Preferred typed anwer ) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. ).pdf
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Preferred typed anwer :) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. ) 1. List the three types of RNA and briefly describe their functions in protein synthesis. 2. In what structural ways are RNA and DNA similar? In what ways are they different? Solution Answer: 1. mRNA: mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids, a protein. tRNA: help decode the mRNA sequence. They transfer a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. rRNA: associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. They provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity. Basically acts as a coordinator for the actions of mRNA and tRNA. 2. Similarities between DNA and RNA: a. They both carry genetic information. b. They both consist of a sugar, nucleotide and a phosphate. c. They both are involved in protein synthesizing process. Difference: a. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. b. RNA has ribose whereas DNA has deoxy ribose. c. DNA is only found in the nuclues whereas RNA can be found both within and outside the nucleus. d. DNA contains the nucleotide thymine while RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. e. DNA is much longer than RNA..
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Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Protein Syntesis
This describes how proteins are formed and which is the role of each component in the process, with pictures and complete resume boxes.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION.pptx
This document provides information about DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the process of protein synthesis. It defines key terms like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and the three steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. The roles of the ribosome and different binding sites are outlined. Translation is described as the process of converting mRNA into a protein sequence using tRNA to supply amino acids. The document concludes with activities to practice writing complementary RNA sequences and determining amino acid sequences from DNA codons.
Unit2 lesson3-proteinsysnthesis
RNA has a similar structure to DNA but contains uracil instead of thymine and is single-stranded. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to sites of protein synthesis, tRNA transports amino acids and binds to mRNA during protein assembly, and rRNA is a component of ribosomes and helps them bind to mRNA. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.
Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applications
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Recommended
Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Protein Syntesis
This describes how proteins are formed and which is the role of each component in the process, with pictures and complete resume boxes.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION.pptx
This document provides information about DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the process of protein synthesis. It defines key terms like mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and the three steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. The roles of the ribosome and different binding sites are outlined. Translation is described as the process of converting mRNA into a protein sequence using tRNA to supply amino acids. The document concludes with activities to practice writing complementary RNA sequences and determining amino acid sequences from DNA codons.
Unit2 lesson3-proteinsysnthesis
RNA has a similar structure to DNA but contains uracil instead of thymine and is single-stranded. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to sites of protein synthesis, tRNA transports amino acids and binds to mRNA during protein assembly, and rRNA is a component of ribosomes and helps them bind to mRNA. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.
Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription with their clinical applications
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA transcription with their clinical applications for Medical, dental, Pharma & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF RNA
RNA has several types that serve different functions:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome where protein is synthesized. It is single-stranded and contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports specific amino acids to the ribosome and pairs them with mRNA codons during protein translation. It has a cloverleaf secondary structure.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes and facilitates protein synthesis by providing the structural scaffold for the ribosome.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
Proteins
The document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA through transcription, and mRNA is then translated into proteins through translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of the DNA gene. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's genetic code. The protein then undergoes post-translational modifications before performing its function in the cell. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA bases that may alter protein sequences.
RNA Class:The Classification of RNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid, also named RNA, is the intermediary of DNA and protein. Compared with DNA, RNA has less molecular-weight but more classification.With the development of all kinds of research, scientists found that RNA plays an important role in the evolution of life. I hope this article can share basic knowledge with you and can make you have a better understanding on RNA.
Dna and rna
DNA and RNA differ in their chemical structures. While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded. There are four main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small stable RNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. It is modified with a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up the ribosomal subunits and is involved in protein synthesis.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptx
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Types of RNA
mRNA conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins. mRNA is first transcribed from pre-mRNA and then translated into a polymer of amino acids at the ribosome according to the genetic code stored in codons of three nucleotides each. Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and proteins, move along mRNA during translation and assemble the growing polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
Powerpoint 13.1
The document discusses the roles and functions of RNA. It explains that RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), structure (single-stranded vs. double-stranded), and nucleotide composition (uracil replaces thymine). RNA acts as a messenger to copy genetic instructions from DNA and direct protein production. The three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - each have specialized functions in protein synthesis.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
IB Biology 2.7 Slides: Transcription & Translation
Transcription and translation allow genes to be expressed as proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying a gene from DNA into mRNA. Translation uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain via tRNA and ribosomes. The genetic code pairs 3-nucleotide codons in mRNA with specific amino acids. This allows DNA sequences to be converted into proteins through sequential transcription and translation.
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look A. Describe the general
model of transcription. Include in your answer the steps of transcription elements of each step.
B. Compare and contrast transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. C. What makes
RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?
D. What makes RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a
eukaryotic cell?
Solution
17.2). a).
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid) under the direction of DNA in the
nucleus. The process of transcription starts with RNA polymerase, this enzyme binds to the
sigma factor (in prokaryotes) and in this form; it can recognize the promoter sites in the DNA
and is transcribed into RNA.
