“Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies .
sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located”.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are various prefabrication systems that can be used at different scales from small precast bricks to large precast wall panels. Components are manufactured off-site or on-site using formwork molds and are then transported, lifted into place, and joined using connections like reinforcement bars. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and improved quality control but also disadvantages such as increased transportation costs and less architectural flexibility.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in a reusable mold or "form" that is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. Some key advantages of precast concrete are that it provides faster construction, greater quality control, durability, affordability, and design flexibility. Common precast structural elements include slabs, beams, columns, walls, foundations, and stairs. Precast concrete can be classified into large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. While precast concrete has advantages, it also has disadvantages like heavy members and need for connections.
This document discusses precast concrete stairs, which can be produced as individual step units or complete flights. Advantages include better quality control, space savings on site, and the ability to position units with semi-skilled labor. Common precast step units include rectangular cantilever, spandrel cantilever, and sector-shaped cantilever units. The document also outlines different configurations for in situ and precast concrete stairs and shows pictures from a precast concrete production hall.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Modular coordination is a concept where buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned based on basic modular units. This allows for dimensional compatibility and simplifies construction. The basic module is 100mm denoted as 1M. Multiples and fractions of the basic module can also be used. A modular reference system establishes grids to coordinate the placement and sizing of building elements and components. Structural elements like walls, floors and columns are dimensioned to fit within the modular grids, as are non-structural components and finishes. This standardization aims to reduce waste and improve construction efficiency.
Speedy construction methods aim to shorten construction timelines through faster curing of concrete elements and optimized formwork. Cast-in-situ concrete involves pouring concrete on-site but takes longer to cure, while precast concrete is cast off-site and lifted into place, shortening construction times. Composite construction combines concrete and steel elements to utilize the strengths of each material. Different slab systems like solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs provide options to span varying distances based on structural needs and optimize material usage.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are various prefabrication systems that can be used at different scales from small precast bricks to large precast wall panels. Components are manufactured off-site or on-site using formwork molds and are then transported, lifted into place, and joined using connections like reinforcement bars. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and improved quality control but also disadvantages such as increased transportation costs and less architectural flexibility.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
Precast concrete is concrete that is cast in a reusable mold or "form" that is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. Some key advantages of precast concrete are that it provides faster construction, greater quality control, durability, affordability, and design flexibility. Common precast structural elements include slabs, beams, columns, walls, foundations, and stairs. Precast concrete can be classified into large panel systems, frame systems, and slab-column systems. While precast concrete has advantages, it also has disadvantages like heavy members and need for connections.
This document discusses precast concrete stairs, which can be produced as individual step units or complete flights. Advantages include better quality control, space savings on site, and the ability to position units with semi-skilled labor. Common precast step units include rectangular cantilever, spandrel cantilever, and sector-shaped cantilever units. The document also outlines different configurations for in situ and precast concrete stairs and shows pictures from a precast concrete production hall.
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting them to the construction site where the structure is to be located.
Modular coordination is a concept where buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned based on basic modular units. This allows for dimensional compatibility and simplifies construction. The basic module is 100mm denoted as 1M. Multiples and fractions of the basic module can also be used. A modular reference system establishes grids to coordinate the placement and sizing of building elements and components. Structural elements like walls, floors and columns are dimensioned to fit within the modular grids, as are non-structural components and finishes. This standardization aims to reduce waste and improve construction efficiency.
Speedy construction methods aim to shorten construction timelines through faster curing of concrete elements and optimized formwork. Cast-in-situ concrete involves pouring concrete on-site but takes longer to cure, while precast concrete is cast off-site and lifted into place, shortening construction times. Composite construction combines concrete and steel elements to utilize the strengths of each material. Different slab systems like solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and waffle slabs provide options to span varying distances based on structural needs and optimize material usage.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document provides an overview of prefabricated wall panels. It discusses the history and evolution of prefabricated construction, the key features of prefabricated wall panels including their advantages of faster construction and quality control. It also describes different types of precast components like concrete wall panels, beams, slabs, their uses and properties. The document outlines the equipment used in precast construction like cranes and concludes with defining structural elements like beams and slabs.
