I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
Weight gain during pregnancy is common and necessary for the proper growth and development of a fetus. Many moms are disappointed to discover that their pregnancy weight gain was more than expected, or that fat has deposited in areas other than the belly.
Lactation management is the science and art of assisting women and infants with breastfeeding, because the mother-infant pair is dynamically interrelated for breastfeeding, it is imperative to consider both individuals when attempting to assess and “manage” breastfeeding.
Weight gain during pregnancy is common and necessary for the proper growth and development of a fetus. Many moms are disappointed to discover that their pregnancy weight gain was more than expected, or that fat has deposited in areas other than the belly.
Lactation management is the science and art of assisting women and infants with breastfeeding, because the mother-infant pair is dynamically interrelated for breastfeeding, it is imperative to consider both individuals when attempting to assess and “manage” breastfeeding.
This presentation is related with the contents regarding breast feeding. It includes complete information about breast feeding including different pictures and beautifully designed.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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2. Introduction
”The more we know
about human breast
milk the more we
discover about its
value in human
nutrition and
development”.
3. Objectives of Lactation
management:-
1. Review public health impact of
breastfeeding.
2. Understand physiology of
lactation.
3. Identify the differential
diagnosis and treatment for
common breastfeeding
problems
» Low milk supply,
» Mastitis,
» Breast abscess.
4. AAP Recommendations:-
Exclusive breastfeeding for the
first six months of life
Continued breastfeeding for at
least one year,
As long as is mutually desired
by mother and child
5. Exclusive breast feeding
Exclusive breast feeding
means feeding the baby
with breast milk soon after
birth and continuing it until
6 month of age without
giving baby any other food
.The baby is given only
breast milk and nothing
else whenever the baby is
hungry
6. Benefits of Breastmilk
1. Carbohydrates:-
2. Proteins
3. Fats
4. Vitamins & Minerals
5. Water & Electrolytes
6. Immunological
Superiority
7. Protection against other
illness
8. Mental growth
7. Benefits…..contd
9.Childhood obesity
10.Necrotizing enterocolitis in
premature infants
Benefits to mother
1. Helps uterine involution
2. Reducing chances of postpartum
hemorrhage.
3. lactational amenorrhea
4. Helps in birth spacing.
5. Convenient & time saving.
6. Reduces the risk of cancer
7. Improves the figure of the mother
10. Physiology of Lactation
The physiological basis of lactation
is divided into four phases :-
1. Preparation of breasts
(Mammogenesis).
2. Synthesis and secretion from the
breast alveoli (lacto genesis).
3. Ejection of milk (galactokinesis).
4. Maintenance of lactation
(galactopoiesis).
13. Physiology of Lactation
lacto genesis:-
1. Begins when estrogen and
progesterone are withdrawn
following delivery,
2. Prolactin begins its milk
secretary activity
3. The secretary activity is
enhanced growth hormone,
thyroxine, glucocorticoids and
insulin.
4. Milk secretion actually starts on 3rd
14. Physiology……..
Galactokinesis/Milk let down
reflex
Discharge of milk from the
mammary glands depends
not only on the suction
exerted by the baby during
sucking but also on the
contractive mechanism which
expresses the milk from the
15.
16.
17. Physiology……..
Galactopoiesis:-
Prolactin appears to be the
single most important
galactopoietics hormone. For
maintenance of effective and
continuous lactation, suckling
is essential.
18. Milk production
A healthy mother may
produce about 500-800 ml
of milk a day to feed her
infant with about 500 kcal
/day
19. Reflexes in the baby
The rooting
reflex
The suckling
reflex
The
swallowing
reflex
20. Factor Which Lessen Milk
Production:-
Dummies, pacifiers, bottles-even one or
two feeds.
Making the baby wait for feeds.
Giving feeds like sugar water gripe
water, honey, breast milk substitutes or
formula, either as prelacteal feeds or at
anytime.
Certain medications for mothers like oral
contraceptives or methergine.
Painful breast conditions like sore or
cracked nipples & congested breast.
21. Drugs to improve milk
production:-
Metclopramide (10 mg
thrice daily) increases
the blood volume by
increasing prolactin
level. Intranasal oxytocin
contracts myoepithelial
cells and causes milk let
down
22. The Varying Composition of
Breastmilk:-
Colostrum
Transitional milk
Mature milk
Preterm milk.
Fore milk
Hind milk
23. Colostrum
Colostrum is the milk
secreted during the first three
days after delivery. It is yellow
& thick & contains more
antibodies & cells & high
amounts of vitamins A, D, E &
K.
24. Initiation of breastfeeding
Breast feeding should be started within half an
hour of birth as soon as possible after normal
delivery where as in case of caesarian section
delivery ,within 4 hour.Rooming in and bedding
should be done with mother and baby to
prevent separation and promote breast
feeding.
25. Technique of
Breastfeeding:-
Positioning:-
Baby’s head & body straight.
Baby’s body turned towards the mother,
nose opposite the nipple.
Baby’s body touching mother’s
abdomen.
Baby’s whole body well supported not
just neck or shoulders.
Mother should than support her breast
with her finger flat against her chest wall
under her breast.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. Technique of Breastfeeding:-
Good Attachment:-
Baby’s mouth wide open.
Baby’s lower lip everted.