The three steps in eukaryotic transcription include the following.
Several of the transcription factors bind to the promoter region to recruit the appropriate RNA
polymerase. The complex of RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to the promoter
region to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC).
A group of transcription factors assemble at the promoter region of DNA, and bind to TATA box
to change its shape. This event exposes the binding sites of other transcription factors. After
several of these events, RNA polymerase binds.
The binding of RNA polymerase (moves in 3\' to 5\' direction) to the promoter site starts the
process of transcription. There are three different classes of RNA polymerases that bind to
different promoter sites and transcribe different parts of genome. Of these, RNA polymerase II
causes the transcription of mRNA. The mRNA contains uracil in place of thymine and it moves
into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore channels.The terminator present at another end of
the genome signals the completion of transcription, thus terminating the programme..
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
RNA: Nature, type and Structure
The document discusses nucleic acids and RNA. It defines nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. RNA is described as a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and their roles in protein synthesis.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis, which involves two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then acts as a messenger to carry the genetic code to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs on ribosomes to synthesize proteins based on the mRNA sequence. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses use reverse transcription to produce DNA from their RNA genetic material.
John Smith wrote fraudulent checks and made false statements when ap.pdf
John Smith wrote fraudulent checks and made false statements when applying for credit. He is
most likely guilty of a white collar crime.
True
False
Solution
The answer is given below
True
White collar crime in general terms means fraudulent activities with regards to finance and
money laundering.
In the above case John Smith is involved with financial fradulent crime by writing false
statement when applying for credit..
Describe the E-C and the players involved in the electrical and mech.pdf
Describe the E-C and the players involved in the electrical and mechanical events leading to the
skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Use the following terms in your description:
chemically-gated ion channels, Na+ voltage-gated, K+-voltage-gated channels, threshold,
calcium, end plate potential, motor unit, muscle fiber (myocyte) (muscle cell), Acetylcholine,
acetyl choline esterase, sarcolemma, T tubules, latent period, contraction period, relaxation
period, refractory period, SR, cross bridges, ATP, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, actin,
sarcomere, z discs, sarcomere, contraction, relaxation.
Solution
A rapid and large change in membrane potential of excitable cells (such as nerve cells) during
which the potential actually reverses so that the inside of the excitable cell transiently becomes
more positive than the outside is termed as action potential.
Action potential allows communication over long distances within the body. An action potential
in a muscle fibre is called muscle action potential, when an action potential occurs in a nerve
cell, it is called a nerve action potential (nerve impulse). Skeletal muscle consists of numerous
bundles called fascicles. Each fasciculus is composed of numerous muscle fibers (or muscle
cells) and each individual muscle cells is surrounded by connective tissue called the
endomysium. The cell membrane of the muscle fibre is called the sarcolemma. the sacoplasm is
the specialized cytoplasm os a muscle fibre that contains a modified ER known as the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transverse (T) tubules invaginate the sarcolemma, allowing impulses to
penetrate the cell and activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasm contains fine thread like
contractile structure called myofibrils. In each myofibrils actin thin filaments and myosin thick
filaments are organized into a linear chain of highly ordered structure called sacomeres, the basic
functional unit of a myofibril. One end of the thin filaments is attached at their plus ends to the Z
disc. Thin filaments contain the proteins actin, nebulin, tropomodulin, tropomyosin and troponin.
Tropomyosin is a fibrous molecule that consists of two chains alpha and beta, that attach to F-
actin in the groove its filaments. Troponin a complex of three polypeptide troponins T, I and C (
named foe their tropomysin binding, inhibitory and calcium binding activities respectively). Four
molecules of calcium ion bind per molecule of troponin.
Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma : Movements of ions occur through
ion channels, ion channels may be either leaky channels or gated channels. Action potential are
the direct consequence of the voltage gated cation channels.
Steps of E-C coupling:
1. Action potential generated and propagated along sarcomere to T-tubules
2. Action potential triggers Ca2+ release
3. Ca++ bind to troponin; blocking action of tropomyosin released
4. contraction via crossbridge formation; ATP hyrdolysis
5. Removal of Ca+2 by active tra.
More Related Content
Similar to Preferred typed anwer ) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. ).pdf
CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF RNA
RNA has several types that serve different functions:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome where protein is synthesized. It is single-stranded and contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports specific amino acids to the ribosome and pairs them with mRNA codons during protein translation. It has a cloverleaf secondary structure.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes and facilitates protein synthesis by providing the structural scaffold for the ribosome.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
Proteins
The document discusses how genetic information flows from DNA to proteins. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA through transcription, and mRNA is then translated into proteins through translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of the DNA gene. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching the mRNA codons bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together to form a protein chain according to the mRNA's genetic code. The protein then undergoes post-translational modifications before performing its function in the cell. Mutations can occur through changes in DNA bases that may alter protein sequences.