This presentation defines and enables the readers to understand the concept of modular construction and the aspects and applicability for the execution of modular construction.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Bc open pre fabricated construction systemAnuj Singhal
The document discusses an open prefabricated construction system. Some key points:
- Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. This speeds up construction time and lowers costs while ensuring quality.
- An open prefabricated system uses precast concrete or steel components like floors, walls, beams and columns assembled on-site. It can be partially or fully prefabricated.
- Examples of full prefabricated open systems include the Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo, with prefabricated steel living capsules bolted to a central concrete core. Prefabrication allowed efficient off-site assembly and construction.
Metal Cladding has provided coating applications to industries since 1943. The document discusses different types of cladding materials like wood, concrete, stone, and metals. It focuses on metal cladding, noting that metals provide strong and durable protection for buildings while also allowing for aesthetic versatility. Specific metals discussed include aluminum, steel, and copper, outlining their common uses, benefits, and drawbacks for cladding.
The document discusses different types of roof trusses including king post truss, queen post truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, fan truss, and north light roof truss. It describes the advantages of roof trusses such as being cost effective, allowing for quick installation, and providing stability. Tubular steel trusses are discussed as being used for large span constructions over 25-30 meters. The advantages of tubular steel trusses include reduced maintenance costs and corrosion resistance compared to other materials.
The seminar document provides information on tensile architecture. It discusses how tensile structures carry only tension and use double curvature for strength and stability. Key concepts covered include the history of tensile structures from tents to modern designs by Frei Otto, common materials like tensile fabrics and cables, and basic forms like hypars and conics. Benefits are highlighted such as dynamic shapes, solar control, and use for temporary installations. The document also outlines design, engineering, manufacturing, and installation processes.
Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory and transporting them to be assembled on site. It can involve constructing precast concrete blocks off-site ahead of time. Sections like walls, floors, and roofs are prefabricated with window and door frames. Prefabrication provides benefits like less noise and dust on site, lower transportation costs of parts versus materials, consistent construction in factories unaffected by weather, and shorter construction timeframes. However, it also has disadvantages like problems with joints between parts and inability to accommodate late design changes. Off-site prefabrication further develops this process by designing and manufacturing entire modules or units remotely before installation.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides specifications for various types of fencing and gates. It describes 10 types of fencing - post-and-wire, post-and-rail, chain link, cleft pale, palisade, metal bar, close-boarded, built up concrete, and corrugated fencing. For each type, it specifies the dimensions and materials to be used. It also provides details on gates, gate construction, and accessories. Sample specifications are given for mild steel posts, bracings, and chain link mesh and straining wires.
pre fab buildings with different methods usedFaraz405534
Prefabricated structures are buildings that are constructed using pre-made components. They are built either entirely or partially in a factory or other manufacturing site, and then transported and assembled onsite. There are different types of prefabricated structures like modular homes, transportable sections, and mobile homes. Prefabricated construction offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs compared to traditional onsite building. However, transporting and installing the premade components requires heavy equipment and skilled labor.
Modular construction involves prefabricating building sections off-site and assembling them on-site. This report discusses the advantages of modular buildings such as lower costs, faster construction, and reduced waste compared to traditional on-site building. Sections are constructed indoors in a factory setting using materials like wood and steel frames. Completed modules are transported to the construction site and assembled using cranes. The modular process allows buildings to be built quickly while controlling costs and minimizing weather delays.
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document discusses prefabricated modular structures. Some key points:
1. Prefabricated structures have standardized components that are produced off-site in a controlled environment and then transported for assembly. This allows for faster, more efficient construction.
2. Precast concrete offers advantages like higher quality, less weather dependency, and unlimited design possibilities compared to site-cast construction.
3. There are different precast systems like large panel, frame, and lift-slab. Precast components include walls, floors, beams, and more.
