Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf
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Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look A. Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your answer the steps of transcription elements of each step. B. Compare and contrast transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. C. What makes RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? D. What makes RNA polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell? Solution 17.2). a). Transcription is the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid) under the direction of DNA in the nucleus. The process of transcription starts with RNA polymerase, this enzyme binds to the sigma factor (in prokaryotes) and in this form; it can recognize the promoter sites in the DNA and is transcribed into RNA. The three steps in eukaryotic transcription include the following. Several of the transcription factors bind to the promoter region to recruit the appropriate RNA polymerase. The complex of RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to the promoter region to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). A group of transcription factors assemble at the promoter region of DNA, and bind to TATA box to change its shape. This event exposes the binding sites of other transcription factors. After several of these events, RNA polymerase binds. The binding of RNA polymerase (moves in 3\' to 5\' direction) to the promoter site starts the process of transcription. There are three different classes of RNA polymerases that bind to different promoter sites and transcribe different parts of genome. Of these, RNA polymerase II causes the transcription of mRNA. The mRNA contains uracil in place of thymine and it moves into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore channels.The terminator present at another end of the genome signals the completion of transcription, thus terminating the programme..
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Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you .pdf
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you conclude about it?
What does it mean to that the genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous? The genetic code is
nearly universal, meaning the same RNA codon that designates tryptophan in humans, designates
tryptophan in bacteria. a. What has this knowledge allowed us to conclude about the code? b.
What has this knowledge allowed us to do with genes Transcription is the DNA-directed
synthesis of RNA: a closer look Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your
answer the steps of transcription and the key elements of each step. Compare and contrast
transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes What makes RNA polymerase start
transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? What makes RNA
polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell?
Solution
A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
molecular biology.pptx
The document provides information about the process of transcription. It defines transcription as the first step of gene expression where an RNA molecule is formed from DNA. It describes the key steps and components of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These include initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription, as well as the enzymes like RNA polymerase that are involved. The summary highlights that transcription involves copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, and differs between single-celled and multi-cellular organisms in its regulation and RNA polymerases used.
Role of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.
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The document discusses DNA transcription. It describes the process of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It discusses RNA polymerase, promoters, and post-transcriptional modifications. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are highlighted. The document also briefly mentions reverse transcription and some drugs that inhibit transcription.
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The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
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Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you .pdf
If you were looking at an mRNA and saw the codon AUG, what would you conclude about it?
What does it mean to that the genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous? The genetic code is
nearly universal, meaning the same RNA codon that designates tryptophan in humans, designates
tryptophan in bacteria. a. What has this knowledge allowed us to conclude about the code? b.
What has this knowledge allowed us to do with genes Transcription is the DNA-directed
synthesis of RNA: a closer look Describe the general model of transcription. Include in your
answer the steps of transcription and the key elements of each step. Compare and contrast
transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes What makes RNA polymerase start
transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a prokaryotic cell? What makes RNA
polymerase start transcribing in a gene at the right place on the DNA of a eukaryotic cell?
Solution
A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
molecular biology.pptx
The document provides information about the process of transcription. It defines transcription as the first step of gene expression where an RNA molecule is formed from DNA. It describes the key steps and components of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These include initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription, as well as the enzymes like RNA polymerase that are involved. The summary highlights that transcription involves copying genetic information from DNA to RNA, and differs between single-celled and multi-cellular organisms in its regulation and RNA polymerases used.
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The document discusses DNA transcription. It describes the process of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination. It discusses RNA polymerase, promoters, and post-transcriptional modifications. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are highlighted. The document also briefly mentions reverse transcription and some drugs that inhibit transcription.
Biochem synthesis of rna(june.23.2010)
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA synthesis and processing. It discusses that RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in a process called transcription, which is carried out by RNA polymerases. It also describes that in eukaryotes, primary RNA transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA that can then undergo translation to synthesize proteins.
GENE EXPRESSION AND IT’S REGULATION.pptx
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to direct protein synthesis. It involves replication, transcription, and translation. Regulation of gene expression controls the amount and timing of gene products. Regulation occurs through transcription factors binding to regulatory elements near gene promoters to turn genes on and off. This precise control of gene expression is vital for cellular differentiation and adaptation.
