The relationship between technology and application of civil engineering is not a new concept.
Over the years civil engineering has encountered a slew of issues, most of them have been
solved with the aid of technology. Prediction of punching shear strength is one such problem
statement which could be solved using a metaheuristic approach of optimization. Numerous
experiments on the punching shear resistance of reinforced concrete slabs have been conducted
by researchers, with positive findings. The actual service life will be shortened due to steel bars’
propensity for corrosion. The main goals of all organizations are to make civil engineering
applications more valuable intrinsically so that people can use them to construct faster so that
resources are used more effectively, and to ultimately improve people’s lives. Using
evolutionary artificial neural networks, internal flat slabs of reinforced concrete can be
predicted for their punching shear strength. It is a hybrid model of an artificial neural network
(ANN) and a Genetic algorithm, a metaheuristic based on natural selection that is a subset of
the larger category of evolutionary algorithms (EA). The experimental findings from 519 flat
slabs tested by various authors starting in 1938 were used in this research. The model tries to
predict the dependent feature, Punching shear resistance, using independent features such as
Shape of the column cross section, Column side or smaller side, Larger side of the column,
Average effective depth in X and Y directions, Average reinforcement ratio in X and Y
directions, Column effective width, Effective width / Effective depth, Concrete compressive
strength, and Steel yield strength. Sometimes, signals are altered at the receiving synapses, and
the processing element adds the weighted inputs. Input from one neuron is sent to another (or
output is sent to the outside world) if it reaches the threshold, and the cycle continues. The
algorithm builds the subsequent population at each stage using members of the current
generation. By using Selection, Crossover and Mutation, we can obtain a set of optimal
parameters that aid in producing effective results. We also contrasted the accuracy attained
using GA with other popularly employed optimizer types like SGD, ADAM and RMSProp. We
have also made use of the benefits of the GA algorithm, such as its adaptability, understanding
ability, and lack of computational complexity.
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Tailoring of composite cantilever beam for maximum stiffness and minimum weightIOSR Journals
As the natural resources goes on decreasing now a days and to meet the needs of natural resources conservation, energy economy most of the manufacturers and their sub contractors are attempting to reduce the weight of the members in recent years. In this approach they are searching for low cost, high strength to weight ratio materials. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. Composite materials have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio with continuously decreasing travel of cost in addition to other advantages like excellent corrosive resistance, superior torsional buckling and fatigue strength and high specific strain energy storage capacity. The present work aims at the suitability of composite materials usage, by the identification of optimal fiber orientation stacking sequence and tailoring for laminate thickness/width for maximum stiffness and minimum weight design of laminated composite beam. The structural response is evaluated from conventional metallic structure with optimization techniques for maximizing stiffness and minimum weight. These metallic optimum values are extended initially to composite beam to maintain strength with the developed of optimization algorithm. Later with topology optimization and by tailoring cross-sections algorithm of the beam is evaluated with optimal fiber orientations and stacking sequence to maintain strength as in additional advantage of less weight for composites. Tailoring is done based on gradual decrement in cross-section over the length in both thickness and width direction. Numerical results are presented for cantilever beam with different geometries showing the maximizing stiffness and with minimum weight. The results indicate that the devised strategy is well suited for finding optimal fiber orientations and laminate thickness/width in the tailoring design of slender laminated composite structure.
This document summarizes research on predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that shear strength decreases as beam depth increases. It then reviews existing literature on shear strength mechanisms and factors that influence strength. The document discusses the challenges of theoretical models given complexities and uncertainties. It proposes using genetic programming and fuzzy set theory to develop empirical models from an existing database of over 2000 test results. The models would express shear strength as a function of concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, depth and other variables.
Design and Development of Honeycomb Structure for Additive Manufacturingijtsrd
the demand for shorter product development time has resulted in the introduction of a new paradigm called Additive Manufacturing AM . Due to its significant advantages in terms of cost effective, lesser build time, elimination of expensive tooling, design flexibility AM is finding applications in many diverse fields of the industry today. One of the recent applications of this technology is for fabrication of cellular structures. Cellular structures are designed to have material where it is needed for specific applications. Compared to solid materials, these structures can provide high strength-to-weight ratio, good energy absorption characteristics and good thermal and acoustic insulation properties to aerospace, medical and engineering products. However, due to inclusion of too many design variables, the design process of these structures is a challenge task. Furthermore, polymer additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling FDM process which shows the great capability to fabricate these structures, are still facing certain process limitations in terms of support structure requirement for certain category of cellular structures. Therefore, in this research, a computer-aided design CAD based method is proposed to design and develop hexagonal honeycomb structure self-supporting periodic cellular structure for FDM process. This novel methodology is found to have potential to create honeycomb cellular structures with different volume fractions successfully without any part distortion. Once designing process is complete, mechanical and microstructure properties of these structures are characterized to investigate effect of volume fraction on compressive strength of the part. Volume fraction can be defined as the volume percentage of the solid material inside the cellular structure and it is varied in this thesis by changing the cell size and wall thickness of honeycombs. Compression strength of the honeycomb structure is observed to increase with the increase in the volume fraction and this behavior is compared with an existing Wierzbicki expression, developed for predicting compression properties. Some differences are noticed in between experimentally tested and Wierzbicki model estimated compressive strength. These differences may be attributed to layer by layer deposition strategy and the residual stress inherent to the FDM-manufacturing process. Narendra Kumar Rajak | Prof. Amit Kaimkuriya "Design and Development of Honeycomb Structure for Additive Manufacturing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18856.pdf
Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Using ANN, GMDH-N...Pouyan Fakharian
To provide lateral resistance in structures as well as buildings, there are some types of structural systems such as shear walls. The utilization of lateral loads occurs on a plate on the wall's vertical dimension. Conventionally, these sorts of loads are transferred to the wall collectors. There is a significant resistance between concrete shear walls and lateral seismic loading. To guarantee the building's seismic security, the shear strength of the walls has to be prognosticated by using models. This paper aims to predict shear strength by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Neural Network-Based Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH-NN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The concrete's compressive strength, the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, the yield strength of vertical reinforcement, the axial load, the aspect ratio of the dimensions, the wall length, the thickness of the reinforced concrete shear wall, the transverse reinforcement ratio, and the vertical reinforcement ratio are the input parameters for the neural network model. And the shear strength of the reinforced concrete shear wall is considered as the target parameter of the ANN model. The results validate the capability of the models predicted by ANN, GMDH-NN, and GEP, which are suitable for use as a tool for predicting the shear strength of concrete shear walls with high accuracy.
Today, retrofitting of the old structures is important. For this purpose, determination of capacities for these buildings, which mostly are non-ductile, is a very useful tool. In this context, non-ductile RC joint in concrete structures, as one of the most important elements in these buildings are considered, and the shear capacity, especially for retrofitting goals can be very beneficial. In this paper, three famous soft computing methods including artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and also group method of data handling (GMDH) were used to estimating the shear capacity for this type of RC joints. A set of experimental data which were a failure in joint are collected, and first, the effective parameters were identified. Based on these parameters, predictive models are presented in detail and compare with each other. The results showed that the considered soft computing techniques are very good capabilities to determine the shear capacity.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Tailoring of composite cantilever beam for maximum stiffness and minimum weightIOSR Journals
As the natural resources goes on decreasing now a days and to meet the needs of natural resources conservation, energy economy most of the manufacturers and their sub contractors are attempting to reduce the weight of the members in recent years. In this approach they are searching for low cost, high strength to weight ratio materials. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. Composite materials have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio with continuously decreasing travel of cost in addition to other advantages like excellent corrosive resistance, superior torsional buckling and fatigue strength and high specific strain energy storage capacity. The present work aims at the suitability of composite materials usage, by the identification of optimal fiber orientation stacking sequence and tailoring for laminate thickness/width for maximum stiffness and minimum weight design of laminated composite beam. The structural response is evaluated from conventional metallic structure with optimization techniques for maximizing stiffness and minimum weight. These metallic optimum values are extended initially to composite beam to maintain strength with the developed of optimization algorithm. Later with topology optimization and by tailoring cross-sections algorithm of the beam is evaluated with optimal fiber orientations and stacking sequence to maintain strength as in additional advantage of less weight for composites. Tailoring is done based on gradual decrement in cross-section over the length in both thickness and width direction. Numerical results are presented for cantilever beam with different geometries showing the maximizing stiffness and with minimum weight. The results indicate that the devised strategy is well suited for finding optimal fiber orientations and laminate thickness/width in the tailoring design of slender laminated composite structure.
This document summarizes research on predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that shear strength decreases as beam depth increases. It then reviews existing literature on shear strength mechanisms and factors that influence strength. The document discusses the challenges of theoretical models given complexities and uncertainties. It proposes using genetic programming and fuzzy set theory to develop empirical models from an existing database of over 2000 test results. The models would express shear strength as a function of concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, depth and other variables.