This document provides an overview of prefabricated wall panels. It discusses the history and evolution of prefabricated construction, the key features of prefabricated wall panels including their advantages of faster construction and quality control. It also describes different types of precast components like concrete wall panels, beams, slabs, their uses and properties. The document outlines the equipment used in precast construction like cranes and concludes with defining structural elements like beams and slabs.
This presentation defines and enables the readers to understand the concept of modular construction and the aspects and applicability for the execution of modular construction.
The document discusses common defects found in buildings such as cracks and dampness. It categorizes defects into pre-construction, during construction, and post-construction. Cracks can be structural or non-structural, and are caused by factors like drying shrinkage, thermal movement, elastic deformation, creep, chemical reactions, and foundation issues. Dampness is usually due to penetrating damp from gaps or rising damp without a proper damp proof course. Preventive measures include proper design, materials, construction practices, and addressing the root causes of defects.
The document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete components are cast off-site in a controlled environment and transported to the construction site for assembly. This allows for standardized, mass produced elements.
- Large precast concrete panels form the walls and floors, connecting vertically and horizontally. When joined, they form a rigid box structure that transfers lateral loads.
- Connections between precast elements can be either dry joints using bolts/welds, or monolithic placement with concrete poured to join components.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Bc open pre fabricated construction systemAnuj Singhal
The document discusses an open prefabricated construction system. Some key points:
- Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. This speeds up construction time and lowers costs while ensuring quality.
- An open prefabricated system uses precast concrete or steel components like floors, walls, beams and columns assembled on-site. It can be partially or fully prefabricated.
- Examples of full prefabricated open systems include the Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo, with prefabricated steel living capsules bolted to a central concrete core. Prefabrication allowed efficient off-site assembly and construction.
Metal Cladding has provided coating applications to industries since 1943. The document discusses different types of cladding materials like wood, concrete, stone, and metals. It focuses on metal cladding, noting that metals provide strong and durable protection for buildings while also allowing for aesthetic versatility. Specific metals discussed include aluminum, steel, and copper, outlining their common uses, benefits, and drawbacks for cladding.
The document discusses different types of roof trusses including king post truss, queen post truss, Howe truss, Pratt truss, fan truss, and north light roof truss. It describes the advantages of roof trusses such as being cost effective, allowing for quick installation, and providing stability. Tubular steel trusses are discussed as being used for large span constructions over 25-30 meters. The advantages of tubular steel trusses include reduced maintenance costs and corrosion resistance compared to other materials.
The seminar document provides information on tensile architecture. It discusses how tensile structures carry only tension and use double curvature for strength and stability. Key concepts covered include the history of tensile structures from tents to modern designs by Frei Otto, common materials like tensile fabrics and cables, and basic forms like hypars and conics. Benefits are highlighted such as dynamic shapes, solar control, and use for temporary installations. The document also outlines design, engineering, manufacturing, and installation processes.
Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory and transporting them to be assembled on site. It can involve constructing precast concrete blocks off-site ahead of time. Sections like walls, floors, and roofs are prefabricated with window and door frames. Prefabrication provides benefits like less noise and dust on site, lower transportation costs of parts versus materials, consistent construction in factories unaffected by weather, and shorter construction timeframes. However, it also has disadvantages like problems with joints between parts and inability to accommodate late design changes. Off-site prefabrication further develops this process by designing and manufacturing entire modules or units remotely before installation.
It is the presentation based on precast concrete construction which includes each and every point and scope which may be useful to civil engineering students
This document provides specifications for various types of fencing and gates. It describes 10 types of fencing - post-and-wire, post-and-rail, chain link, cleft pale, palisade, metal bar, close-boarded, built up concrete, and corrugated fencing. For each type, it specifies the dimensions and materials to be used. It also provides details on gates, gate construction, and accessories. Sample specifications are given for mild steel posts, bracings, and chain link mesh and straining wires.
pre fab buildings with different methods usedFaraz405534
Prefabricated structures are buildings that are constructed using pre-made components. They are built either entirely or partially in a factory or other manufacturing site, and then transported and assembled onsite. There are different types of prefabricated structures like modular homes, transportable sections, and mobile homes. Prefabricated construction offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs compared to traditional onsite building. However, transporting and installing the premade components requires heavy equipment and skilled labor.