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Manisha ppt 3
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds it to form an open complex. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase encounters a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes use different RNA polymerases and have variations in their transcription mechanisms.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
GENETIC EXPRESSION TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
DNA contains genetic instructions and is transcribed into RNA. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation assembles amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA code. Both transcription and translation are essential for protein synthesis and the flow of genetic information.
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
DNA Transcription
A hyperlinked and animated PowerPoint presentation on DNA transcription, its stages, units, etc.
Hope you will like it.
Please do share with your friends
Gene_Expression.pdf
This document summarizes the process of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. It involves transcription of DNA into RNA, processing of the initial RNA transcript, transport of the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA into protein. Transcription is the initial step and involves RNA polymerase recognizing promoter sequences on DNA and transcribing the gene into mRNA. Multiple transcription factors bind to promoter and enhancer sequences to help initiate transcription in a regulated manner.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Transcription in Prokaryotes
Molecular biology 🧫- transcription in prokaryotes.
Structural gene,rna polymerase,initiation, elongation, termination.
Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Replication, transcription, translation and its regulation
This document summarizes key processes in DNA replication, transcription, translation, and their regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how DNA makes copies of itself semiconservatively. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of a DNA template. Translation uses ribosomes to convert the RNA into a polypeptide chain. Each process has initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Regulation ensures processes only occur at the right times and locations in the cell.
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Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdf
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
Transcription; lgis
The document discusses DNA transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It defines transcription as the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerases I, II, and III. The process includes initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to larger genome size, chromatin structure, and presence of regulatory elements. The primary transcript in eukaryotes undergoes processing before becoming a mature mRNA.
lecture 3 Gene expression pptx
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
• Transcription machinery interacts with the template strand to produce an mRNA whose sequence resembles the coding strand.
• Life on earth is said to have begun from self-replicating RNA since it is the only class of molecules capable of both catalysis and carrying genetic information.
• Transcription maintains the link between these two molecules and allows cells to use a stable nucleic acid as the genetic material while retaining most of their protein synthesis machinery.
Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
JAVA
For the code in which I implemented most of the quick select algorithm. Quick select is a O(n)
time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
Code:
Solution
A multi-year effort to prevent hackers from altering computers while they boot up has largely
failed because of lax application of preventive steps, researchers say, despite disclosures that
flaws are being actively exploited.
In the latest sign that the problem persists, researchers at the federally funded MITRE lab said
this week that many customers of Intel still had not adopted revised security designs Intel
distributed in March after the MITRE team found new vulnerabilities in the start-up process.
That could mean many newer Windows computers remain exposed, the MITRE team said ahead
of a presentation at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas next week.
Intel’s point person on the issue, Bruce Monroe, said he did not know how many suppliers and
computer makers had followed Intel’s recommendations.
“We’re not privy to whether they’ve fixed it or not,” Monroe said. “We asked them to let us
know.”
The glitches illustrates how well-funded spying programs as those exposed by former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden can continue to succeed against targets that depend
on a complex supply chain.
Long before Snowden’s documents began appearing in the media, professional technicians and
US officials were concerned about the vulnerabilities that left computers severely exposed as
they are turned on.
Years ago, then-US National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander privately urged the
chief executives of major American technology companies to do something about the boot-up
procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds it to form an open complex. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase encounters a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes use different RNA polymerases and have variations in their transcription mechanisms.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Chapter 13 packet
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNA and rRNA, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons and transcription factors control gene expression to allow cell specialization.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
GENETIC EXPRESSION TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
Transcription is the process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions and transcribes DNA into pre-mRNA, which undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to remove introns. The mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Transcription is regulated by factors that influence RNA polymerase binding and activity.
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
DNA contains genetic instructions and is transcribed into RNA. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation assembles amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA code. Both transcription and translation are essential for protein synthesis and the flow of genetic information.