RNA Class:The Classification of RNA
Ribose Nucleic Acid, also named RNA, is the intermediary of DNA and protein. Compared with DNA, RNA has less molecular-weight but more classification.With the development of all kinds of research, scientists found that RNA plays an important role in the evolution of life. I hope this article can share basic knowledge with you and can make you have a better understanding on RNA.
Dna and rna
DNA and RNA differ in their chemical structures. While DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded. There are four main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small stable RNA. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome. It is modified with a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up the ribosomal subunits and is involved in protein synthesis.
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptx
Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Types of RNA
mRNA conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins. mRNA is first transcribed from pre-mRNA and then translated into a polymer of amino acids at the ribosome according to the genetic code stored in codons of three nucleotides each. Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and proteins, move along mRNA during translation and assemble the growing polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
Protein synthesis
The document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses how genes provide the code for proteins, the central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein, the types and roles of RNA including mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. It then explains the steps of transcription, processing of mRNA, translation, the genetic code and the role of transfer RNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.
Powerpoint 13.1
The document discusses the roles and functions of RNA. It explains that RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), structure (single-stranded vs. double-stranded), and nucleotide composition (uracil replaces thymine). RNA acts as a messenger to copy genetic instructions from DNA and direct protein production. The three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - each have specialized functions in protein synthesis.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
IB Biology 2.7 Slides: Transcription & Translation
Transcription and translation allow genes to be expressed as proteins. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying a gene from DNA into mRNA. Translation uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain via tRNA and ribosomes. The genetic code pairs 3-nucleotide codons in mRNA with specific amino acids. This allows DNA sequences to be converted into proteins through sequential transcription and translation.
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look A. Describe the general
model of transcription. Include in your answer the steps of transcription elements of each step.
B. Compare and contrast transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. C. What makes
RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?
D. What makes RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a
eukaryotic cell?
Solution
17.2). a).
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid) under the direction of DNA in the
nucleus. The process of transcription starts with RNA polymerase, this enzyme binds to the
sigma factor (in prokaryotes) and in this form; it can recognize the promoter sites in the DNA
and is transcribed into RNA.
The three steps in eukaryotic transcription include the following.
Several of the transcription factors bind to the promoter region to recruit the appropriate RNA
polymerase. The complex of RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to the promoter
region to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC).
A group of transcription factors assemble at the promoter region of DNA, and bind to TATA box
to change its shape. This event exposes the binding sites of other transcription factors. After
several of these events, RNA polymerase binds.
The binding of RNA polymerase (moves in 3\' to 5\' direction) to the promoter site starts the
process of transcription. There are three different classes of RNA polymerases that bind to
different promoter sites and transcribe different parts of genome. Of these, RNA polymerase II
causes the transcription of mRNA. The mRNA contains uracil in place of thymine and it moves
into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore channels.The terminator present at another end of
the genome signals the completion of transcription, thus terminating the programme..
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translation
Solution
Ans:
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Translation is the process of translating the
sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a
gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the
ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the
information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-
messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The process
relies on Watson-Crick base pairing, and the resultant single strand of RNA is the reverse-
complement of the original DNA sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then \"edited\" to
produce the desired mRNA molecule in a process called RNA splicing.
Formation of pre-messenger RNA
The mechanism of transcription has parallels in that of DNA replication. As with DNA
replication, partial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription can take place,
and it is the RNA polymerase enzymes that catalyze this process.
Unlike DNA replication, in which both strands are copied, only one strand is transcribed. The
strand that contains the gene is called the sense strand, while the complementary strand is the
antisense strand. The mRNA produced in transcription is a copy of the sense strand, but it is the
antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA strand, with Watson-Crick
base pairing (A pairs with U). RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides together to form a pre-
messenger RNA molecule that is complementary to a region of the antisense DNA strand.
Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of bases that is read as a
\"stop\" signal. The DNA molecule re-winds to re-form the double helix.
RNA splicing
The pre-messenger RNA thus formed contains introns which are not required for protein
synthesis. The pre-messenger RNA is chopped up to remove the introns and create messenger
RNA (mRNA) in a process called RNA splicing
Alternative splicing
In alternative splicing, individual exons are either spliced or included, giving rise to several
different possible mRNA products. Each mRNA product codes for a different protein isoform;
these protein isoforms differ in their peptide sequence and therefore their biological activity. It is
estimated that up to 60% of human gene products undergo alternative splicing.
Alternative splicing contributes to protein diversity a single gene transcript (RNA) can have
tho.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
RNA: Nature, type and Structure
The document discusses nucleic acids and RNA. It defines nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. RNA is described as a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and their roles in protein synthesis.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis, which involves two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then acts as a messenger to carry the genetic code to the cytoplasm, where translation occurs on ribosomes to synthesize proteins based on the mRNA sequence. The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses use reverse transcription to produce DNA from their RNA genetic material.