Design and Development of Honeycomb Structure for Additive Manufacturingijtsrd
the demand for shorter product development time has resulted in the introduction of a new paradigm called Additive Manufacturing AM . Due to its significant advantages in terms of cost effective, lesser build time, elimination of expensive tooling, design flexibility AM is finding applications in many diverse fields of the industry today. One of the recent applications of this technology is for fabrication of cellular structures. Cellular structures are designed to have material where it is needed for specific applications. Compared to solid materials, these structures can provide high strength-to-weight ratio, good energy absorption characteristics and good thermal and acoustic insulation properties to aerospace, medical and engineering products. However, due to inclusion of too many design variables, the design process of these structures is a challenge task. Furthermore, polymer additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling FDM process which shows the great capability to fabricate these structures, are still facing certain process limitations in terms of support structure requirement for certain category of cellular structures. Therefore, in this research, a computer-aided design CAD based method is proposed to design and develop hexagonal honeycomb structure self-supporting periodic cellular structure for FDM process. This novel methodology is found to have potential to create honeycomb cellular structures with different volume fractions successfully without any part distortion. Once designing process is complete, mechanical and microstructure properties of these structures are characterized to investigate effect of volume fraction on compressive strength of the part. Volume fraction can be defined as the volume percentage of the solid material inside the cellular structure and it is varied in this thesis by changing the cell size and wall thickness of honeycombs. Compression strength of the honeycomb structure is observed to increase with the increase in the volume fraction and this behavior is compared with an existing Wierzbicki expression, developed for predicting compression properties. Some differences are noticed in between experimentally tested and Wierzbicki model estimated compressive strength. These differences may be attributed to layer by layer deposition strategy and the residual stress inherent to the FDM-manufacturing process. Narendra Kumar Rajak | Prof. Amit Kaimkuriya "Design and Development of Honeycomb Structure for Additive Manufacturing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18856.pdf
The document analyzes the effect of different types of punching shear reinforcement on the resistance of concrete slabs through nonlinear finite element modeling. It summarizes the results of numerical simulations of slabs with various reinforcement types, including studs, bent bars, hidden beams, stirrup cages, and shear heads. The analysis found that increasing the amount of studs increases shear resistance up to a point, but does not provide continual increases. Bent bar diameter increased capacity but did not affect failure mode. Effectiveness values showed that studs and bent bars provided the highest increases in shear strength per unit weight of reinforcement.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Steel Frame Building using Bracing in ETAB SoftwareIRJET Journal
This paper compares the seismic analysis of a G+11 square building and L-shaped building using time history analysis in ETAB 17.01 software. Different types of bracing systems are used, including X, V, inverted V, and diagonal bracing. The response of the buildings is compared in terms of displacement, base shear, and pseudo acceleration to determine which type of building and bracing system provides the minimum response. The L-shaped building with X bracing is found to have the minimum displacement, while the square building with X bracing has the minimum base shear and pseudo acceleration.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Dynamics Behaviour of Multi Storeys Framed Structures by of Iterative Method AM Publications
Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. Structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of the load. One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode. This paper presents a study on mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection of multi storied framed structures by comparison of stodola’s and Holzer method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of multi storied framed structures. Overall four storey multi storied framed structures and two methods were analysed & comparison of all the mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection at the critical cross-section with same configuration loading by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using code IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920. The all storey mass and stiffens are analysed under the cantilever condition. The research project aims to provide which method is most accuracy to find the mode shape, spring force deflection and inertia force. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations Stodola’s method is most accuracy compare to the Holzer method. The maximum mode shape, spring force, spring deflection and inertia force is 87.29%, 80 %, 89% and 72% is higher the Stodola’s method compare than Holzer method in same configuration.
The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the cross-section of cold-rolled steel beams. A genetic algorithm mimics natural evolution to find optimal solutions to problems. The authors developed an adaptive genetic algorithm approach to optimize steel beam profiles that addresses three key challenges: 1) adaptive mutation control to balance exploration vs exploitation, 2) mating strategies to maintain diversity, and 3) flexible restriction handling to avoid getting stuck in local optima. Their algorithm was able to find cost-efficient beam profiles that met mechanical stability requirements.
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN FOR INDUSTRIAL SHED BY WSM AND LSMIRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study of the analysis and design of a large span, large height industrial shed using the Working Stress Method (WSM) and Limit State Method (LSM) of steel design. The industrial shed was modeled in STAAD Pro and analyzed under different load combinations. Key members were then designed using both WSM and LSM according to Indian codes IS 800:1984 and IS 800:2007 respectively. The total steel weight required for the structure was found to be 113.977 tonnes using LSM and 122.688 tonnes using WSM, showing that LSM results in a more economical design of approximately 7.64% less steel weight. Previous studies summarized in the document also found LSM
This document discusses using MATLAB for optimizing the cost of bridge superstructures. It describes formulating the design of reinforced concrete T-beam girders as an optimization problem by defining design variables like slab depth and girder width, constraints like stress limits, and an objective function to minimize total cost. The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) is used to solve the optimization problem, treating it as a series of unconstrained problems with penalty terms added. An example application optimizes girder costs for different spans and material grades, with results compared graphically showing optimized cost points.
This document discusses using MATLAB for optimizing the cost of bridge superstructures. It describes formulating the design of reinforced concrete T-beam girders as an optimization problem by defining design variables like slab depth and girder width, constraints like stress limits, and an objective function to minimize total cost. The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) is used to solve the optimization problem by converting it into an unconstrained problem using a penalty function. An example application demonstrates optimizing girder costs for different spans by running the SUMT algorithm in MATLAB and graphing the results.
Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization T...ijtsrd
This paper presents Reinforced Concrete RC slab design optimization technique for finding the best design parameters that satisfy the project requirements both in terms of strength and serviceability criteria while keeping the overall construction cost to a minimum. In this paper four different types of RC slab design named as simply supported slab, one end continuous slab, both end continuous slab and cantilever slab are optimized using three different metaheuristic optimization algorithms named as Genetic Algorithms GA , Particle Swarm Optimization PSO and Gray Wolf Optimization GWO . The slabs with various end conditions are formulated according to the ACI code. The formulated problem contains three optimization variables, the thickness of the slab, steel bar diameter, and bar spacing while objective involves the minimization of overall cost of the structure which includes the cost of concrete, cost of reinforcement and the constraints involves the design requirement and ACI codes limit. The proposed method is developed using MATLAB. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm the results are compared with the previously proposed algorithms. The comparison of results shows that the proposed method provides a significant improvement over the previously proposed algorithms. Dinesh Kumar Suryavanshi | Dr. Saleem Akhtar "Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25231.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25231/design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-slabs-using-various-optimization-techniques/dinesh-kumar-suryavanshi
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. Key points:
- The algorithm uses genetic algorithms to determine the optimal sizes of composite beams and columns that minimize total frame cost while satisfying strength, serviceability, and other design constraints.
- Design variables are the cross-sectional properties of beams and columns. The algorithm evaluates candidate designs, analyzes the frame, and checks if designs satisfy constraints.
- The best designs are kept in subsequent generations while weaker designs are removed, simulating natural selection. This process iterates to find the optimal composite frame design.
- The approach is demonstrated on 2x3 and 2x5 frame examples,
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. The algorithm uses design variables like beam and column cross-sectional properties to represent potential solutions. It evaluates solutions based on structural analysis and design constraints like moments, shear, buckling and axial forces. The best solution from each generation is preserved to guide the evolution toward an optimal, cost-effective frame design. The approach is demonstrated on example frames.
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND MULTICELL BOX GIRDER B...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the finite element analysis of single cell and multicell box girder bridges. It analyzes bridges with and without diaphragms using both conventional methods and finite element analysis.
2. The study aims to validate the conventional analysis method by comparing results to finite element analysis, and examine the effects of end and intermediate diaphragms on different bridge cells. It also analyzes the impact of temperature changes.
3. Previous literature on finite element analysis of box girder bridges is reviewed, covering topics like moment and shear distribution factors, curved bridges, and models that account for effects like torsional warping.
In recent years, stiffened plate girders have been used extensively for long spans
due to its high flexural rigidity and buckling resistance. While designing, the amount
of costly steel used in a girder can be reduced by adopting optimum dimensions for
web depth, web thickness, flange thickness, flange breadth and spacing of stiffeners.
Such design can finally result in an economical design. Indian standards have code
provisions which can be used for design of stiffened plate girders. However, relatively
little attention has been devoted to developing efficiency based standards in the design
of plate girders. These efficiency based standards in the form of design charts can
help a designer in the economical design of stiffened plate girders considering
strength and serviceability conditions. Herein, relationships between the design
variables are developed using genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization formulation.