Gene and protein, protein synthesis
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
CENTRALDOGMA
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
INITIATION
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION IN PROKARYOTES
ACTIVATION OF AMINOACID
INITIATION OF POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
ELONGIATION
TERMINATION
CONCLUSION
REFERANCE
DNA Transcription
A hyperlinked and animated PowerPoint presentation on DNA transcription, its stages, units, etc.
Hope you will like it.
Please do share with your friends
Gene_Expression.pdf
This document summarizes the process of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. It involves transcription of DNA into RNA, processing of the initial RNA transcript, transport of the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA into protein. Transcription is the initial step and involves RNA polymerase recognizing promoter sequences on DNA and transcribing the gene into mRNA. Multiple transcription factors bind to promoter and enhancer sequences to help initiate transcription in a regulated manner.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Transcription in Prokaryotes
Molecular biology 🧫- transcription in prokaryotes.
Structural gene,rna polymerase,initiation, elongation, termination.
Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Replication, transcription, translation and its regulation
This document summarizes key processes in DNA replication, transcription, translation, and their regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how DNA makes copies of itself semiconservatively. Transcription involves RNA polymerase making an RNA copy of a DNA template. Translation uses ribosomes to convert the RNA into a polypeptide chain. Each process has initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Regulation ensures processes only occur at the right times and locations in the cell.
DNA Transcription (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology)
DNA Transcription in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell , Post Transcription modification, Reverse Transcription.
Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdf
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is
used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino
acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'.
The process of gene expression involves two main stages:
Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and
the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule.
Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational
processing of the protein molecule.
Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in
translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
A structural gene involves a number of different components:
· Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of
the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA
molecule.
· Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed
(spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation.
Gene control regions
· Start site. A start site for transcription.
· A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\'
end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene.
Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in
the binding of RNA polymerases.
· Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called
\'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides
from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in
the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors.
· Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\'
that depress the rate of transcription.
Transcription
Transcription involves four steps:
Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and
enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA),
which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process.
1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA
polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand.
2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA
molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits,
including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there
are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism.
3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.
Transcription; lgis
The document discusses DNA transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It defines transcription as the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerases I, II, and III. The process includes initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to larger genome size, chromatin structure, and presence of regulatory elements. The primary transcript in eukaryotes undergoes processing before becoming a mature mRNA.
lecture 3 Gene expression pptx
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. It involves three main steps: replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins. The central dogma states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Mutations can occur and change the nucleotide sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
• Transcription machinery interacts with the template strand to produce an mRNA whose sequence resembles the coding strand.
• Life on earth is said to have begun from self-replicating RNA since it is the only class of molecules capable of both catalysis and carrying genetic information.
• Transcription maintains the link between these two molecules and allows cells to use a stable nucleic acid as the genetic material while retaining most of their protein synthesis machinery.
Similar to Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA a closer look A..pdf (20)
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
transcription in prokaryotes and RNA polymerase of prokaryotes
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Replication, transcription, translation and its regulation
Replication, transcription, translation and its regulation
Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdf
Gene expressionGene expression is the process by which the genetic.pdf
More from arjunstores123
Money and Our Monetary SystemThe monetary system in any economy fa.pdf
Money and Our Monetary System
The monetary system in any economy facilitates trade and allows people to trade more
efficiently, as compared to a barter economy. In the United States, the monetary authority is the
Federal Reserve System (also referred to as the Federal Reserve, or informally, as the “Fed”.)
For this use the Fed’s website (http://www.federalreserve.gov/) when addressing the questions
below.
What are the requirements for something to be considered money? Why does the dollar have
value?
What does the money supply consist of and what are the respective amounts in the total money
supply for the United States?
What are the primary functions of the Fed? What role does the Federal Open Market Committee
(FOMC) play in our economy?
What role do the financial institutions (commercial banks and other institutions) play in our
financial system?
What is meant by the term “fractional-reserve banking” in our system? What are the implications
for consumers?
What are the tools available to the FED for controlling the money supply? Which are used most
often? Which are most effective?
How does the money multiplier help to determine the effects of monetary policy?
What are the pros and cons of using monetary policy, as opposed to the use of fiscal policy, for
implementing economic policies and practices?