Modular construction involves prefabricating building sections off-site and assembling them on-site. This report discusses the advantages of modular buildings such as lower costs, faster construction, and reduced waste compared to traditional on-site building. Sections are constructed indoors in a factory setting using materials like wood and steel frames. Completed modules are transported to the construction site and assembled using cranes. The modular process allows buildings to be built quickly while controlling costs and minimizing weather delays.
Prefabricated structures, also known as prefab structures, offer several benefits across various sectors. Some of the key advantages include:
Speed of Construction: Prefabricated structures are built off-site in a controlled environment concurrently with site preparation, significantly reducing construction time. Once on-site, assembly is quicker compared to traditional construction methods, saving time and resources.
Cost-Effectiveness: Prefab structures often result in cost savings due to efficient material usage, reduced labor expenses, and minimized construction waste. Additionally, economies of scale in manufacturing contribute to lower overall project costs.
Quality Control: Manufacturing prefabricated components in a factory setting allows for stringent quality control measures. This results in higher-quality products with consistent standards, as factors such as weather conditions and on-site variables are mitigated.
Design Flexibility: Prefabricated structures offer versatile design options to meet diverse architectural and functional requirements. Modular components can be customized, combined, or replicated to create tailored solutions for various applications.
Environmental Sustainability: Prefabrication reduces environmental impact by optimizing material usage, minimizing waste generation, and often incorporating sustainable materials. Additionally, the controlled manufacturing process can enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.
Improved Safety: Prefabrication can enhance on-site safety by reducing the need for labor-intensive tasks and minimizing exposure to hazardous conditions. The controlled environment of factory production also reduces the risk of accidents compared to traditional construction sites.
Adaptability and Scalability: Prefabricated structures are inherently adaptable and scalable, allowing for easy modification, expansion, or relocation as needs evolve. This flexibility makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, including temporary and permanent structures.
Predictability and Consistency: Prefabricated construction offers greater predictability in project timelines and outcomes. With standardized components and assembly processes, there is reduced variability, resulting in more reliable project delivery.
Overall, the benefits of prefabricated structures make them a compelling choice for various construction projects, offering efficiency, cost savings, quality assurance, and sustainability advantages.
Modular construction involves prefabricating building sections off-site and transporting them for assembly. It offers several advantages over traditional construction including significantly reduced construction time, lower costs due to controlled factory conditions and simultaneous on-site/off-site work, and less waste. Modular buildings are built using wood or steel frames with walls, floors, and other components assembled indoors in sections and transported for cranes to piece together on foundations. Their strength and durability matches traditional buildings while providing environmental benefits like reduced materials use and easier deconstruction.
Prefabricated structures involve assembling pre-made components on site rather than constructing entirely on site. They have several benefits including reduced costs from bulk material purchases and mass production techniques. There are three main types of prefabricated structures: prefabricated components like doors and windows, modular housing where entire housing sections are assembled on site, and manufactured homes that are fully constructed off site. Prefabrication has a long history dating back to the 1800s with some of the earliest examples being portable cottages shipped from London. Benefits include reduced construction timelines and costs as well as improved quality control.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. Modern construction methods like modular and flat slab construction are increasingly used. Off-site construction involves planning, designing, fabricating and assembling building elements in a factory before transporting them for rapid on-site assembly. This has advantages like efficiency, predictability, safety and sustainability compared to traditional on-site construction. However, off-site construction has limitations in customization and adaptability to design changes. On-site construction refers to traditional sequential construction at the site location and has advantages like less influence of weather conditions but has disadvantages such as safety concerns and tight urban work areas.