Both transversely stiffened and corrugated web plate girders are considered. The
relationships are further used to develop design charts which can be useful for design
engineers. The design charts are developed considering strength and serviceability
conditions as specified by the IS 800:2007.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF SEMI-GRAVITY RETAINING WALL SUBJECTED TO STATIC AND SEISMIC...IAEME Publication
A 2D (Plain strain) wall‒backfill‒foundation interaction is modeled using finite element
method by ANSYS to find the optimum design based on the principle of soil-structure
interactions analyses. A semi-gravity retaining wall subjected to static and seismic loads has
been considered in this research. Seismic records which are obtained from the records of Iraq
for the period 1900-1988. The optimization process is simulated by ANSYS /APDL language
programming depending on the available optimization commands. The objective function of
optimization process OBJ is to minimize the cross-sectional area of the retaining wall. The
results showed that the optimum design method via ANSYS is a successful strategy prompts to
optimum values of cross‒sectional area with both safety and stability factors as compared with
other optimum design methods. Also, the results showed that the area of optimum section by
ANSYS method is lesser than the section area of the GAs algorithm , PSO, and CSS methods by
percentages are equal to 15.04%, 23.92%, and 25.33%; respectively, when
3.Additionally, from studying the effect of some parameters such as Compressive Strength of
Concrete (´
) and Yielding Strength of Steel ( on cross-sectional area and reinforced
area, is provided that the (´) and have small effect or do not effect on the value of crosssectional
area () and this is due to the lack of weight ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete
weight. Moreover, the yielding strength of steel has larger effect than compressive strength of
concrete in the reinforcement area.
This document describes a study that uses a modified hybrid particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm (MPSOGSA) to optimize the design of reinforced concrete frames. The goal is to find optimal member sizes and reinforcement to minimize cost while ensuring safety. MPSOGSA combines enhanced versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), where all particle experiences are considered, and gravitational search algorithm (GSA), where parameters like gravitational constant are made self-adaptive. The algorithm is tested on example frames and is found to provide better optimization capabilities than standard PSO and GSA methods.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of Low Rise Steel Frame Structure With and With...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the progressive collapse of low-rise steel frame structures with and without bracing systems. Progressive collapse is when one local structural failure causes additional collapse in a disproportionate manner. The study uses linear static analysis based on GSA-2013 guidelines to assess progressive collapse potential. A 5-story and 10-story steel frame is modeled and analyzed with the sudden removal of columns at different locations. Results show bracing systems help minimize progressive collapse by providing alternate load paths, as measured by demand capacity ratios, joint displacements, member forces, etc. being lower when braces are included.
Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A ReviewOyeniyi Samuel
This document reviews different methods for verifying the strength of profiled deck composite slabs (PDCS) without expensive laboratory testing. It discusses two common methods - the slope-intercept method and partial shear connection method - which both require experimental test data. The document also reviews attempts to use numerical modeling as an alternative to testing, but notes limitations in accurately modeling the complex shear behavior. It concludes that laboratory testing remains the most accurate assessment of PDCS strength, and further work is needed to develop a rational, reliability-based numerical approach to determine strength without testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (...adeij1
10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (AIS 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology, and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Comparing the Challenges of Implementing Web-Based and Traditional Teaching S...adeij1
Web-based teaching systems have several advantages and have the potential to benefit education greatly. It is significant to carefully consider learners' and instructors' specific needs and circumstances when deciding whether to use these systems. Using web-based and traditional teaching methods may be appropriate to provide a well-rounded educational experience. It may be appropriate to use a combination of web-based and traditional teaching methods to provide a well-rounded educational experience. Webbased teaching systems have the potential to greatly benefit education in developing countries by increasing access to quality education and reducing the cost of delivering education. However, there are also several challenges to implementing these systems in developing countries, such as limited infrastructure and resources, limited access to technology, and low digital literacy. The purpose of this review article is to analyse and contrast the efficacy of web-based teaching systems with traditional teaching systems, assess their respective advantages and disadvantages, identify the factors that influence their effectiveness, and conclude that web-based teaching systems offer certain benefits over traditional teaching systems, including greater flexibility, convenience, and the capacity to deliver multimedia content. However, traditional teaching systems also have advantages, such as the ability to provide face-to-face interaction and immediate feedback. This review paper examines the factors that impact the efficacy of both systems, such as the system's design, the quality of the educational materials, and the proficiency of the instructor. Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best approach depends on the specific needs and circumstances of the learner and the instructor.
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The document analyzes the effect of different types of punching shear reinforcement on the resistance of concrete slabs through nonlinear finite element modeling. It summarizes the results of numerical simulations of slabs with various reinforcement types, including studs, bent bars, hidden beams, stirrup cages, and shear heads. The analysis found that increasing the amount of studs increases shear resistance up to a point, but does not provide continual increases. Bent bar diameter increased capacity but did not affect failure mode. Effectiveness values showed that studs and bent bars provided the highest increases in shear strength per unit weight of reinforcement.
IRJET- Seismic Analysis of Steel Frame Building using Bracing in ETAB SoftwareIRJET Journal
This paper compares the seismic analysis of a G+11 square building and L-shaped building using time history analysis in ETAB 17.01 software. Different types of bracing systems are used, including X, V, inverted V, and diagonal bracing. The response of the buildings is compared in terms of displacement, base shear, and pseudo acceleration to determine which type of building and bracing system provides the minimum response. The L-shaped building with X bracing is found to have the minimum displacement, while the square building with X bracing has the minimum base shear and pseudo acceleration.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Dynamics Behaviour of Multi Storeys Framed Structures by of Iterative Method AM Publications
Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. Structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of the load. One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode. This paper presents a study on mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection of multi storied framed structures by comparison of stodola’s and Holzer method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of multi storied framed structures. Overall four storey multi storied framed structures and two methods were analysed & comparison of all the mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection at the critical cross-section with same configuration loading by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using code IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920. The all storey mass and stiffens are analysed under the cantilever condition. The research project aims to provide which method is most accuracy to find the mode shape, spring force deflection and inertia force. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations Stodola’s method is most accuracy compare to the Holzer method. The maximum mode shape, spring force, spring deflection and inertia force is 87.29%, 80 %, 89% and 72% is higher the Stodola’s method compare than Holzer method in same configuration.
The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the cross-section of cold-rolled steel beams. A genetic algorithm mimics natural evolution to find optimal solutions to problems. The authors developed an adaptive genetic algorithm approach to optimize steel beam profiles that addresses three key challenges: 1) adaptive mutation control to balance exploration vs exploitation, 2) mating strategies to maintain diversity, and 3) flexible restriction handling to avoid getting stuck in local optima. Their algorithm was able to find cost-efficient beam profiles that met mechanical stability requirements.
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ANALYSIS & DESIGN FOR INDUSTRIAL SHED BY WSM AND LSMIRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study of the analysis and design of a large span, large height industrial shed using the Working Stress Method (WSM) and Limit State Method (LSM) of steel design. The industrial shed was modeled in STAAD Pro and analyzed under different load combinations. Key members were then designed using both WSM and LSM according to Indian codes IS 800:1984 and IS 800:2007 respectively. The total steel weight required for the structure was found to be 113.977 tonnes using LSM and 122.688 tonnes using WSM, showing that LSM results in a more economical design of approximately 7.64% less steel weight. Previous studies summarized in the document also found LSM
This document discusses using MATLAB for optimizing the cost of bridge superstructures. It describes formulating the design of reinforced concrete T-beam girders as an optimization problem by defining design variables like slab depth and girder width, constraints like stress limits, and an objective function to minimize total cost. The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) is used to solve the optimization problem, treating it as a series of unconstrained problems with penalty terms added. An example application optimizes girder costs for different spans and material grades, with results compared graphically showing optimized cost points.
This document discusses using MATLAB for optimizing the cost of bridge superstructures. It describes formulating the design of reinforced concrete T-beam girders as an optimization problem by defining design variables like slab depth and girder width, constraints like stress limits, and an objective function to minimize total cost. The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) is used to solve the optimization problem by converting it into an unconstrained problem using a penalty function. An example application demonstrates optimizing girder costs for different spans by running the SUMT algorithm in MATLAB and graphing the results.
Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization T...ijtsrd
This paper presents Reinforced Concrete RC slab design optimization technique for finding the best design parameters that satisfy the project requirements both in terms of strength and serviceability criteria while keeping the overall construction cost to a minimum. In this paper four different types of RC slab design named as simply supported slab, one end continuous slab, both end continuous slab and cantilever slab are optimized using three different metaheuristic optimization algorithms named as Genetic Algorithms GA , Particle Swarm Optimization PSO and Gray Wolf Optimization GWO . The slabs with various end conditions are formulated according to the ACI code. The formulated problem contains three optimization variables, the thickness of the slab, steel bar diameter, and bar spacing while objective involves the minimization of overall cost of the structure which includes the cost of concrete, cost of reinforcement and the constraints involves the design requirement and ACI codes limit. The proposed method is developed using MATLAB. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm the results are compared with the previously proposed algorithms. The comparison of results shows that the proposed method provides a significant improvement over the previously proposed algorithms. Dinesh Kumar Suryavanshi | Dr. Saleem Akhtar "Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25231.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25231/design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-slabs-using-various-optimization-techniques/dinesh-kumar-suryavanshi
ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steelijtsrd
Friction surface treatment is well established solid technology and is used for deposition, abrasion and corrosion protection coatings on rigid materials. This novel process has wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the field of reclamation and repair of damaged and worn engineering components. In this paper, present the prediction of tensile of friction surface treated tool steel using ANN for simulated results of friction surface treatment. This experiment was carried out to obtain tool steel coatings of low carbon steel parts by changing input process parameters such as friction pressure, rotational speed and welding speed. The simulation is performed by a 33 factor design that takes into account the maximum and minimum limits of the experimental work performed by the 23 factor design. Neural network structures, such as the Feed Forward Neural Network FFNN , were used to predict tensile tool steel sediments caused by friction. V. Pitchi Raju "ANN Model Based Calculation of Tensile of Friction Surfaced Tool Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29169.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29169/ann-model-based-calculation-of-tensile-of-friction-surfaced-tool-steel/v-pitchi-raju
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PUNCHING BEHAVIOR OF RC FLAT SLABS STRENGTHENI...IAEME Publication
In this paper, the effectiveness of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiberreinforced
polymer (FRP), as a means of improving the punching behavior of
reinforced concrete flat slabs were numerically investigated. Finite element (FE)
model using ABAQUS computer program was developed to analyze eight half-scaled
slabs, in terms of load-carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, and crack patterns. These
eight specimens were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) with four specimens for
each of them. Specimens of G1 was similar to that of G2 in all details but differ in the
eccentricity of the applied load. Specimens of G1 were tested with concentric load,
while these of G2 were tested with 150 mm eccentricity. For each group, one specimen
was built as control (unstrengthened), one was strengthened by FRP-sheet, and the
other two was strengthened by TRM-jacket with two different mesh opening (10 and
20 mm). The results obtained from FE analysis showed that the efficiency of TRM in
increasing the punching shear capacity of strengthened slabs was less than that of
FRP. In addition, the slabs strengthened by TRM showed stiffer behavior than that
strengthened by FRP, but lesser ductile. TRM effectiveness was sensitive to the mesh
size of the textile. When the mesh size decreased, stiffness was increased and ductility
was decreased.
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. Key points:
- The algorithm uses genetic algorithms to determine the optimal sizes of composite beams and columns that minimize total frame cost while satisfying strength, serviceability, and other design constraints.
- Design variables are the cross-sectional properties of beams and columns. The algorithm evaluates candidate designs, analyzes the frame, and checks if designs satisfy constraints.
- The best designs are kept in subsequent generations while weaker designs are removed, simulating natural selection. This process iterates to find the optimal composite frame design.
- The approach is demonstrated on 2x3 and 2x5 frame examples,
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. The algorithm uses design variables like beam and column cross-sectional properties to represent potential solutions. It evaluates solutions based on structural analysis and design constraints like moments, shear, buckling and axial forces. The best solution from each generation is preserved to guide the evolution toward an optimal, cost-effective frame design. The approach is demonstrated on example frames.
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND MULTICELL BOX GIRDER B...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the finite element analysis of single cell and multicell box girder bridges. It analyzes bridges with and without diaphragms using both conventional methods and finite element analysis.
2. The study aims to validate the conventional analysis method by comparing results to finite element analysis, and examine the effects of end and intermediate diaphragms on different bridge cells. It also analyzes the impact of temperature changes.
3. Previous literature on finite element analysis of box girder bridges is reviewed, covering topics like moment and shear distribution factors, curved bridges, and models that account for effects like torsional warping.
In recent years, stiffened plate girders have been used extensively for long spans
due to its high flexural rigidity and buckling resistance. While designing, the amount
of costly steel used in a girder can be reduced by adopting optimum dimensions for
web depth, web thickness, flange thickness, flange breadth and spacing of stiffeners.
Such design can finally result in an economical design. Indian standards have code
provisions which can be used for design of stiffened plate girders. However, relatively
little attention has been devoted to developing efficiency based standards in the design
of plate girders. These efficiency based standards in the form of design charts can
help a designer in the economical design of stiffened plate girders considering
strength and serviceability conditions. Herein, relationships between the design
variables are developed using genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization formulation.
Both transversely stiffened and corrugated web plate girders are considered. The
relationships are further used to develop design charts which can be useful for design
engineers. The design charts are developed considering strength and serviceability
conditions as specified by the IS 800:2007.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF SEMI-GRAVITY RETAINING WALL SUBJECTED TO STATIC AND SEISMIC...IAEME Publication
A 2D (Plain strain) wall‒backfill‒foundation interaction is modeled using finite element
method by ANSYS to find the optimum design based on the principle of soil-structure
interactions analyses. A semi-gravity retaining wall subjected to static and seismic loads has
been considered in this research. Seismic records which are obtained from the records of Iraq
for the period 1900-1988. The optimization process is simulated by ANSYS /APDL language
programming depending on the available optimization commands. The objective function of
optimization process OBJ is to minimize the cross-sectional area of the retaining wall. The
results showed that the optimum design method via ANSYS is a successful strategy prompts to
optimum values of cross‒sectional area with both safety and stability factors as compared with
other optimum design methods. Also, the results showed that the area of optimum section by
ANSYS method is lesser than the section area of the GAs algorithm , PSO, and CSS methods by
percentages are equal to 15.04%, 23.92%, and 25.33%; respectively, when
3.Additionally, from studying the effect of some parameters such as Compressive Strength of
Concrete (´
) and Yielding Strength of Steel ( on cross-sectional area and reinforced
area, is provided that the (´) and have small effect or do not effect on the value of crosssectional
area () and this is due to the lack of weight ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete
weight. Moreover, the yielding strength of steel has larger effect than compressive strength of
concrete in the reinforcement area.
This document describes a study that uses a modified hybrid particle swarm optimization-gravitational search algorithm (MPSOGSA) to optimize the design of reinforced concrete frames. The goal is to find optimal member sizes and reinforcement to minimize cost while ensuring safety. MPSOGSA combines enhanced versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), where all particle experiences are considered, and gravitational search algorithm (GSA), where parameters like gravitational constant are made self-adaptive. The algorithm is tested on example frames and is found to provide better optimization capabilities than standard PSO and GSA methods.
Progressive Collapse Analysis of Low Rise Steel Frame Structure With and With...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the progressive collapse of low-rise steel frame structures with and without bracing systems. Progressive collapse is when one local structural failure causes additional collapse in a disproportionate manner. The study uses linear static analysis based on GSA-2013 guidelines to assess progressive collapse potential. A 5-story and 10-story steel frame is modeled and analyzed with the sudden removal of columns at different locations. Results show bracing systems help minimize progressive collapse by providing alternate load paths, as measured by demand capacity ratios, joint displacements, member forces, etc. being lower when braces are included.
Profiled Deck Composite Slab Strength Verification: A ReviewOyeniyi Samuel
This document reviews different methods for verifying the strength of profiled deck composite slabs (PDCS) without expensive laboratory testing. It discusses two common methods - the slope-intercept method and partial shear connection method - which both require experimental test data. The document also reviews attempts to use numerical modeling as an alternative to testing, but notes limitations in accurately modeling the complex shear behavior. It concludes that laboratory testing remains the most accurate assessment of PDCS strength, and further work is needed to develop a rational, reliability-based numerical approach to determine strength without testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (...adeij1
10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (AIS 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology, and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Comparing the Challenges of Implementing Web-Based and Traditional Teaching S...adeij1
Web-based teaching systems have several advantages and have the potential to benefit education greatly. It is significant to carefully consider learners' and instructors' specific needs and circumstances when deciding whether to use these systems. Using web-based and traditional teaching methods may be appropriate to provide a well-rounded educational experience. It may be appropriate to use a combination of web-based and traditional teaching methods to provide a well-rounded educational experience. Webbased teaching systems have the potential to greatly benefit education in developing countries by increasing access to quality education and reducing the cost of delivering education. However, there are also several challenges to implementing these systems in developing countries, such as limited infrastructure and resources, limited access to technology, and low digital literacy. The purpose of this review article is to analyse and contrast the efficacy of web-based teaching systems with traditional teaching systems, assess their respective advantages and disadvantages, identify the factors that influence their effectiveness, and conclude that web-based teaching systems offer certain benefits over traditional teaching systems, including greater flexibility, convenience, and the capacity to deliver multimedia content. However, traditional teaching systems also have advantages, such as the ability to provide face-to-face interaction and immediate feedback. This review paper examines the factors that impact the efficacy of both systems, such as the system's design, the quality of the educational materials, and the proficiency of the instructor. Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best approach depends on the specific needs and circumstances of the learner and the instructor.
COMPARING THE CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING WEB-BASED AND TRADITIONAL TEACHING S...adeij1
Web-based teaching systems have several advantages and have the potential to benefit education greatly. It
is significant to carefully consider learners' and instructors' specific needs and circumstances when
deciding whether to use these systems. Using web-based and traditional teaching methods may be
appropriate to provide a well-rounded educational experience. It may be appropriate to use a combination
of web-based and traditional teaching methods to provide a well-rounded educational experience. Webbased teaching systems have the potential to greatly benefit education in developing countries by
increasing access to quality education and reducing the cost of delivering education. However, there are
also several challenges to implementing these systems in developing countries, such as limited
infrastructure and resources, limited access to technology, and low digital literacy. The purpose of this
review article is to analyse and contrast the efficacy of web-based teaching systems with traditional
teaching systems, assess their respective advantages and disadvantages, identify the factors that influence
their effectiveness, and conclude that web-based teaching systems offer certain benefits over traditional
teaching systems, including greater flexibility, convenience, and the capacity to deliver multimedia content.