Solution
Money is basically medium of exchange so for anything to be consideredd money there are three
eligibility criterias
It is a currency which is backed by a stable and sound government, other than that dollar has
value because it fulfills all the three criteria mentioned above. It is widely accepted which
provides good strength to its value.
It consist of M1 and M2(the definitions and details are copied from fedreserve site)
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.
There are four primar functions of Fed
The role of FOMC is to make monetary policy for federal reserve stsrem which it could
implement in the U.S.
The most basic role of financial institutions is to provide circulate money in the economy and
facilitate liquidity. It enables the flow of economic activities and helps in spreading the effects of
implemented monetary policies.Table 1
Money Stock Measures. Billions of dollars.DateSeasonally adjustedNot seasonally adjustedM1
1M2 2M1 1M2 2Jan. 20142,688.411,033.82,697.511,058.9Feb.
20142,712.911,098.92,701.711,110.3Mar. 20142,746.111,153.52,768.711,235.4Apr.
20142,770.911,212.32,805.211,288.7May 20142,790.511,281.82,777.711,231.9June
20142,820.811,335.32,820.211,293.7July 20142,836.811,402.02,837.411,348.7Aug.
20142,807.411,438.72,786.111,379.9Sept. 20142,869.611,476.62,831.111,430.4Oct.
20142,874.011,528.62,860.411,496.4Nov. 20142,884.711,566.72,856.011,572.2Dec.
20142,927.311,636.42,985.211,717.4Jan. 20152,937.911,703.52,944.611,723.7Feb.
20152,985.111,800.12,976.111,812.2Mar. 20152,990.211,835.13,019.611,921.3Apr.
20152,995.611,888.03,032.411,970.7May 20152,989.811,923.92,973.111,873.0June
20153,015.311,970.63,017.011,926.7July 2015.
JAVAFor the code in which I implemented most of the quick select a.pdf
JAVA
For the code in which I implemented most of the quick select algorithm. Quick select is a O(n)
time algorithm to find the nth smallest value in an (unordered list). The following recursive
algorithm finds thenth smallest element with an index bewtween left and right in list:
Code:
Solution
A multi-year effort to prevent hackers from altering computers while they boot up has largely
failed because of lax application of preventive steps, researchers say, despite disclosures that
flaws are being actively exploited.
In the latest sign that the problem persists, researchers at the federally funded MITRE lab said
this week that many customers of Intel still had not adopted revised security designs Intel
distributed in March after the MITRE team found new vulnerabilities in the start-up process.
That could mean many newer Windows computers remain exposed, the MITRE team said ahead
of a presentation at the Black Hat security conference in Las Vegas next week.
Intel’s point person on the issue, Bruce Monroe, said he did not know how many suppliers and
computer makers had followed Intel’s recommendations.
“We’re not privy to whether they’ve fixed it or not,” Monroe said. “We asked them to let us
know.”
The glitches illustrates how well-funded spying programs as those exposed by former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden can continue to succeed against targets that depend
on a complex supply chain.
Long before Snowden’s documents began appearing in the media, professional technicians and
US officials were concerned about the vulnerabilities that left computers severely exposed as
they are turned on.
Years ago, then-US National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander privately urged the
chief executives of major American technology companies to do something about the boot-up
procedure known as the Basic Input/Output System, or BIOS..
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether wom.pdf
Investigators are conducting a cohort study to determine whether women exposed to high levels
of exposure to electromagnetic fields are more likely to be depressed. Low socioeconomic
status is associated with 1) living near power lines and 2) depression. What type of bias or error
is most likely to result?
a. Selection bias
b. Nondifferential misclassification
c. Ecologic fallacy
d. Confounding
e. Random error
Solution
c. ecologic fallacy.