Modular buildings are prefabricated structures consisting of modules that are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. They offer several advantages over traditional construction methods, including faster construction, lower costs, and greater weather resistance. Modular buildings can be used for residential, commercial, industrial, and other applications. They are constructed using an assembly line process and adhere to all relevant building codes. Once assembled, modular structures are indistinguishable from conventional buildings.
Plan B: Bauhu Homes presents prefabricated home designs that can be shipped worldwide. Their modular homes feature steel frames, factory assembly, and options for interior and exterior finishes. The document provides details on the home design, manufacturing, delivery, and assembly process as well as optional interior packages for kitchens, bathrooms, and other features.
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. There are several prefabrication systems including open prefab, box type, and large prefab. Prefabricated components include panels, roofs, floors, and more which are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site. Prefabrication offers benefits like reduced construction time and costs, improved quality, and less waste. However, it also has disadvantages such as requiring specialized equipment and skilled labor for transportation and assembly. A case study on a housing project in India demonstrated how prefabrication helped complete buildings faster and with higher quality.
Pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) offer several advantages over conventional steel buildings including reduced construction time of at least 50%, lower costs due to standardized components, and single source responsibility. PEBs use tapered built-up steel sections that are 30% lighter than conventional designs. The design process is also quicker as PEBs rely on repeated standard designs and connections. PEB manufacturers can deliver complete buildings within 6-8 weeks on average.
Pre Engineered Buildings (PEBs) provide advantages over conventional construction including reduced construction time of at least 50%, lower costs due to standardized design and factory production, and single source responsibility. PEBs use computerized design and lightweight steel framing. They have become popular for non-residential construction worldwide and in India since the 1990s, though their market is still growing in India.
This document provides details on the construction of an apartment block using an Industrialized Building System (IBS). It discusses the use of precast concrete and prefabricated timber components. These include precast foundations, columns, beams, floors, walls and stairs. Timber trusses are used for the roof structure. Connection methods between components like columns, beams, walls and slabs are described. The production process and installation procedures are outlined in 13 steps. Drawings of the building plans and IBS score are also included.
In this presentation, the technology of MODULAR BUILDINGS has been discussed along with its Uses, Construction Process, Manufacturing Process, Design Considerations, Zoning Considerations, Strength Considerations, Advantages and Disadvantages.
This report summarizes a site visit to a construction project building 42 terraced houses. Key points include:
- The project is estimated to cost 11 million Malaysian ringgit and take 1.5 years to complete.
- Concrete framed structures use columns, beams, and slabs made of grade 25 concrete reinforced with steel rebar.
- Materials observed on site included formwork, bricks, zinc doors/windows, and plumbing pipes.
- The visit provided first-hand experience of construction processes and safety practices like wearing helmets.
The housing crisis continues to worsen as cities are increasingly falling behind in building housing solutions. As Cities become denser, bringing the modules in by crane and dropping them atop the podium may be sometimes the only solution.
With the right use of Modular technology the gap between aesthetics and affordability can be closed.
The concept of precast or prefabricated concrete construction includes
those buildings where the majority of structural components are
standardized and produced in plants in a location away from the building,
and then transported to the site for assembly
This document discusses modular construction. It defines modular construction as pre-engineered structures made off-site in factories and assembled on-site. Modular construction is used for private housing, social housing, apartments, education, healthcare, and hotels. There are two main types: permanent modular construction and relocatable buildings. Modular construction offers benefits like reduced costs, improved quality, faster construction times, and less waste. However, it also faces challenges like increased transportation costs and needing skilled labor for assembly. In conclusion, modular construction can significantly reduce construction waste and environmental impacts while also enhancing quality control.
Presentation on pre fabricated construction systems by noshad ahmed 15crp46Noshad Ahmed Wahocho
The document presents information on pre-fabricated construction systems. It discusses the history of pre-fabrication dating back thousands of years and its increased use in the 20th century. It also outlines the main types of pre-fabricated housing - modular, panelized, pre-cut, and manufactured. The advantages are listed as reduced costs, time, and weather dependency while disadvantages include risk of damage during transport and need for skilled labor and equipment for assembly.