Similar to Preferred typed anwer ) (It is hard to understand hand writing.. ).pdf (20)
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptx
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptx
IB Biology 2.7 Slides: Transcription & Translation
IB Biology 2.7 Slides: Transcription & Translation
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
please explain transcription and translationSolutionAnsTran.pdf
Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
Molecular basis of inheritance-Protein synthesis part 1 Transcriptionein ppt...
More from kisgstin23
John Smith wrote fraudulent checks and made false statements when ap.pdf
John Smith wrote fraudulent checks and made false statements when applying for credit. He is
most likely guilty of a white collar crime.
True
False
Solution
The answer is given below
True
White collar crime in general terms means fraudulent activities with regards to finance and
money laundering.
In the above case John Smith is involved with financial fradulent crime by writing false
statement when applying for credit..
Describe the E-C and the players involved in the electrical and mech.pdf
Describe the E-C and the players involved in the electrical and mechanical events leading to the
skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Use the following terms in your description:
chemically-gated ion channels, Na+ voltage-gated, K+-voltage-gated channels, threshold,
calcium, end plate potential, motor unit, muscle fiber (myocyte) (muscle cell), Acetylcholine,
acetyl choline esterase, sarcolemma, T tubules, latent period, contraction period, relaxation
period, refractory period, SR, cross bridges, ATP, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, actin,
sarcomere, z discs, sarcomere, contraction, relaxation.
Solution
A rapid and large change in membrane potential of excitable cells (such as nerve cells) during
which the potential actually reverses so that the inside of the excitable cell transiently becomes
more positive than the outside is termed as action potential.
Action potential allows communication over long distances within the body. An action potential
in a muscle fibre is called muscle action potential, when an action potential occurs in a nerve
cell, it is called a nerve action potential (nerve impulse). Skeletal muscle consists of numerous
bundles called fascicles. Each fasciculus is composed of numerous muscle fibers (or muscle
cells) and each individual muscle cells is surrounded by connective tissue called the
endomysium. The cell membrane of the muscle fibre is called the sarcolemma. the sacoplasm is
the specialized cytoplasm os a muscle fibre that contains a modified ER known as the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. Transverse (T) tubules invaginate the sarcolemma, allowing impulses to
penetrate the cell and activate the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasm contains fine thread like
contractile structure called myofibrils. In each myofibrils actin thin filaments and myosin thick
filaments are organized into a linear chain of highly ordered structure called sacomeres, the basic
functional unit of a myofibril. One end of the thin filaments is attached at their plus ends to the Z
disc. Thin filaments contain the proteins actin, nebulin, tropomodulin, tropomyosin and troponin.
Tropomyosin is a fibrous molecule that consists of two chains alpha and beta, that attach to F-
actin in the groove its filaments. Troponin a complex of three polypeptide troponins T, I and C (
named foe their tropomysin binding, inhibitory and calcium binding activities respectively). Four
molecules of calcium ion bind per molecule of troponin.
Generation of an Action Potential Across the Sarcolemma : Movements of ions occur through
ion channels, ion channels may be either leaky channels or gated channels. Action potential are
the direct consequence of the voltage gated cation channels.
Steps of E-C coupling:
1. Action potential generated and propagated along sarcomere to T-tubules
2. Action potential triggers Ca2+ release
3. Ca++ bind to troponin; blocking action of tropomyosin released
4. contraction via crossbridge formation; ATP hyrdolysis
5. Removal of Ca+2 by active tra.
In a large population, 59 of the people have been vaccinated. If 4 .pdf
In a large population, 59 % of the people have been vaccinated. If 4 people are randomly
selected, what is the probability that AT LEAST ONE of them has been vaccinated? Give your
answer as a decimal (to at least 3 places) or fraction. 2/59
Solution
Probabilyt that atleast one of them is vaccinated
= 1 - probability that none of them vaccinated
= 1 - 0.41 * 0.41 * 0.41 * 0.41
=0.972.