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in.pdf
In the class we extensively discussed a node class called IntNode in which each linked list node
contains an integer and each node is linked forward to the next element in the list. Implement a
node class called DoublyIntNode in which each node contains an integer number and each node
is linked not only forward to the next element in the list but also backward to the previous
element in the list. Your implementation of DoublyIntNode should adapt and implement all the
methods of IntNode including the following methods:
Constructor for DoublyIntNode
addNodeAfter, removeNodeAfter
getData, setData
getForeLink, setForeLink
getBackLink, setBackLink
listCopy
listCopyWithTail
listLength
listPart
listPosition
listSearch
IntNode and Node classes:
public class IntNode{
private int data;
private IntNode link;
// methods here
}
public class Node {
private E data;
private Node link;
// methods here
}
Solution
program
#include
using namespace std;
struct list
{
struct list *prev;
int data;
struct list *next;
}
*node = NULL, *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *node1 = NULL, *node2 = NULL;
class Dlist
{
public:
void insert_beg() {
list *addBeg = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addBeg->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
addBeg->next = NULL;
first = addBeg;
last = addBeg;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addBeg->prev = NULL;
first->prev = addBeg;
addBeg->next = first;
first = addBeg;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the beginning of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void insert_end() {
list *addEnd = new list;
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
cin >> addEnd->data;
if(first == NULL) {
addEnd->prev = NULL;
addEnd->next = NULL;
first = addEnd;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Linked list Created!\" << endl;
}
else {
addEnd->next = NULL;
last->next = addEnd;
addEnd->prev = last;
last = addEnd;
cout << \"Data Inserted at the end of the Linked list!\" << endl;
}
}
void display() {
node = first;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Ascending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->next;
}
node = last;
cout << \"List of data in Linked list in Descending order!\" << endl;
while(node != NULL) {
cout << node->data << endl;
node = node->prev;
}
}
void del()
{
int count = 0, number, i;
node = node1 = node2 = first;
for(node = first; node != NULL; node = node->next)
cout << \"Enter value for the node:\" << endl;
count++;
display();
cout << count << \" nodes available here!\" << endl;
cout << \"Enter the node number which you want to delete:\" << endl;
cin >> number;
if(number != 1)
{
if(number < count && number > 0)
{
for(i = 2; i <= number; i++)
node = node->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number-1; i++)
node1 = node1->next;
for(i = 2; i <= number+1; i++)
node2 = node2->next;
node2->prev = node1;
node1->next = node2;
node->prev = NULL;
node->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else if(number == count)
{
node = last;
last = node->prev;
last->next = NULL;
node = NULL;
}
else
cout << \"Invalid node.
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes to.pdf
In January of 2012, the second stop for a Republican to get votes toward the presidential
nomination was at the New Hampshire Primary. The following exhibit shows the votes several
candidates received from registered Republicans and Independents.
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Source: ABC News
What is the probability that a randomly selected voter voted for Ron Paul?
Given that a randomly selected voter is not a Republican, what is the probability that he/she
voted for Ron Paul?
If a randomly selected voter voted for Jon Huntsman, what is the probability he is a Republican?
Party Affiliation
Mitt Romney
Ron Paul
Jon Huntsman
Others
Republicans
62645
16792
12733
27610
Not Republican
34887
40056
29212
24550
Solution.
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.1. A.pdf
I need some help answering these three questions listed below.
1. An application requires users to either select one of the predefined names Alice, Bob, and
Cindy or input a new name. Which Swing component is the most suitable? Provide a code
fragment illustrating the creation of that component, with proper initialization.
2. In an interface that includes several buttons, how may an event-handling method determine
which button triggered the event? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
3. An application that displays a computationally intensive animation would benefit from
disabling the animation when the main application window is iconified. How may this feature be
implemented? Provide a code fragment to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1. Editable JCombo Box can be used. The editable combo box, features a text field with a small
button abutting it. The user can type a value in the text field or click the button to display a drop-
down list.
Implementation
2. The event handler is tied to the button, hence it is possible to differentiate between multiple
buttons.
Implementation
3. When using a JFrame, we can detect window minimization with a windowStateListener().
Implementation.
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of struct.pdf
hi i need to produce a 300 word report on the construction of structures aligned to the railway
infrastructure and explaine the impact of track engineering construction. and my report should
include examples from the following
tunnels, side bridges, sea defences, platforms, operatinal bulidings, platform awnings, mast and
towers.
iv started to answer the report but im not to sure if iv stuck to rigth path of the question. so i
wounder if any one called help me.