However, traditional teaching systems also have advantages, such as the ability to provide face-to-face
interaction and immediate feedback. This review paper examines the factors that impact the efficacy of
both systems, such as the system's design, the quality of the educational materials, and the proficiency of
the instructor. Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses, and the best approach depends on the
specific needs and circumstances of the learner and the instructor
DETECTING AND IMPROVING STUDENT EMOTIONS USING ACTIONABLE PATTERN DISCOVERY I...adeij1
Each year number of students enrolling in higher education is increasing significantly. Students from diverse backgrounds can be found in a class. These changing circumstances are making it necessary to develop Innovative teaching and Learning methodologies. Active Learning methodology is an innovative strategy and Lightweight Team comes under this Active Learning methodology. Lightweight Team approach is one such low-stake activity and it has very little or no direct impact on a student's grade whereas it makes the learning process fun and interesting. A student’s Emotion towards a class plays a major role in their class performance. In this work we use the feedback from the Student Survey Data which aims to evaluate student emotions and overall satisfaction with Course Teaching methods and Group Work experience. We use Actionable Pattern Discovery methodology to provide suggestions in the form of Action Rules to enhance student Emotions thereby achieving a Positive Learning and Teaching experience.
THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF LEAVES AND BARK OF ...adeij1
In this work we have find out the antioxidants activity of the ethyl acetate, methanolic and aquaous extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by in vitro chemical analyses involving the assays of (1) Au nanoparticle formation potential (2) 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (3) ferric ion reducing power and (4) ferrous ion chelating activity. A simpler method has been created based on Au nanoparticles formation to assess the antioxidant activity of any plant extract. It was for the assessment of the antioxidant activity of all the extract of leaves and bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (Lour.). In all the assays, methanolic extract of leaves of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRL) and methanolic extract of bark of Baccaurea ramiflora (MEBRB) showed significantly greater activity over other extracts. This work provides a scientific support for the high antioxidant activity of this plant and thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by ROS.
IMPROVED SENTIMENT ANALYSIS USING A CUSTOMIZED DISTILBERT NLP CONFIGURATIONadeij1
The document presents the results of a study that compares several natural language processing (NLP) techniques for sentiment analysis: distilBERT, VADER, and LSTM. DistilBERT achieved the highest accuracy of 92.4% for predicting sentiment polarity in a restaurant review dataset, significantly outperforming VADER (72.3% accuracy) and conventional LSTM approaches (78% accuracy). The document describes the methodology used in the comparative study and provides details on how each NLP technique approaches the task of sentiment analysis.
SECURE CLOUD STORAGE USING DENIABLE ATTRIBUTE BASED ENCRYPTIONadeij1
Cloud storage services are a lot of well-liked today . To secure information from those that don't have access, several encoding schemes are projected. Most of the projected schemes assume cloud storage service suppliers or trustworthy third parties handling key management are trustworthy and can't be hacked; but, in follow, some entities could intercept communications between users and cloud storage suppliers and so compel storage suppliers to unleash user secrets by victimisation government power or alternative means that. During this case, encrypted information are assumed to be identified and storage suppliers are requested to unleash user secrets. Since it's tough to fight against outside coercion, we tend to aimed to create Associate in Nursing encoding theme that might facilitate cloud storage suppliers avoid this plight. We provide cloud storage suppliers means that to make pretend user secrets. Given such pretend user secrets, outside coercers will solely obtained solid information from a user’s keep cipher text. Once coercers suppose the received secrets are real, they'll be happy and a lot of significantly cloud storage suppliers won't have discovered any real secrets. Therefore, user privacy continues to be protected.
1) The document presents a method for detecting skin lesions using support vector machines (SVM). It involves preprocessing images, segmenting the skin lesion region, extracting features related to shape, color, and texture, and classifying lesions as melanoma or non-melanoma using an SVM classifier.
2) Features extracted include asymmetry, border irregularity, compactness, color ratios in HSV, RGB and LAB color spaces, and texture features from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix.
3) An SVM classifier is used for classification as it can accurately classify data by finding the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between the classes. The method achieved efficient classification of lesions.
INFLUENCE MECHANISM OF THICKNESS AND VISCOSITY OF FLAT ENERGY DIRECTOR TO THE...adeij1
The research in this paper is an essential part of a bigger effort to develop ultrasonic welding using flat energy directors (FED) in thermoplastic composites. It mainly focused on assessing the effect of the changes in thickness and viscosity of FED on welding strength and welding strength stability. Furthermore, the welding and failure mechanisms were investigated by monitoring the real-time temperature evolution at the interface and analyzing the welding area (WA) and the macro and
microfracture surface. From the experimental results, the use of FED with thinner thickness (0.1-0.2 mm) and slightly higher viscosity greatly improved weld strength and weld strength stability. Due to the effect of glass fibers forming a mechanical interlocking effect between the adherend and FED, joints with 20% SGF/PP FED also had a surprisingly excellent weld quality. Welding area analysis indicated a significantly positive correlation between the lap shear strengthⅠand the welded area for the joints with FED. Based on real-time temperature curves, thinner FED had an improvement on the initial temperature
rate and the most temperature curves leveled off at the onset melting temperature (Tonset) of the FED after a time-lapse of about 0.4 s. Morphology analysis showed that the melting and flow of matrix at the interface started at the edges of the overlap; the melting area and morphology of the interfaces with 1% EG/PP FED and 20% SGF/PP are much bigger and coarse. And failure mechanisms of the joints with FED are a combination of adhesive failure, cohesive failure, and fiber-matrix debonding failure.
Table of Contents--Current issue--Volume 3, Number 1adeij1
Advances in Engineering: an International Journal (ADEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Engineering. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Engineering. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding advances in computing and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION...adeij1
Generally PV generators are considered reliable compared to other systems, but like all processes, a PV system can be exposed to several failures causing the PV system to malfunction. Several studies have found that the reliability of PV systems is highly dependent on the equipment used for the construction of PV panels, temperature, humidity and solar radiation. A PV system can have several defects, be it defects of construction types, or material and electrical defects caused by climatic conditions. As such, we can cite the fault most commonly encountered in a PV generator which is the partial shading defect.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE INFLUENCES OF A CNN’S RECEPTIVE FIELD ON SEGMENTATION O...adeij1
Segmentation of objects with various sizes is relatively less explored in medical imaging, and has been very challenging in computer vision tasks in general. We hypothesize that the receptive field of a deep model corresponds closely to the size of object to be segmented, which could critically influence the segmentation accuracy of objects with varied sizes. In this study, we employed “AmygNet”, a dual-branch fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) with two different sizes of receptive fields, to investigate the effects of receptive field on segmenting four major subnuclei of bilateral amygdalae. The experiment was conducted on 14 subjects, which are all 3-dimensional MRI human brain images. Since the scale of different subnuclear groups are different, by investigating the accuracy of each subnuclear group while using receptive fields of various sizes, we may find which kind of receptive field is suitable for object of which scale respectively. In the given condition, AmygNet with multiple receptive fields presents great potential in segmenting objects of different sizes.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING adeij1
In this paper, the modeling, optimization and simulation results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting using bond graph approach are presented. Firstly, a lightweight equivalent model derived from the bond graph is proposed. It’s a comprehensive model, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analysed. Finally a bond graph approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. The proposed model does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load. The bond graph model is valid close to the analysed mode centre frequency and delivers results compared to experimental and analytical data. Furthermore, we also show that the harvester can be electrically tuned to match the excitation frequency. This makes it possible to maximize the power output for both linear and non-linear loads.
MODELLING, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC MICRO PUMPadeij1
The piezoelectricity is a reversible phenomenon, which corresponds to the direct piezoelectric effect. So that, the battery loads arrive at the pump, an electronic module must be established in the circuit. A flow pump must be used and its effectiveness must be evaluated according to the desired need. The system is conceived around 24 hour old clock which can be programmed to provide fluid in variable quantity on a regular basis. The piezo-hydraulic pump presented in this work is composed mainly of shareholder piezoelectric with two valves and a diaphragm of the room reinforced by a hard disk. This one is used to improve the performance of the micro-pump in forecast of pump realization. Modeling, analysis and simulation are carried out under SYMBOLS software.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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PREDICTION OF PUNCHING SHEAR STRENGTH USING METAHEURISTIC APPROACH OF OPTIMIZATION
1. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
1
PREDICTION OF PUNCHING SHEAR
STRENGTH USING METAHEURISTIC
APPROACH OF OPTIMIZATION
Gaurav Sarkar1
, Suhail Ahmad Magray 1
and Tanushree Sarkar2
1
Department of Computer Engineering, Dsce, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, GGV,Bilaspur,Chhattisgarh, India
ABSTRACT
The relationship between technology and application of civil engineering is not a new concept.