Harden, Harden, & Harden is a venerable Wall Street stock brokerage .pdf
Harden, Harden, & Harden is a venerable Wall Street stock brokerage firm. It has its business
offices located in downtown Manhattan in the Wall Street district. Its information technology
offices are located across the Hudson River in Jersey City. One of HHH’s most important
corporate clients is Mammoth Capital Corporation. For years, HHH has been handling
Mammoth’s financial security transactions in a semi-automated fashion. Mammoth would supply
HHH with financial data generated from its financial systems formatted in accordance with
Mammoth requirements. This data would have to go through a multi-step reformatting process so
that HHH could deal with it. Similarly, when HHH needed to send data back to Mammoth, it
would have to be reformatted so that Mammoth’s computers could accept it. It was obvious that
this process was time-consuming, costly, and error prone. Mammoth approached its principal
account executive at HHH and said that it would be willing to fund a project that would enable to
engage in seamless financial transactions with HHH. It Assignments MGT201. Communication
and Soft Skills 2013 University of Management and Technology 2 established some special
requirements. For example, instructions to and queries of the system should be web-based. Also,
data security protocols would have to be established to assure the financial integrity of the
transactions. Songsri Singh of HHH’s Information Technology Department was put in charge of
the project. She had two IT professionals to help her, including an expert on web based
transactions. All three of these people worked in Jersey City, a forty minute train ride from
headquarters on Wall Street. Songsri also identified four business people from headquarters. One
was the account executive, who was familiar with the wants and needs of Mammoth. The other
three were experts on financial processes relevant to the project’s requirements. Songsri also
included a specialist from Mammoth’s IT department, who would coordinate activities from the
Mammoth perspective. His name was Joseph, and he and his department were located in
Phoenix, two time zones away from Songsri. Mammoth’s business headquarters were located in
Chicago, one time zone away from Songsri. The project “owner” was located there. He was a
Senior Vice President at Mammoth. He assured HHH that he would make three or four business
experts available to help out with the project, when their expertise was needed. A careful
analysis of business and technical requirements suggested that the project would take nine
months to complete. While most of this time entailed standard software development, testing,
and integration activity, a significant portion was also dedicated to getting approvals from senior
managers in both companies at crucial milestones (e.g., HHH had a rule requiring all web-based
activities of substantial size to undergo a legal review by the legal department. This review
typically would take from two to six weeks).
Clearly.
Every time we have to make a choice we are faced with an opportunity.pdf
Every time we have to make a choice we are faced with an opportunity cost. Using an example
in your professional life, identify a situation where you were presented with a choice, the
opportunity cost of the choice you made, and the process you used to make your choice. As part
of your discussion, explain whether or not responsible stewardship played a role in your choice.
Remember to use the appropriate economic concepts and terminology that are applicable to your
answer.
Solution
A friend of mine is a person of Indian Origin. A very bright student otherwise, she also had a
keen interest in exploring her own cultural heritage. She belonged to the land of Bengal, known
largely for its music and literature. Nobel Laureate, Guru Rabindranath Tagore hailed from this
land of Bengal in India. He introduced the World to a very enriching music genre called,
‘Rabindra Sangeet’. The music genre is basically based on Hindustani Classical music of the
country. Rabindranath’s vivid works of literature helped shape this ‘Rabindra Sangeet’ into
different forms, starting from in the form of poetry to dance drama and singing. My friend was
taken away by its highly beautiful lyrics that touch the heart of every person. The singing style
had high modulations and requires a person to have a sound knowledge of the Hindustani
classical music in order to pursue the same. My friend always had a basic knowledge of
Rabindra Sangeet but had keen interest to explore it more.
So, this friend passed out from Yale University with the degree in Commerce. Post that, she was
working with an MNC, earning decently well. However, after 3 years of her job, she sought for
the CAT exam in order to make to the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), one of the finest
Management institute all across the world. And as the destiny had it, she cracked the same and
went to pursue her Post Graduation in Management from IIM, Kolkata. Kolkata is the capital of
the state of Bengal in India and this was her final destination. Many of her friends, including me,
thought that it was rather a wishful thinking to forego a great job which none of us, in her
friend’s group, could ever make it, and to settle down for a higher education outside the US.
However, little did we know how serious she was about pursuing her higher education along
with ‘Rabindra Sangeet’, opportunities of which, was extremely limited in the US. She spent two
years very sincerely in obtaining the degree of her management from the prestigious IIM.
Thereafter, she got campus recruited to the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), an
autonomous body, regulating all the stock exchanges of India. Her profile in the job called with
itself a lot of responsibilities. However, she had bigger plans on her mind before she would make
it back to the US. My friend, enrolled herself to the evening batches of Rabindra Bharati
University to seek admission to the evening batches of ‘Rabindra Sangeet’ course. She continued
working with S.
Complete a Punnett square to show the genotypes and phenotypes expec.pdf
Complete a Punnett square to show the genotypes and phenotypes expected for the following
cross: heterozygous tall x heterozygous tall
Solution
Here is a single trait Punnett Square which tracks two alleles for each parent. The square has two
rows and two columns. since both the parents are heterozygous for the trait (Hh); out of the 4
progeny; 1 would be homozygous dominant (HH, tall), one would be homozygous recessive (hh,
short) and the other two would be heterzygous (Hh, tall)
Hh X Hh
HH
(Homozygous dominant: Tall)
Hh
(Heterozygous: Tall)
Hh
(Heterozygous: Tall)
hh
(Homozygous Recessive: Short)
.