Solution
Railway is like a lifeline to a country. Most.of the people and goods are transported through
railways. As railway runs mostly on land , in order to make it accessible to most part of the land
supporting structures are made. Some of them are discussed below.
Tunnels- These structures are mainly made when the terrain are rough or they are at very high
altitude. At very high altitude it becomes difficult to travel and if travelling is done it is done at
very low speed. It is basically carried out in hilly areas. So to overcome this problem tunnels are
being constructed in the hills. This solve 2 main purposes. Firstly it reduces the travel time and
secondly it connects the places.
Side bridges- They are mainly constructed in order to connect the places divided by a water ,
valley etc.
Sea Defences- They are mostly constructed along the sea shore. When a railway passes through
sea , it is very likely that it will get affected by its tides. In order to neutralize it sea defences are
made to avoid water coming on the tracks and also to avoid soil erosion beneath the tracks.
Platform Awnings- Thes structures are mainly above the platforms. These are basically shed type
of structures. They can solve many purposes. Firstly they provide shed and shelter to people
beneath. Then they lower the temperature from around 5-8 . Installation of solar panels above
them can lead to generation of electricity.
Platforms- They serve the purpose of people boarding in and out of train. They also act as
waiting area for passengers. They are designed according to train length and height. A busy
station has more no of platform compared to less busy one as more no of persons are arriving and
departing at a busy station compared to less busy one.
Mast- They are constructed to hold the electric cables. These cables provide electricity for the
train to run.
Towers- They are constructed basically for signaling system..
HTML elements are split into two types “block” elements and “inline.pdf
HTML elements are split into two types: “block” elements and “inline” elements. Explain the
differences.
Solution
Block Level Elements:
A block element is an element that has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:
Inline Elements:
An inline element has, but may not be limited to, the following characteristics:.
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment.pdf
How does multicore differ from a classic multiprocessing environment?
Solution
Multicore is differ from Multi processing because
A multiprocessor systems having more than one central processing unit and allowing them to
work in parallel. This is known as Simultaneous Multiprocessing.
A multicore central processing unit has many execution cores on one CPU it means different
things depending on the correct design but basically it means that a definite subset of the CPU\'s
components is duplicate so multiple cores can work in parallel on separate operations. This is
known as Chip level Multiprocessing..
How the non-dense index worksHow the non-dense index works.pdf
How the non-dense index works?
How the non-dense index works?
Solution
Dense Index:
An index record appears for every search key value in file.
This record contains search key value and a pointer to the actual record.
This makes searching faster but requires more space to store index records itself. Index
records contain search key value and a pointer to the actual record on the disk.
A non-dense index has:
One entry for each block
One entry for each different value
Sparse Index is non-dense index
In sparse index, index records are not created for every search key. An index record here
contains a search key and an actual pointer to the data on the disk. To search a record, we first
proceed by index record and reach at the actual location of the data. If the data we are looking for
is not where we directly reach by following the index, then the system starts sequential search
until the desired data is found..
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. .pdf
Given below is the response of several types of temperature sensors. Which type of temperature
sensor has (a) highest sensitivity at low temperatures, (b) best linearity, (c) applicable for high
temperatures? What does Fourier analysis of signals mean? What information can one extract
once the analysis has been performed? How is this information useful to engineers?
Solution
Best linearity is of RTD
Thermocouple is capable for higher temperatues
Thermistor has highest sensitivity at low temperatures.
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify t.pdf
Genetic recombination can occur in many different stages. Identify the possible stages below.
Select all that apply.
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili
E. Moss gametophyte
Solution
Correct answers would be:
A. Horsetail sporangia
B. Moss sporophyte
C. Fern sori
D. Club moss strobili.
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hy.pdf
For every one NADH molecule oxidized at complex I, how many TOTAL hydrogen ions are
pumped across all of the complexes from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space?
A:1
B:10
C:12
-An explanation would be appreciated!
Solution
Answer is B: NADH is the rich source of electron and it possess high reduction potential. So it
transfer electrons (2e-) to oxygen through various complexes of Electron Transport Chain of
Mitochondria. Those are Complex-I ----> Complex-III & Complex-IV. During electron transfer,
4:2:4 protons pumped form mitochondrial matrix to peri mitochondrial space via Complex-I,
Complex-III & Complex-IV respectively.
