distributor and an energy absorbing grate. The pneumatic distributor uses inflatable cylinders and a padded ramp to gently distribute apples into bins, but requires moving between bins. The energy absorbing grate uses rubber bands or foam balls on a rubber grate to absorb impact and distribute apples, performing better with singulated fruit. Field tests showed the prototypes worked better than expected but transport from trees remains a challenge.
This document describes a new device for measuring tree trunk diameters called On-the-Fly Tree Caliper Measurement. The device uses structured laser lines and vision to measure tree trunks accurately as a vehicle moves, without needing precise positioning. It was tested indoors and outdoors on tree nurseries with errors of +/-1mm indoors and +/-2.5mm outdoors. Future work will focus on improving accuracy, testing at more locations, controlling measurement height, and reducing costs.
This document summarizes surveys conducted with specialty crop growers in the eastern and western United States to understand their needs and perspectives regarding automated technologies. The surveys found that harvesting, spraying, and monitoring were of greatest need across regions. Growers anticipated increased productivity and efficiency from harvest automation but had concerns about costs. Western growers saw greater benefits in improved packouts while eastern growers focused on labor costs and quality. The surveys provide guidance on tailoring outreach for automation to address regional differences.
This document discusses developing GPS-free positioning for utility vehicles in specialty agriculture using wheel encoders, laser range scanners, and an extended Kalman filter localization algorithm. It aims to provide sub-meter positioning accuracy without relying on GPS due to signal occlusion from trees and structures. The experimental platform uses sensors to measure relative motion and range/bearing to known landmarks stored in a pre-built map. The localization filter estimates the vehicle's pose by predicting its position from previous readings and correcting it based on sensor measurements of landmarks. Initial tests achieved positioning errors close to the sub-meter accuracy goal.
This was presented to Pennsylvania Tree Fruit growers in the summer of 2009. It is a brief overview of our research on developing sensor networks for tree fruit orchards
This was presented in the summer 2009 at Penn State's field day. It is an update on our work in developing tools to automatically detect plant stress in tree fruit.
More from Comprehensive Automation for Specialty Crops (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. The Product
Purpose: Reduction of herbicide use in
locations that have a low to moderate
weed density (spot treatment)
NTech Industries, Inc.
Up to an 80 %
reduction in
herbicide use*
Will pay for itself in 1
year*
* These are statements that NTech
makes on its website
5. How it Works
LED light source projects light onto the
ground – about 2ft from the ground
Light that is reflected from the target
(hopefully some Canadian thistle) is
captured by a detector
The sensor determines if the reflected light
matches that of green plants
If a green plant is present, a solenoid
valve is triggered and the nozzle fires
6. Objective
To determine the efficiency, and efficacy
of the WeedSeeker®
- Determine the chemical and dollar
savings associated with the WeedSeeker®
technology
- Quantify the efficacy of the system
7. Location and Plots
Conducted in 07’ high density Fuji and
Honeycrisp Planting at FREC (8 rows)
1 Plot = 42 ft x 2 ft
32 Plots Total 16 low density, 16 moderate
density
The 07' planting was pooled into 2 larger
plots based on weed cover: Low density and
high density (a plot consists of a 10 tree
section from trellis post to trellis post)
8. Means of Analysis
Compare water usage of the
WeedSeeker® in low weed density
plots in the OFF (Flush) and ON
position
Repeat for the moderate weed density
plots
Calculate % savings and apply costs of
herbicides to the model
9. Estimated Herbicide Savings
Weed Weed Gallons
TRT Density Seeker Used DIFF gal % Savings
1 LOW OFF 3.10
2 LOW ON 0.55 2.55 82.23%
3 MOD OFF 3.10
4 MOD ON 1.55 1.55 50.00%
10. Cash Savings per Treated Acre
Gallons per Cost per
Weed Weed treated Treated
TRT Density Seeker Acre Acre
1 LOW OFF 50.2 $42.67
2 LOW ON 8.9 $7.57
3 MOD OFF 50.2 $42.67
4 MOD ON 25.1 $21.34
11. Cost of the WeedSeeker®
Single Hooded 2ft Boom (SB102): $4,200
Single Hooded 3ft Boom (SB103): $5,460
Model 650 Sensor without a valve cartridge:
$850
Valve Cartridge: $200
12. Notes About Use
Consistency of Speed
Pump & Nozzle Size
Warm-up Time / Soil Calibration
Weed Height
Moss & Fallen Apples
Sensor Durability
Double Boom Savings on Fuel
13. When will you use a herbicide in
this fancy machine?
PreliminaryTrials were conducted with
Gramoxone and Prowl, however, the
results were inconclusive
14.
15. In Summary
Strong possibility for tremendous savings
in weed management – up to 80%
In the offseason, further research will be
conducted to sync the speed of the ATV
and the WeedSeeker
USDA-NRCS EQIP Cost Share
Stay Tuned
16. Acknowledgements
Freeman Showers, Terry Salada
My fellow investigators: Alex, Cody, & Russell
Dr. Jim Schupp, Dr. Tara Baugher, Katie Hess-
Reichard, Edwin Winzeler, Dr. Katie Ellis
Our friends at the Carnegie Mellon University
Robotics Institute: Sanjiv Singh, Marcel Bergeman,
Ben Grocholsky, Reuben Dise
Photographs by Evan Moore, and Tom Kon
Funding provided by USDA CSREES Specialty Crop
Research Initiative for Comprehensive Automation
for Specialty Crops