HH
(Homozygous dominant: Tall)
Hh
(Heterozygous: Tall)
Hh
(Heterozygous: Tall)
hh
(Homozygous Recessive: Short).
Did both the North and South initially go to war in 1861 over the is.pdf
Did both the North and South initially go to war in 1861 over the issue of slavery or states\'
rights, or, did one section initially go to war for slavery and the other for states\' rights?
Solution
if there is any option for history in the chegg then post the question there
It was never about slavery, it was all states rights. Back then slavery just happen to fall under
states rights..
Can really use some help with the following UNIXLINUX commands and .pdf
Can really use some help with the following UNIX/LINUX commands and questions:
Part 1: Please show the command that would include the IFT383ss16 directory in my PATH
Part 2: Please show the command to set the environment variable HISTSIZE to 20
Part 3: Command to create an environment variable ISON that contains the list (usernames of
people who were logged in at the time I logged in.
Part 4: Command the display the message \"Welcome \"
Part 5: Command to display the message \"Today is \"
Solution
Part 1: PATH=$PATH:/IFT383ss16
Part 2: export HISTSIZE=20
Part 3: set ISON
Part 4: echo \"Welcome\" whoami
Part 5: echo \"Today is\" `date`.
Canadian copyrights on music expire 50 years after the death of t.pdf
Canadian copyrights on music expire 50 years after the death of the artist, but trademarks can be
renewed indefinitely. This means that a brands name can be protected long after the bands music
has entered the public domain and is free for public use.
Why would governments offer diffrent lengths of protection for songs and band names?
A) band names provide value to consumers only when they are protected, whereas songs benfit
to consumers endure even when bands other than the original artists can use them
B) band names provide value to consumers and producers of music, whereas songs only provide
value to producers
C) band names provide value to produces only when they are protected , whereas songs benefit
to producers endure ,even when other than the original artist can use them
D) Band names provide value to consumers and producers of music where as songs only provide
value to consumers
Canadian copyrights on music expire 50 years after the death of the artist, but trademarks can be
renewed indefinitely. This means that a brands name can be protected long after the bands music
has entered the public domain and is free for public use.
Why would governments offer diffrent lengths of protection for songs and band names?
A) band names provide value to consumers only when they are protected, whereas songs benfit
to consumers endure even when bands other than the original artists can use them
B) band names provide value to consumers and producers of music, whereas songs only provide
value to producers
C) band names provide value to produces only when they are protected , whereas songs benefit
to producers endure ,even when other than the original artist can use them
D) Band names provide value to consumers and producers of music where as songs only provide
value to consumers
Why would governments offer diffrent lengths of protection for songs and band names?
A) band names provide value to consumers only when they are protected, whereas songs benfit
to consumers endure even when bands other than the original artists can use them
B) band names provide value to consumers and producers of music, whereas songs only provide
value to producers
C) band names provide value to produces only when they are protected , whereas songs benefit
to producers endure ,even when other than the original artist can use them
D) Band names provide value to consumers and producers of music where as songs only provide
value to consumers
Solution
Option C)
The trademark or brand name provides legal protection and the company is able to seek legal
protection against who use them without permission..
Below are common errors. State what was done incorrectly and correct.pdf
Below are common errors. State what was done incorrectly and correct each one.
a) e^2xy=e^2xe^y
b) Ln(2x)+Ln(3)=Ln(2x+3)
d)Ln(5x-6)=Ln(5x)/Ln(6)
Solution
a) e^2xy=e^2xe^y
LHS is incorrect as e^2xe^y = e^(2x +y)
b) Ln(2x)+Ln(3)=Ln(2x+3)
RHS is incorrect : ln(2x) + ln(3)
ln(2x *3) = ln(6x)
d) ln(5x -6) = ln(5x)/ln(6)
LHS is incorrect : ln(5x)/ln(6)
= ln6(5x).
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows.pdf
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows: import java.util.*; class
stack implements Iterable {private Node top; private int size; public stack () {top = null; size =
0;} public Object pop() {if (size == 0) throw new RuntimeException (\"\"); Object answer =
top.getData (); top = top.getNext (); Size --; return answer;} public void push (Object x) {Node
newNode = new Node (x top); top = newNode; size++;}//the iterator method is missing} Write a
class StackIterator to implement objects that can be returned by the stack iterator. Also write the
missing stack method called iterator. You can decide whether the iterator will run through the
data in the stack in LIFO or FIFO order (one choice is much easier).
Solution
Hi,
Pease find the program below:
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.Iterable;
@SuppressWarnings(\"rawtypes\")
public class LinkedStack implements Iterable{
private int n; // size of the stack
private Node first; // top of stack
// Helper linked list class
private class Node {
private Object item;
private Node next;
}
/**
* Initializes an empty stack.