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval no.pdf
Find the domain of the function. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) f(t) = cubic root 8t
- 7
Solution
given function
f(t) = (8t - 7)^1/3
The domain is all values that t can take on. There is problem with this function that it can have a
negative or positive. The result will be my domain:
(-infinte , +infinte)
since cube root can negetive and postive values
DOMAIN:(-infinte , +infinte).
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps .pdf
explain as specifically as possible how each of the following helps to enhance safety in the
microbiology lab. Explain whether each is necessary in all instances.
Negative air flow (i.e., air flows into laboratory rather than out
Solution
29 Equipments every microbiology laboratory should have
General Concepts : The clinical presentation of an infectious disease reflects the interaction
between the host and the microorganism. This interaction is affected by the host immune status
and microbial virulence factors.Sings and symptomes vary according to the site and severity of
infection. Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical
examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. In fections may be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites. The pathogen may be exogenous(acquired form environmental or
animal sources or from other persons) or endogenous (from the normal flora)..
Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category ba.pdf
Each of the following lymphatic structures in the correct category based on their location.
Solution
Cisterna Chyll- loated in THORACIC DUCT. it is a sac in which intestinal and two lumber
lymphatic trunk flow.
TONSILS- located in NECK. it is near the throat made of soft lymphoid tissue.
THYMUS- location THORAX. here T lymphocytes mature.
THORACIC DUCT- located in thorax. it is extended in chest area at C7 vertebra.
MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE- loated in thorax. it is placed between lungs in thoracic cavity.
SPLEEN- located in abdomen. it is to the left of stomach and recycles RBC..
Answer the following questions from the Article belowExercise #1..pdf
Answer the following questions from the Article below:
Exercise #1. Read the following article and then answer the following questions in paragraph
form.
1. How has DNA changed the study of biology over the past 50 years? Explain whether scientists
have shifted to a molecular level in the various subdisciplines of biology. Also, do you believe
any trend to the molecular level will continue far into the future?
2. Explain the role of DNA in the development of an organisms. Does DNA fully provide a
blueprint to create an individual? Can DNA by itself propagate itself or does it require other
molecular machines?
3. In modern biology, which is the role of physics in the study of organisms and their molecules?
Has physics moved to the forefront or does it play an ancillary role? As described in the article,
why are the molecular forces of very low energy in an organism?
Historians have the luxury of look- ing back at human endeavor over long periods of time, but
most scien- tists are too busy working in the present and thinking anxiously about the future and
have no time to view their work in the context of what has gone before. I once remarked that all
graduate students in biology divide history into two epochs: the past 2 years and every- thing else
before that, where Archimedes, Newton, Darwin, Mendel—even Watson and Crick—inhabit a
time-compressed universe as uneasy contemporaries. It seems remark- able that historians once
thought that science progressed by the steady addition of knowl- edge, building the edifice of
scientific truth, brick by brick. In his 1962 book The Struc- ture of Scientific Revolutions,
Thomas Kuhn argued that progress occurs in revolutionary steps by the introduction of new
paradigms, which may be new theories—new ways of looking at the world—or new technical
meth- ods that enhance observation and analysis.
Between Kuhn’s revolutions, scientif ic knowledge does advance by accretion, as there is much
to do to consolidate the new sci- ence. But then, inevitably, unsolved problems accumulate and,
in many cases, the inconsis- tencies have been put to one side and every- body hopes that they
will quietly go away. The edifice becomes rickety; some of its founda- tions are insecure and
many of the bricks have not been well-baked. This is when a new rev- olutionary wave in the
form of new ideas or new techniques appears, which allows us to condemn and demolish the
unsafe or corrupt parts of the edifice and rebuild truth. Often there is great resistance to the new
wave, but as Max Planck pointed out, it succeeds because the opponents grow old and die. The
process is then repeated: The radicals become liberals, the liberals become conservatives, the
conservatives become reactionaries, and the reactionaries disappear. Students of evolu- tion will
recognize this process in the theory of punctuated equilibrium: Organisms stay much the same
for very long periods of time; this is interrupted by bursts of change when novelty appears,
f.