This document discusses transparent concrete, which is produced by adding optical fibers to concrete mixes. There are two main materials used: concrete and optical fibers. The mixing process involves combining cement, water, and other components like epoxy resins, polycarbonate, fiberglass, and silica in specific proportions. Transparent concrete has similar strength properties to regular concrete but allows light to pass through up to 20 meters. It can be used to reduce lighting needs and has applications in partitions, floors, and decorative elements where improved visibility is desired. While advantageous for its aesthetics and energy savings, transparent concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete due to the optical fibers.
Stationary waves are produced by the superposition of two progressive waves of equal amplitude and frequency traveling in opposite directions. They have nodes where there is no displacement and antinodes where displacement is at maximum. A stationary wave's waveform does not move through the medium. Particles within a stationary wave vibrate in phase but with varying amplitudes, reaching maximum at antinodes and resting at nodes. The fundamental frequency and overtones of vibrating strings and air columns can be determined from measurements of stationary waves produced in them. The timbre of a sound depends on its harmonic content and amplitudes.
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart as measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG). It begins by introducing the concept of polarization and the resting membrane potential of heart cells. It then describes the phases of the cardiac action potential: depolarization, repolarization, and the refractory periods. It compares the action potentials of pacemaker and non-pacemaker cells. It also discusses the conduction of the cardiac impulse and how this is reflected in the different waves of the ECG. Finally, it covers topics like ECG paper format, lead systems, heart rate calculation, and interpreting the ECG.
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
3) How the electrocardiogram (ECG) records these electrical signals to examine cardiac excitation and contraction.
The document discusses various software process life cycle models, including:
- Waterfall model which progresses in linear stages from requirements to maintenance. It values predictability but is inflexible to changes.
- Prototyping model which adds prototyping stages to explore risks before full development.
- V model which mirrors each development phase with a testing phase. It emphasizes verification and validation.
- Iterative and incremental models like RUP which develop software iteratively in phases and increments, releasing early and often. This is more flexible and reduces risks compared to waterfall.
- Agile methods are also iterative and incremental but emphasize lightweight processes, adaptation, and flexibility over heavy documentation.
The
This document discusses digital logic circuits and binary logic. It begins with an overview of binary logic, logic gates like NAND, NOR and XOR, and Boolean algebra. It then covers analog vs digital signals, quantization, and converting between analog and digital formats. Various representations of digital designs are presented, including truth tables, Boolean algebra, and schematics. Common logic gates and their representations are described. The document discusses design methodologies and analyses, as well as simulation of logic circuits. It also covers elementary binary logic functions, basic identities of Boolean algebra, and converting between Boolean expressions and logic circuits.
This document discusses real-time scheduling algorithms. It begins by defining real-time systems and their key properties of timeliness and predictability. It then discusses two common real-time scheduling algorithms: fixed-priority Rate Monotonic scheduling and dynamic-priority Earliest Deadline First scheduling. It covers how each algorithm prioritizes and orders tasks, and analyzes their schedulability and utilization bounds. It concludes by comparing the two approaches.
Real-Time Signal Processing: Implementation and Applicationsathish sak
This document discusses real-time signal processing, including what it means, why it is used, and platforms for implementation. Real-time signal processing allows signals to be collected, analyzed, and modified in real-time as they occur. It is used to avoid time and money lost when collecting and processing data separately. Common platforms include software/PC, hardware like FPGAs, and firmware/hardware like DSPs, each with their own benefits and drawbacks relating to flexibility, speed, cost, and practicality. The document focuses on DSPs as a popular "middle ground" option and discusses code generation applications and the Embedded Target for TI's C6711 DSP.
This document provides an overview of digital signal processors (DSPs). It discusses how DSPs are specialized processors that are optimized for real-time signal processing applications like filtering. DSPs offer advantages over general purpose processors and analog signal processing techniques, including programmability, reduced noise susceptibility, and lower power consumption. The document compares different DSP families from Texas Instruments and discusses their applications and key parameters.