*/
public LinkedStack() {
first = null;
n = 0;
}
/**
* Is this stack empty?
* @return true if this stack is empty; false otherwise
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return first == null;
}
/**
* Returns the number of items in the stack.
*/
public int size() {
return n;
}
/**
* Adds the item to this stack.
*/
public void push(Object item) {
Node oldfirst = first;
first = new Node();
first.item = item;
first.next = oldfirst;
n++;
}
/**
* Removes and returns the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added
*/
public Object pop() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
Object item = first.item; // save item to return
first = first.next; // delete first node
n--; //decreases the size by 1
return item; // return the saved item
}
/**
* Returns (but does not remove) the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added to this stack
*/
public Object peek() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
return first.item;
}
/**
* Returns an iterator to this stack that iterates through the items in LIFO order.
*/
public Iterator iterator() {
return new ListIterator();
}
// an iterator, doesn\'t implement remove() since it\'s optional
private class ListIterator implements Iterator {
private int i = n;
private Node first1 = first; //the first node
public boolean hasNext()
{
return (i > 0);
}
public Object next()
{
Object item = first1.item;
first1 = first1.next;
i--;
return item;
}
public void remove()
{
// not needed as this is optional
}
}
//Main method to implement the test
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
/* Creating object of class linkedStack */
LinkedStack ls = new LinkedStack();
/* Perform Stack Operations */
System.out.println(\"Linked Stack Test\ \");
char ch;
do
{
System.out.println(\"\ Linked Stack .
A. Karl Marx B. Max Weber C. Erik Olin Wright D. Kingsley Davi.pdf
A. Karl Marx B. Max Weber C. Erik Olin Wright D. Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore Jobs
that require rare talent and training should be paid more than other jobs. Stratification is based
on class, status, and power. Stratification is based on ownership of the means of production.
Ownership, control, and authority influence a person\'s position on the stratification hierarchy.
Society needs stratification in order to make sure that the most important people fill the most
important positions in society.
Solution
Erik olin wright Jobs that require rare talent and training should be paid more than other jobs
Max Weber - stratification is based on class, status, and power
Karl Marx - stratification is based on ownership of the means of production
Max Weber - ownership, control, and authority inflences a person\'s position on the stratification
hierarchy
Davis & Moore - Society needs stratification in order to make sure that the most important
people fill the most important positions in society.
3. Implement the UnsortedList class to store a list of numbers that .pdf
3. Implement the UnsortedList class to store a list of numbers that are input into the list from
data.txt.
- create a main.cpp file that gets the numbers from the file
- insert the number 7 into the list
- insert another number 300 into the list
- delete the number 6 from the list
- print out the following:
--the entire list
- the greatest
- the least
2. There should be four files, the main.cpp, UnsortedList.cpp, ItemType.h, and the output file
two called outfile2.txt
- Yes you need to make your program output an \"outfile2.txt\"
Contents of “data.txt
10 8 250 800 -1 6
Solution
main.cpp:
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main ()
{
std::list mylist;
std::list::iterator it;
std::fstream myfile(\"data.txt\");
std::ofstream myfile1(\"output2.txt\");
int a;
while (myfile >> a)
{
mylist.push_back(a);
}
it = mylist.begin();
std::cout << \'\ \';
std :: cout << \"Initial List:\";
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
std::cout << \' \' << *it;
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \'\ \';
std :: cout << \"Insert 7:\";
mylist.insert (it,7);
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
std::cout << \' \' << *it;
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \'\ \';
std :: cout << \"Intest 300:\";
mylist.insert (it,300);
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
std::cout << \' \' << *it;
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \'\ \';
std :: cout << \"Delete 6:\";
mylist.remove(6);
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
std::cout << \' \' << *it;
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \"Final list:\";
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
std::cout << \' \' << *it;
myfile1 << *it << std::endl;
std::cout << \'\ \';
std::cout << \'\ \';
return 0;
}
UnsortedList.cpp:
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main ()
{
std::list mylist;
std::list::iterator it;
std::fstream myfile(\"output2.txt\");
int a;
int largest;
while (myfile >> a)
{
mylist.push_back(a);
}
it = mylist.begin();
for (it=mylist.begin(); it!=mylist.end(); ++it)
if (*it>largest){
largest=*it;
}
std::cout <<\"Largest is:\";
std::cout <.
4 (Opportunity Cost) You can either spend Spring Break working at hom.pdf
4 (Opportunity Cost) You can either spend Spring Break working at home for $80 per day for
five days or go to Florida for the week. If you stay home, your expenses will total about $100. If
you go to Florida, the airfare, hotel, food and vary) miscellaneous expenses will total about $700.
What\'s your opportunity cost of going to Florida? (Hint: Answers may ials
Solution
Opportunity cost = Income forgone by not working at home for five days
Income forgone = 80 x 5 - 100 = $300
Opportunity cost = $ 300.