Over the years civil engineering has encountered a slew of issues, most of them have been
solved with the aid of technology. Prediction of punching shear strength is one such problem
statement which could be solved using a metaheuristic approach of optimization. Numerous
experiments on the punching shear resistance of reinforced concrete slabs have been conducted
by researchers, with positive findings. The actual service life will be shortened due to steel bars’
propensity for corrosion. The main goals of all organizations are to make civil engineering
applications more valuable intrinsically so that people can use them to construct faster so that
resources are used more effectively, and to ultimately improve people’s lives. Using
evolutionary artificial neural networks, internal flat slabs of reinforced concrete can be
predicted for their punching shear strength. It is a hybrid model of an artificial neural network
(ANN) and a Genetic algorithm, a metaheuristic based on natural selection that is a subset of
the larger category of evolutionary algorithms (EA). The experimental findings from 519 flat
slabs tested by various authors starting in 1938 were used in this research. The model tries to
predict the dependent feature, Punching shear resistance, using independent features such as
Shape of the column cross section, Column side or smaller side, Larger side of the column,
Average effective depth in X and Y directions, Average reinforcement ratio in X and Y
directions, Column effective width, Effective width / Effective depth, Concrete compressive
strength, and Steel yield strength. Sometimes, signals are altered at the receiving synapses, and
the processing element adds the weighted inputs. Input from one neuron is sent to another (or
output is sent to the outside world) if it reaches the threshold, and the cycle continues. The
algorithm builds the subsequent population at each stage using members of the current
generation. By using Selection, Crossover and Mutation, we can obtain a set of optimal
parameters that aid in producing effective results. We also contrasted the accuracy attained
using GA with other popularly employed optimizer types like SGD, ADAM and RMSProp. We
have also made use of the benefits of the GA algorithm, such as its adaptability, understanding
ability, and lack of computational complexity.
KEYWORDS
Artificial Neural Network, Reinforced Concrete Flat Slab, Punching Shear Strength, Genetic
Algorithm & Metaheuristic.
1. INTRODUCTION
The world has been progressing on every front and civil engineering has a crucial role to play in
it. There are slew of processes which are used as lethal application in the construction domain
such as: Reinforced concrete slabs[1] are one of the common horizontal load-carrying members
in civil engineering, and widely applied in bridges, ports and hydro-structures. Since there is no
beam in the flat slab under longitudinal load, the punching failure of reinforced concrete slab
2. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
2
occurred easily. Many researchers have carried out numerous experiments on the punching shear
resistance[2] of reinforced concrete slabs, and obtained successful results. However, steel bars[3]
are prone to corrosion, which will result in the shortening of the actual service life. In recent
years, with application of technology across all domains, the durability of structure is one of the
prime needs of people. For coastal areas and the areas which consist of usage of chlorides such as
dicing salt, the actual service life of structures is often much lower than their design service life,
resulting in massive losses of resources. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) [4] is a material which
has many advantages such as light, high strength and corrosion resistance. In a corrosion
environment, to solve the problem of short actual service life of structure, FRP bars [5] can be
applied as an alternative to steel bars in concrete structures.
Regarding theoretical models, the majority of the computational formulas for punching shear
strength of FRP rein- forced concrete slabs were obtained from conventional rein- forced
concrete flat and modified to take FRP into account.
ACI 318-14 and GB 50010-2010 are two current design requirements that use the eccentric shear
stress model [6] as its theoretical foundation. A number of mitigation measures have been taken
by organizations working across the application of civil engineering such as Large, industrial
constructions, parking garages, warehouses, high-rise buildings, and hostels are the main
applications for flat slabs [7] . They are employed in situations when beamers are not necessary
or in structures with less framework that don’t require beamers.
The major objective of all the organizations are to increase the intrinsic value of the civil
engineering applications so that people can use it, reduce the time in terms of building it for the
purpose of making use of the resources efficiently and eventually creating an impact on the lives
of people. However, during theoretical derivations, the aforementioned empirical models
incorporated some simplifications; as a result, the empirical models were unable to take into
account all of the significant aspects. Furthermore, typical regression analyses using data from
experiments were used to establish the parameters in the aforementioned empirical models. As a
result, the choice of theoretical models and the calibre of the databases have a significant impact
on the models’ correctness. Some algorithms containing data at their core have surfaced recently
with the advancement of artificial intelligence [8]. Among these algorithms, machine learning has
attracted the most research attention [9].
Failure to punching shear strength is due to a strong localized impact, which results in reinforced
flat slabs and foundations collapse. This catastrophic collapse generally happens at the borders of
the columns. Significant cracks occur during failure [10] . Due to its catastrophic character, it
must be prevented; making the determination of the slab’s punching shear strength important
[11].
In this paper, ANN [12] has been used for the purpose of learning the patterns in the given data
efficiently, assisted by loss function and optimizer. In order to further improve the solution,
genetic algorithm had been used as an optimizer which in turn is reducing the amount of time for
building applications of civil engineering, accuracy of development is being improved.
2. RELATED WORK
Sujith Mangalathua ,Hanbyeol Shin, EunsooChoic, Jong- Su Jeon, titled , “Explainable machine
learning models for punching shear strength estimation of flat slabs without trans- verse
reinforcement” [13].
3. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
3
It explains the significance and contribution of the components that affect the punching shear
strength in the extreme gradient boosting model using the SHapley Additive Explanation
approach. To find the best prediction model for the punching shear strength of flat slabs, this
study takes into ac- count seven machine learning techniques in addition to linear regression,
including ridge regression, support vector regression, decision trees, K-nearest neighbours,
random forests, adaptive boosting, and extreme gradient boosting. The associated coefficient of
variation for the extreme gradient boosting model is 0.09, while the model’s coefficient of
determination is 0.98.
Yuanxie Shen, Linfeng Wu, Shixue Liang paper, titled, “Explainable machine learning-based
model for failure mode identification of RC flat slabs without transverse reinforcement”
explained that for determining the failure mechanism of flat slabs, an accurate prediction model is
built by screening 8 machine learning-based models (LR, ANN, DT, SVC, RF, AdaBoost,
GBDT, XGBoost). [14] SHAP provides an explanation for the XGBoost prediction, with the
findings encompassing both general and specific interpretations as well as the feature dependency
relationship between input variables. The best model is XG- Boost, whose precision; recall, F1
score, and accuracy are, respectively, 97.30.
Shasha Lu, Mohammadreza Koopialipoor , Panagiotis G. Asteris , Maziyar Bahri ,Danial Jahed
Armaghani paper, titled, “A Novel Feature Selection Approach Based on Tree Models for
Evaluating the Punching Shear Capacity of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs”.
This work uses tree predictive models, including random forest (RF), random tree (RT), and
classification and regression trees, to create a new model that can predict the punching shear
capacity of SFRC flat slabs (CART). It also made use of a cutting-edge feature selection (FS)
method. The experiments’ findings showed that the FS-RT model performed better in terms of
prediction accuracy than the FS-RF and FS-CART models. According to measurements of R2
and RMSE, which ranged from 0.9476 to 0.9831 and 14.4965 to 24.9310, respectively, the FS-
RT hybrid approach performed the best in this regard. The three hybrid approaches presented in
this work, FS-RT, FS-RF, and FS-CART, were found to be applicable for forecasting SFRC flat
slabs.[15]
Duy-Thang Vu , Nhat-Duc Hoang, paper, titled, “Punching shear capacity estimation of FRP-
reinforced concrete slabs using a hybrid machine learning approach” explained To develop a new
model that can forecast the punching shear capacity of SFRC flat slabs, this work used tree
predictive models, including random forest (RF), random tree (RT), and classification and
regression trees (CART). It also used a novel feature selection (FS) technique and in comparison
to the formula-based and Artificial Neural Network techniques, the new model has reduced Root
Mean Squared Error by around 55 and 15.The model employs the least squares sup- port vector
machine (LS-SVM) to discover the mapping be- tween the influencing factors and the slab
punching capacity. Furthermore, the firefly algorithm (FA), a population-based metaheuristic, is
utilized to facilitate the LS-SVM training.[16]
Nhat-DucHoang, paper, titled, “Estimating punching shear capacity of steel fibre reinforced
concrete slabs using sequential piecewise multiple linear regression and artificial neural
network”. This study uses artificial neural networks (ANN) and piecewise multiple linear
regression (PMLR) to build a prediction model that can roughly translate the mapping function
between the punching shear capacity of SFRC flat slabs and its affecting parameters. The
Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation technique and gradient descent algorithms are used to
train the ANN-based prediction models. This data set is then used to train and verify the
sequential PMLR (SPMLR) and ANN models. Experimental results show that SPMLR can
4. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
4
deliver prediction outcome which is better than those of ANN as well as empirical design
equations.[17]
Gamze Dog˘an Musa Hakan Arslan , paper, titled, “Determination of Punching Shear
Capacity of Concrete Slabs Reinforced with FRP Bars Using Machine Learning” It stressed on
prediction models were developed for the punching strength of the slabs by using the relevant
algorithms in five different machine learning techniques (Multiple Linear Regression), Bagging-
Decision Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression, Support Vector Regression and Extreme
Gradient Boosting (MLR, Bagging-DT, RF, SVR, XGBoost).[18] The best results were achieved
by the SVR among the five different algorithms. SVR achieved a predicted success for the
strength of slabs produced with GFRP bars. After analysis, R2 values, MAE and RMSE
performance metrics were found to be well above the empirical correlations with 96.23.