POWER GENERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTsathish sak
. The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid, liquid or gas
2. The more kinetic energy, the more thermal energy the object possesses
3. Physicists also call this the internal energy of an object
mathematics application fiels of engineeringsathish sak
MATHS IS HARD
MATHS IS BORING
MATHS HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH REAL LIFE
ALL MATHEMATICIANS ARE MAD!
BUT I CAN SHOW YOU THAT MATHS IS IMPORTANT IN
CRIME DETECTION MEDICINE FINDING LANDMINES
Plastic is a material consists of wide range of synthetic or organics that can be moulded into solid object with diverse shapes.
The word PLASTIC is derived from the Greek Word “PLASTIKOS” meaning capable of being shaped or moulded.
Plastics are organic polymers of higher molecular mass.
The document discusses various engineering fields including biomedical engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, aeronautical engineering, and chemical engineering. It provides more details on biomedical engineering, stating that it applies engineering principles and problem-solving techniques to biology and medicine, and that biomedical engineers use an intimate knowledge of biological principles in their design process. The document also thanks the reader.
Pollution is a major problem affecting living organisms. There are different types of pollution including air, noise, and water pollution. Air pollution is caused by vehicles and industries releasing gases and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Noise pollution stems from human activities like vehicles and cell phone towers negatively impacting small birds. Water pollution occurs when industrial waste is dumped into bodies of water, harming organisms and potentially causing toxic algae blooms. Prevention efforts include using biofuels instead of petrol and diesel, stopping wastewater dumping, and planting trees to reduce noise pollution.
Radio frequency identification(RFID) technology using at various application by using radio frequency ranges.
It is especially used at tollgates. For automation of gate control.
It can also used at library systems.
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. INTRODuCTIINTRODuCTI
ONON
“Prefabrication is the practice of assembling
components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete
assemblies .
sub-assemblies to the construction site where the
structure is to be located”.
3. PREFABRICATED ARE BuIlT IN :PREFABRICATED ARE BuIlT IN :
Components (panels)
Modules (modular homes)
Transportable sections (manufactured homes)
Mobile homes (houses on wheels)
5. DIFFERENCES IN THE CONSTRUCTIONDIFFERENCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION
TYPESTYPES
Mobile and manufactured houses are constructed in
accordance with the HUD building codes in the U.S. while
modular houses are constructed in accordance with the IBC
(International Building Code).
Modular homes are created in a, and then transported to the
home site for construction and installation.
Manufactured homes are built onto steel beams, and are
transported in complete sections to the home site, where
they are assemble.
7. MATERIAL TO BE USED IN PRE FABRICMATERIAL TO BE USED IN PRE FABRIC
CONSTRUCTION:CONSTRUCTION:
Concrete.
Steel.
Treated wood.
Light weight elements.
Cellular concrete.
Aluminum
Ceramic product, etc,.
8.
9. ADVANDAGEADVANDAGE
Structure is used for economical conditions.
The structure is mostly used in all types of constructions.
It structure is very well efficient to increased the speed.
The pre fabrication is readymade element structures.
Time conception is very low.
Labour required is not be needed.
Curing is not necessary.
Material available is very easy.
12. CONSTRUCTION SITESCONSTRUCTION SITES
Mobile homes and
manufactured homes can be
placed in mobile home parks,
and manufactured homes can
also be placed on private land,
providing the land is zoned for
manufactured homes.
13. DISADVANDGESDISADVANDGES
Structure is need to skilled labours.
The construed material is need at heavy weight cranes.
It is handling is very carefully.
The structure filler in jointing and connecting point is
mostly.
Transporting cost is very high.
14. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Because of the design simplifications modern architecture
provides many in the manufactured housing, building,
bridges, sector generally feel that modern
architecture designs are better suited for prefab home
construction.