Upper areola more visible than
the lower.
Baby’s chin touching the
breast.
36. Principles of breast feeding:-
Breast feeding should be done in as clean and
safe as manner as possible.
The mother and baby should be comfortable
and relaxed at feeding time.
Breast feeding should be initiated within the
first half hour after birth.
Colostrum is most suitable food for the baby
during the first few days after birth because it
contains a high concentration of nutrients and
anti-infective substances
37. The intervals between feeds vary between 1-4
hours.
Starting from the initial 5 mins of feeding, the
time can be gradually increased to 15 to 20
minutes in the subsequent days
Burping should be done after the feeding in order
to kick out the swallowed air.
The baby should be allowed to suckle from both
the breasts during each feeding.
It is desirable to feed the baby on demand it
helps baby to gain weight.
The mother should be instructed to feed the child
even when the child is ill.
38. Contraindication of breast
feeding:-
In Mother
1. Chronic disease such as active TB,
leprosy, AIDS etc.
2. Mothers addicted to alcohol or heavy
doses of some drugs.
3. Psychosis
4. Local condition like breast abscess,
cracked nipples
The mother should give adequate attention
to her diet, personal hygiene and health and
should have sufficient rest.
39. Contraindication…….
In infant:-
Gross prematurity of baby or other
conditions in which the newborn
cannot suckle.
Inborn errors such as
phenylketonuria, lactose intolerance.
40. Problems in
breastfeeding……
Treatment is started
after birth of the baby.
The nipple is
manually stretched &
rolled out several
times a day.
A pump or a plastic
syringe is used to
draw out the nipple &
the baby is then put
41. Sore nipple:-
Correct positioning & latching of
the baby to the breast.
Hind milk should be applied to
the nipple after a feed.
The nipple should be aired &
allowed to heal in between
feeds
If the baby has oral thrush, treat
it and apply the same medicine
on mother’s nipple.
If sucking is impossible for a
day or two express the milk and
feed the baby from cup.
42. Breast engorgement: -
Treatment:-consists of local warm
water packs, & analgesics to the
mother to relieve the pain.
Allow the baby to suckle as far as
possible. If the baby cannot get
hold of an engorged breast, help
the mother to express milk. Milk
should be gently expressed to
soften the breast to make the
mother comfortable& then the
mother must be helped to correctly
latch the baby to the breast. Hand
expression is preferable.
43. Breast abscess, Blocked duct,
Mastitis
Treatment:-
Mother must be treated with milk
expression, analgesics and
antibiotics.
The abscess may have to be incised
and drained.
Breastfeeding must be continued
from the other breast.
If sucking is painful, help her to
express her milk every 3 hours.
Warm compression help to relieve
pain.
If mother develops fever, chills, body
ache, she may need a full course of
44. Problems in
breastfeeding……
5. Menstruation and pregnancy:-
Mother can feed during menstruation and
half way through pregnancy. If she is eating
well, breast feeding can continue throughout
the pregnancy.
6. Maternal illness:-
Most maternal illness does not require
discontinuation of breastfeeding. It is
recommended with mastitis, Breast abscess,
UTI, TB, hepatitis, typhoid, leprosy.
45. Expressed Breast milk:-
If a mother is not in a position to feed her
baby (e.g., ill mother, preterm baby,
working mother etc.) or has engorged
breasts, she should express her milk in a
clean wide mouthed container and this
milk should be fed to her baby. Expressed
breast milk can be stored at room
temperature for 10 hours, in a refrigerator
for 20 hours and a freezer at -20˚C for 3
months.
46. Tropic Feeds:-
Trophic feeds are small amount of expressed breastmilk
(often less than 4mL/kg) fed to the preterm neonates by
tubeTrophic feeds often consists of just 1-3mL of
expressed breastmilk given once to four times a day.
Shared nursing:-
A woman who is engaged to breastfeed another's baby
is known as a wet nurse. Shared nursing can
sometimes provoke negative reactions in
the Anglosphere
Tandem nursing:-
Feeding two children at the same time who are not
twins or multiples is called tandem nursing.
47. Human milk bank:-
A human milk
bank is a service
which collects,
screens,
processes, and
dispenses by
prescription human
milk donated by
nursing mothers
who are not
biologically related
Donor’s requirement:-
1. Be healthy
2. Be in the process of
lactation
3. Undertake a chest x-
ray
4. Have a negative
VDRL
5. No evidence of
Hepatitis
48. Storage of milk:-
Milk can be stored at
in the freezer at 20o C
at home.
Milk is stored at room
temperature upto 10
hours.
Milk can be stored at
-40C upto 8 days.
50. Conclusion
According to some authorities, increasing evidence
suggests that early skin-to-skin contact (also
called kangaroo care) between mother and baby
stimulates breastfeeding behaviour in the
baby. Newborns who are immediately placed on their
mother’s skin have a natural instinct to latch on to the
breast and start nursing.According to studies cited
by UNICEF, babies naturally follow a process which
leads to a first breastfeed. Initially after birth the baby
cries with its first breaths. Shortly after, it relaxes and
makes small movements of the arms, shoulders and
head. The baby crawls towards the breast and begins
to feed. After feeding, it is normal for a baby to remain
latched to the breast while resting. This is sometimes
mistaken for lack of appetite.