Table 1. Related works.
Author Paper Title ML Model
Used
Techniques
Employed
Result References
Sujith
Mangalathua
,Hanbyeol Shin,
EunsooChoic,
Jong-Su Jeon
Explainable
machine
learning models
for punching
shear strength
estimation of
flat slabs
without
transverse
reinforcement
Linear
regression,
Ridge
regression,
support
vector
regression,
decision tree,
K-nearest
neighbors,
random
forest,
adaptive
boosting, and
extreme
gradient
boosting
Used
explainable
machine
learning
techniques like
SHAP
Extreme
gradient
boosting
model has
a
coefficient
of
determinati
on of 0.98,
and the
associated
coefficient
of variation
is 0.09.
[13]
Yuanxie Shen,
Linfeng Wu,
Shixue Liang
Explainable
machine
learning-based
model for
failure mode
identification of
RC flat slabs
without
transverse
reinforcement
Linear
Regression,
Artificial
Neural
Network,
Decision
Tree, Support
Vector
Regression,
Random
Forest,
AdaBoost,
GBDT,
XGBoost
The prediction
of XGBoost is
explained by
SHAP
XGBoost is
selected as
the best
model, in
which the
precision,
recall, F1
score and
accuracy of
which are
97.30%,
94.74%,
96.00%
and
99.02%,
respectivel
y.
[14]
5. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
5
Shasha Lu,
Mohammadreza
Koopialipoor ,
Panagiotis G.
Asteris , Maziyar
Bahri ,Danial
Jahed
Armaghani
A Novel
Feature
Selection
Approach
Based on Tree
Models for
Evaluating the
Punching Shear
Capacity of
Steel Fiber-
Reinforced
Concrete Flat
Slabs
Random
forest ,
Random tree,
and
classification
and
regression
trees (CART)
Novel feature
selection (FS)
technique has
been used.
The range
of R2 and
RMSE
values were
obtained as
0.9476–
0.9831 and
14.4965–
24.9310,
respectivel
y; in this
regard,
could be
applied to
predicting
SFRC flat
slabs.
[15]
Duy-Thang Vu ,
Nhat-Duc Hoang
Punching shear
capacity
estimation of
FRP-reinforced
concrete slabs
using a hybrid
machine
learning
approach
Least squares
support
vector
machine (LS-
SVM)
Firefly
algorithm (FA),
a population-
based
metaheuristic, is
utilised to
facilitate the
LS-SVM
training.
New model
has
achieved
roughly 55
and 15%
reductions
of Root
Mean
Squared
Error
compared
with the
Artificial
Neural
Network
methods
[16]
Nhat-Duc Hoang Estimating
punching shear
capacity of steel
fibre reinforced
concrete slabs
using sequential
piecewise
multiple linear
regression and
artificial neural
network
Piecewise
multiple
linear
regression
(PMLR)and
Artificial
neural
network
(ANN)
The algorithms
of gradient
descent and
Levenberg-
Marquardt
backpropagatio
n are employed
to train the
ANN.
[17]
6. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
6
Junho Song,
Won-Hee Kang,
Kang Su Kim,
Sungmoon Jung
Probabilistic
shear strength
models for
reinforced
concrete beams
without shear
reinforcement
Probabilistic
shear strength
models
Using a
Bayesian
Method for
parameter
estimation.
Model
predicts the
result with
improved
accuracy
and helps
incorporate
the model
uncertaintie
s into
vulnerabilit
y
estimations
and risk-
quantified
designs.
[19]
3. MATERIAL AND DATASET
The flat slab system of reinforced concrete has been used more frequently because it has some
advantages when compared to conventional structural systems[20]. Among these ad- vantages,
one can mention greater architecture in defining internal environments or future layout changes;
simplification of reinforcement and consequent reduction of labour and material costs; ease in the
arrangement of installations and simplification of forms and framing[21]. The system also has
disadvantages compared to conventional ones, such as higher levels of vertical displacement of
the structure, reduction of the global stability and the possibility of failure by punching shear[22].
Punching shear is a type of shear failure that can occur in plate elements subjected to a
concentrated load or reaction applied transversally and is characterized by occur- ring abruptly,
which can lead the structure to ruin through progressive collapse[23]. The shear strength of the
slab-Column connection is one of the most important parameters in the design of flat slab[24].
The original file is a database created by The American Concrete Institute Committee 445C with
experimental results of 519 flat slabs tested by several authors since 1938. Experimental tests in
Civil Engineering are usually performed with reduced size structures, due to the practical issues
with testing real size structures. This is the cleaned data with fewer observations, since the goal is
to predict punching shear resistance and some of the slabs in the original dataset did not fail by
this mechanism[25].
Statistical Analysis and Data Distribution of various attributes in the dataset is as follows:-
7. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
7
Figure 1. Statistics analysis
Figure 2. Data distribution of each feature
Dataset is being divided into 87.5 % for training purposes and 12.5 % for testing purposes.
Features like Shape and d1(mm) are dropped because of its less significance and lots of null
values. To analyze each shape’s significance we converted it into numerical arrays using a one-
hot encoding method. After the analysis of Heatmap of each variable, we observed that Shape S,
C, R correlation with the target variable are significantly close to zero which indicates it is
independent of the target variable. Therefore, the rest of the 7 features will be further processed
to make a feature matrix. We have used MinMaxScaler() in Sklearn library which internally
works as following:-
In which the minimum of features is made equal to zero and the maximum of features equal to
one. MinMaxScaler() shrinks the data within the given range, usually of 0 to 1. It scales the
values to a specific value range without changing the shape of the original distribution.
8. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
8
x_std = (x-x.min (axis=0)) / x.max(axis=0) – x.min (axis=0)) (3.1)
x_scaled = x_std* (max-min) + min (3.2)
Where,
• min, max = feature_range
• x.min (axis=0) : Minimum feature value
• x.max (axis=0) : Maximum feature value
Figure 3. Null value table
Figure 4. Heatmap
9. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
9
Figure 5. One hot encoding
Figure 6. Pearson correlation coefficient
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Introduction to Algorithms
4.1.1. Artificial Neural Network
Figure 7. Artificial neural network
There’s huge loss in terms of financial and materials because of current civil engineering
methods. Failure during the construction phase of the project results in worker and staff fatalities.
Punching shear strength becomes exceedingly boring, as was explained earlier while employing
the old way. We can determine the shear strength by considering only a few in- puts, such as the
column’s shape, size, thickness of the slab, and compressive strength of the concrete, by
employing machine learning.
10. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
10
There are a slew of traditional methods to evaluate the concrete’s compressive and tensile
strengths in order to see if it is strong enough to stand on its own. If not, determine whether the
amount of reinforcement is fair, if not create rational things. Changing the structure comprises the
following: increasing the slab’s depth, modifying the slab’s frame- work entails, increasing the
slab’s depth, increasing the slab’s dimensions or by utilizing reinforcement that is both vertical
and transverse.
Artificial neural network (ANN)[26] is a computing model whose layered structure resembles the
networked structure of neurons in the brain [27] . It features interconnected processing elements
called neurons that work together to produce an output function. Neural networks are made of
input and output layer/dimensions, and in most cases, they also have a hidden layer consisting of
units that transform the input into something that the output layer can use. Backpropagation
algorithm [28] is used to train the neural network.
Input x: Set the corresponding activation a1
for the input layer.
Feed forward: For each l = 2, 3,… L compute z1
= w1
a l-1
+ bl
and al
= σ(zl
). (4.1)
Output error δL
: Compute the vector δL
= ∇ a C ʘ σ'(zl
). (4.2)
Back propagate the error: For each l=L-1, L-2,…, 2 compute
δ1
= ((w l+1
)T δ1+1
)ʘ σ'(zl
). (4.3)
Output: The gradient of the cost function is given by
and (4.4)
4.1.2. Genetic Algorithm
Figure 8. Genetic algorithm
11. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
11
The genetic algorithm [29] is a heuristic search and an optimization method inspired by the
process of natural selection. It is widely used for finding a near-optimal solution to optimization
problems with large parameter space. The evolution of species (solutions in our case) is
mimicked by depending on biologically inspired components, e.g., crossover. Furthermore, as it
does not take auxiliary information into account (e.g., derivatives), it can be used for discrete and
continuous optimization.
For using a GA, two preconditions have to be fulfilled,
a) A solution representation or defining a chromosome
b) A fitness function[30]to evaluate produced solutions. In our case, a binary array is a genetic
representation of a solution (see Figure 1) and the model's Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) on
the validation set will act as a fitness value. Moreover, three basic operations that constitute a
GA, are as follows:
1) Selection: It defines which solutions to preserve for further reproduction e.g. roulette wheel
selection.