You isolated an enveloped virus whose virions are able to hemadsorb .pdf
You isolated an enveloped virus whose virions are able to hemadsorb and hemagglutinate
chicken red blood cells. What other characteristics do you expect this virus to possess if it had to
relate to influenza viruses?
Solution
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negetive sense single stranded RNA, 2. IT posses N NEURAMINIDASE , H
HEAMAGGLUTININ antigens. 3. they undergo antigenic shift and drift, 4. transmission is by
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What professions were represented on the team?
What role did each member play in achieving the team’s shared goal?
To what extent was your teamwork experience successful? Why or why not?
(in your own words-not copy and paste)
Solution
According to Bernard Barett, (2016) the following professions were represented on the team:
Psychologist, Counsellors, behavioural teams, nursing, social workers, Psychiatrist, Art therapist,
General Practictioners.
Each member play a definite role in achieving the shared role. Members share a high degree of
coordination and teamwork. When individuals grasp each other well, they\'re rather more
possible to figure well along. New member can stay somewhat isolated till everybody else gets to
grasp her. If you\'ve got many workers on speaking terms and you throw them along into a
project.
I work in a healthcare organziation as a nursing staff and my experience of team was successful
with lots of new experiences. When health care suppliers work as a team, they will be a lot of
awake to changes as they occur, in line with a research team funded by the Canadian Health
Services analysis. once a patient’s condition worsens, the team appearance to the leader,
knowing that every person on the team will fulfill his various duties and work with others to
resolve issues. Nurses, doctors and assistants operating as a team tend to create fewer mistakes,
resulting in improved patient outcomes.Team members are more practical health care suppliers
once they work along as a result of they have a tendency to be told a lot of concerning what role
every member plays. you wish to know the duties of every team member to figure along
effectively, increasing your own skills as duties typically overlap. As a part of the team, you
come back to know and appreciate the roles of physicians, nurses, nursing assistants, social staff,
physical therapists and directors as you communicate and work along within the best interests of
the patient..
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what is the threat and solution for when alice sends a password and bob hashing it and
comparing it against a database of hashed passwords?
Solution
In given scenario, dictionary attack may be the possible threat in which hacker tries to get the
decipher key by trying million of possibilities like in dictionary. There are various data types of
dictionary attack software in the market which ease the work of a hacker.
Possible solution for the given threat is using salt which is a random data which is used an
additional input for the hashing. A new salt is generated for each password. Generated salt and
password are concated and applied to hash function and obtained result is stored in the database
with salt value. Since, salt is different for each password, therefore it can be used for common
passwords as well. For example, salt is used in UNIX system credentials, Internet security etc..
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What is the mechanism of action of Staphylococcus alpha toxin?
Solution
Alpha toxin is a cytotoxic agent by staphylococcus aureus. There are different mechanisms of
action depending on the dose of the toxin. At low level of concentration of the toxin, the
following mechanism happens:
At higher concentration, the following mechanism happens:.
What is a charismatic leader What problems are charismatic leaders .pdf
What is a charismatic leader? What problems are charismatic leaders likely to create for an
organization? In what type of situation is a charismatic leader most likely to be beneficial?
Solution
A charismatic leader is a powerful personality with high level of self-confidence, strong believes
in their ideas. The charismatic leaders have great influential and motivational power and
articulate their ideas in very effective manner to their followers. They are ready to take certain
degree of risk and try to empower their followers.
The problems that charismatic leaders likely to create for an organization could be followings-
The situation where a charismatic leader most likely to be beneficial is the work could be linked
to the ideological values of the followers and have an appeal for them. For example if
technological advancement or defense related work could be linked to the national pride or
development of the nation etc. then in this situation a charismatic leaders are most likely to be
beneficial to influence or motivate their followers..
What is the difference between sequential file access and random fil.pdf
What is the difference between sequential file access and random file access? Describe a unique
scenario (different than submitted by classmates) where each type of file access could be used
(no coding required).
Solution
the main differenece is we should have to incremenet the address to the reach the specified
loaction in sequenctial access but in random access we will get the address of the loaction and
can reach it directly.(it can implemeted using pointers)
sequential accesss: in this the data is accessed in a memory devices in sequencial or
predefined way or in an ordered sequence
example of sequencial access:
iam giving you the real world senario as a example:
a student named john is living in an hostel he want his friend named rock. in hostel there are 100
rooms
sequencially john is in 20th room and rock is in 90 th room .but john doesnt know which room
he is
so he started searching one by one room sequencially like(21 22 23..90). this is one of the
example for
sequential access
random access:
it is one type of process in which specified memory can access by using address of the
memory and can be accessed directly .
example of random access:
now if we use the above example if john known room number of the rock then he need not
to search all the room he just directly reach the 90 th where rock is situated..
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