All answers are in the form of TrueFalse with a explantion as to wh.pdf
All answers are in the form of True/False with a explantion as to why:
1) An ideal band-pass filter centered (at ± 0) can be created by just multiplying the sinc function
by cos(0t) in the the time domain.
2) Nyquist theorem deals with windowing of a signal in the time domain, which is translated into
leakage in the frequency domain.
3) The global frequency response of an LTI system composed of two LTI systems in parallel
with each other is simply the addition of the individual frequency responses of the systems.
4) We can find the H(j) of an unknown LTI system by stimulating it with a impulse and taking
the Fourier Transform of its response. Another more realistic way is to stimulate the LTI system
with a unit step function (signal), take the Fourier Transform of its response, multiply it by (j) for
every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.
^I believe that one is true, but I am needing help forming an explanation.
5) A first step towards sampling an unknown analog signal without aliasing is to low-pass filter
the signal.
Solution
1) False
Because fourier transform of sinc function is rectanctangular function in frequency domain, and
fourier transform of cos function is impuse function. So when when multiply in time domain that
means convoution in frequency domain. And if ve convolude rectangular function with impulse
function then it would be rectangular pulse train. Which is not ideal band paas filter at w=0.
2) False
It would be either window or leakage in time domain or frequency domain.
3) TRUE
It is simply understand by block reduction method in control system. When there is another
forward block we add both maid forward block with secondry forward block. OR LTI is linear in
nature so add in parallel and multiply in series.
4) TRUE
Its because the response or tansfer function of any system is called impulse response. It means
when the input is Impuse function what is the output of that system. Same as the relation
between unit imulse response and impuse respone in just fouries tranfer of unit step function.
Because the fourier transform of impulse is unity. so if input is unit step function multiply it by
(j) for every 0 and divide it by pi at =0.(1/(i)+(),)
5)FALSE
Low paas filter use after sampling to recover the original signal..
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription fa.pdf
Consider miRNA target sites, How do these compare to transcription factor binding sites?
Imagine that both miRNA target sites and transcription factor binding sites were dispersed
randomly in the genome ? Which would be likely to appear more frequent?
Solution
mRNA localization:
mRAN location is critical for regulation of gene expression by allowing spatially regulated
protein production. Through mRAN localization protein are transcribed in their intended target
site of the cell. This is especially important during early developement when rapid cell cleavages
give different cells various combinations of mRNA which can then lead to drastically different
cell fates.RBPs are critical in the location of this mRNA that insures protein are only transcribed
in ttheir intended regions. One of these proteins is ZBp1 binds to beta- actin mRNA at the site of
transcription and moves with mRNA into the cytoplasm. It then localizes this mRNA to the
lamella region of several asymmetric cell types where it can then be translated. FMRP is another
RBP involved in RNA localization. It was shown thatt in addition to other functions for FMRP in
RNA metabolism, FMRP is involved in the stimulus-induced localization of several dendritic
mRNAs in neuronal dendrites.
Transcription factors binding site:
Transcrption factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent gene is either
up- regulated. Transcription factors use a varity of mechanisms for the regulation of gene
expression. These mechanisms include:
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity - acetylates histone proteins, which weakens the
association of DNA with histones, which make the DNA more accessible to transcription,
thereby up- regulating transcription.
Hiestone deacetylase (HDAC) activity - deacetylates histone proteins, which strengthens the
asociation of DNA with histones, which make the DNA less accessible to transcription, thereby
down- regulating transcription.
Activation:
trancsription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal- sensing domain by a
number of mechanism including:.
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)What are the bu.pdf
Anaerobic Respiration & Fermentation (Microbiology)
What are the bubbles in fermented medium made of? Describe the process that they come from.
Solution
Answer:
The bubbles in the fermented medium is made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Microbes ferment glucose/dextrose to produce gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The
medium most commonly used is phenol red glucose broth and is composed of 0.5-1.0% glucose.
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which can be detected as the phenol red changes its colour from red to yellow. Inverted tubes
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produced as a result of fermentation..
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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