2) Crossover: It describes how new solutions are created from existing ones e.g. n-point
crossover.
3) Mutation: Its aim is to introduce diversity and novelty into the solution pool by means of
randomly swapping or turning-off solution bits e.g. binary mutation.
Occasionally, a technique called “Elitism” is also used, which preserves the few best solutions
from the population and passes them on to the next generation [31]. Figure 8 depicts a complete
genetic algorithm, where initial solutions (population) are randomly generated. Next, they are
evaluated according to a fitness function, and selection, crossover, and mutation are performed
afterward. This process is repeated for a defined number of iterations (called generations in GA
terminology). In the end, a solution with the highest fitness score is selected as the best solution.
4.2. Model Architecture
ANN model consists of:
1) Input layer with one neuron
2) 3 Hidden layers with 8, 6, 6 neurons
3) Output layer with one neuron
4.3. Performance Evaluation
Throughout the experiments, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) [32] is selected to judge the
performance of the model. RMSE has 2 purposes:-
1) To serve as a heuristic for training models
2) To evaluate trained models for usefulness / accuracy RMSE is a good estimator [33] for the
standard deviation of the distribution of our errors. Formula for RMSE is as follows:
12. Advances in Engineering: An International Journal (ADEIJ), Vol.3, No.4
12
(4.3)
4.4. Training Approach
The training is used to assist the ANN in tuning its weights [34] in each layer to calculate a
projected output that is as near to the training label as possible. To forecast the unknown data,
GA was used to optimize the weights in each layer of the training model.
Initially, a fixed number of populations is specified. The weights of all levels in the sequential
model are generated at random for each population.
The initial phase in the GA process is population initialization. It is a subset of solutions in
current generations. There are two primary approaches for initialization of a Population in a GA:
1) Random Initialization [35]: totally random solutions are used to fill the initial population.
2) Heuristic Initialization [36]: fill the initial population using a problem-specific heuristic.
The training data will then be loaded into the training model, and the prediction process will
begin. Following the fitness calculation, which indicates how fit or good the answer is in relation
to the problem under discussion. Because it's weights are ideal, the programme will update the
maximum fitness value for the final training stage, per- haps yielding better accuracy in the final
training stage. This procedure will continue till the maximum generation is reached. The ideal
matrix will be set to ANN model after optimizing the weight matrix and will be ready to
generalize the testing data. The ANN model has one input layer, three hidden layers with 8,6,6
neurons, and one neuron in the output layer. By preventing the model from becoming locked in a
local minimum situation, a Genetic algorithm might assist improve accuracy.
The GA [37] consists of three major components:
1) selection,
2) crossover, and
3) mutation.
First, the system picks the gene pool’s elite parents. The crossover is then implemented. Among
the finest genes (weighted matrix), the process randomly picks two genes and recombines them in
the following manner:
Select a random split point for the elite genes 1 and 2. Then join the second portion of gene 2 to
the first part of gene 1, and repeat for the remaining parts of the two genes. As a result, I have
two possible elite recombined genes. Third, because mutations occur at random, they are
possible. After completing the crossover, the mechanism will create a random number between 0
and 1. If the randomly produced value is less than or equal to 0.05, a random section of the
weighted matrix will be multi- plied by another random integer between 2 and 5. By gently
scaling specific values in the weighted matrix, the mutation process can be aided in preventing
the ANN model from being trained in the wrong direction.
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Figure 9. Algorithm
5. EXPERIMENTS
5.1 Performance Evaluation of various Training Techniques
To examine alternative training algorithms or approaches, we evaluated ANN models with SGD
(Stochastic Gradient Descent) [38], RMSprop (Root Mean Square Propagation) [39], and Adam
(Adaptive Moment Estimation) [40] training methods. The outcomes of the various algorithms
are shown below:
Table 2. Different optimizer and their corresponding RMSE score
Experimental observations
Training Method RMSE
Genetic Algorithm 0.192
SGD 0.216
RMSProp 0.176
Adam 0.160
Figure 10. Fitness v/s generation
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Figure 11. Sgd mae vs epoch
The experiment above shows that the stochastic gradient descent approach has a difficulty with
convergence to the global minimum [41], resulting in lesser accuracy than alternative training
methods. The genetic algorithm, on the other hand, works well because it includes selection,
crossover, and mutation processes that may enhance the local minimum issue by developing
various types of genes (weighted matrix) and picking the best among them.
There are several parameters that must be hyper-tuned [42], including:
1) Number of Neurons
2) Number of generations
3) Population size
Figure 12. RMSprop mae vs epoch
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Figure 13. Adam epoch vs mae
1) We have increased the number of neurons by changing the architecture of the neural network
defined in the code. We kept the number of layers constant.
We observed that the RMSE score lowers as the number of neurons grows, indicating that the
model is improving.
Table 3. Number of neurons and their corresponding RMSE score
Experimental observations
Neurons RMSE
2 0.149
4 0.228
6 0.192
8 0.147
10 0.145
2) We have increased the number of generations used in the Genetic algorithm as a hyper-
parameter. We increased the no. of generations by keeping other parameters constant.
We observed that there is no specific pattern as it first in- creases then decreases.
Table 4. Number of generations and their corresponding RMSE score
Experimental observations
Generations RMSE
10 0.181
25 0.195
50 0.184
100 0.318
3) We have increased the number of population used in Genetic algorithm as a hyper-parameter .
We increased the no. of population by keeping other parameters constant.
We observed that there is no specific pattern as it first in- creases then decreases.
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Table 5. Number of population and their corresponding RMSE score
Experimental observations
Populations RMSE
10 0.192
20 0.143
40 0.276
80 0.159
100 0.227
6. CONCLUSION
Civil engineering domain has emerged as one of the most significant industries all across the
countries as it helps in the development of any nation. Infrastructure building by creating
different means of transportation such as roadways, rail- ways, bridges, tunnels,
telecommunication, schools, afford- able houses etc. is a significant barometer of any country’s
development.
There are a slew of ways in which punching pressure is calculated. Getting fully interpretable and
unbiased results from these calculations is a really difficult task. A retrospective analytical
building of models shows how to calculate the punching pressure using machine learning
techniques such as ANN, genetic algorithms etc.
One major advantage of our machine learning approach is that it reduces the time period of
calculations involved.
Generally in the civil engineering process, most of the calculations are done based on hypothesis
and experiences which leads to biases and inaccuracies.
Apparently the machine learning model creates a function which takes required input and this
leads to the reduction of the time. The Gradient Descent method [43] lays the foundation for
machine learning and deep learning techniques.
The major fashion in which it has been used is a set number of populations initially specified. For
each population, the weights for every level in the sequential model are created at random.
In this study, ANN, genetic algorithms, and other optimizers are used to determine the punch
shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs.
The future efforts can be directed towards fine-tuning the neural network models using boosting
methods such as gradient boosting. The experiments here used ANN models for primary training,
but other types of deep learning models like CNN [44] and LSTM [45] can be used. Another
possible approach is to fine-tune the other hyper-parameters used in algorithms like Mutation
rate, scale value, split up point etc.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANN - Artificial neural network
EA - Evolutionary algorithms
SGD - Stochastic gradient descent
FRP - Fiber reinforced polymer
LR - Linear Regression
DT - Decision Tree
SVC - Support vector clustering
RF - Random Forest
GBDT - Gradient Boosting Decision Tree
XGBoost - eXtreme Gradient Boosting
SHAP - SHapley Additive exPlanations
random tree - (RT)
(CART) - classification and regression trees
firefly algorithm - (FA),
feature selection - (FS)
least squares support vector machine - (LS-SVM)
piecewise multiple linear regression - (PMLR)
sequential PMLR - (SPMLR)
MLR - Multiple Linear Regression
RMSE - Root-Mean-Square Error
R2 score - r squared score
RMSprop - Root Mean Square Propagation
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Adam - Adaptive Moment Estimation
Mae - Mean absolute error
CNN - Convolutional neural network
LSTM - Long short-term memory
AUTHORS
Gaurav Sarkar
Gaurav Sarkar is a final year undergraduate student of the computer science branch. He
is skilled in machine learning and deep learning. Experienced in Designing and
developing ML Models and systems across diverse industries. Also proficient in
collaborating with teams of high performing professionals and won several medals on
kaggle platform and hackathon.
Suhail Ahmad Magray
Sohail Ahmed Margray is a Final year undergraduate student of the civil engineering
branch. He is creative while solving problems Adept with civil engineering tools And
creates 2D drawings and designs using AutoCAD. He is proficient in collaborating with
individuals of various backgrounds. Also Designs concrete structural elements, e.g.
foundation, beams and walls.
Tanushree Sarkar
Tanushree Sarkar is a Ph.D. scholar of biotechnology department. She is skilled in
working with development of bioproducts and bioprocessing. Also experienced in the
field of bioinformatics.