This paper presents Reinforced Concrete RC slab design optimization technique for finding the best design parameters that satisfy the project requirements both in terms of strength and serviceability criteria while keeping the overall construction cost to a minimum. In this paper four different types of RC slab design named as simply supported slab, one end continuous slab, both end continuous slab and cantilever slab are optimized using three different metaheuristic optimization algorithms named as Genetic Algorithms GA , Particle Swarm Optimization PSO and Gray Wolf Optimization GWO . The slabs with various end conditions are formulated according to the ACI code. The formulated problem contains three optimization variables, the thickness of the slab, steel bar diameter, and bar spacing while objective involves the minimization of overall cost of the structure which includes the cost of concrete, cost of reinforcement and the constraints involves the design requirement and ACI codes limit. The proposed method is developed using MATLAB. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm the results are compared with the previously proposed algorithms. The comparison of results shows that the proposed method provides a significant improvement over the previously proposed algorithms. Dinesh Kumar Suryavanshi | Dr. Saleem Akhtar "Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Using Various Optimization Techniques" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25231.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25231/design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-slabs-using-various-optimization-techniques/dinesh-kumar-suryavanshi
As catastrophic bridge collapse accidents not only cause significant loss of property, but also have a severe social impact. Therefore, the structural health monitoring of bridges for damage detection by vibration analysis gets more attention. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common and extended structures present in the worldwide. These structures are often characterized by Piers, Abutments, deck slabs. This paper looks on the work of modelling and analysis of bridge in STAAD.Pro software, and the specific bridge model is taken of a particular span. It is subjected to vary Young’s modulus (E) in the mid span of bridge deck slab to induce damage in order to obtain maximum bending moment, as the structural strength reduces. From the analysis Mu/bd2 values from SP 16 code is used to identify the damage on the bridge deck slab, then natural frequency of the bridge, mode shapes, variation of the deflection and node displacements of bridge deck slab under the action of static and dynamic load at different aspect ratios with original design parameters and at failure is carried out in this project.
As catastrophic bridge collapse accidents not only cause significant loss of property, but also have a severe social impact. Therefore, the structural health monitoring of bridges for damage detection by vibration analysis gets more attention. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common and extended structures present in the worldwide. These structures are often characterized by Piers, Abutments, deck slabs. This paper looks on the work of modelling and analysis of bridge in STAAD.Pro software, and the specific bridge model is taken of a particular span. It is subjected to vary Young’s modulus (E) in the mid span of bridge deck slab to induce damage in order to obtain maximum bending moment, as the structural strength reduces. From the analysis Mu/bd2 values from SP 16 code is used to identify the damage on the bridge deck slab, then natural frequency of the bridge, mode shapes, variation of the deflection and node displacements of bridge deck slab under the action of static and dynamic load at different aspect ratios with original design parameters and at failure is carried out in this project.
Parametric investigation of cable stayed bridge using macro based programeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, effects of various parameters such as geometric properties of deck and pylon and number of cables on the behaviour of cable stayed bridge were observed. For this purpose, analysis of 240 m long fan type cable stayed bridge having single plane of cables is carried out with the help of software facilities. To save time in modelling of bridges manually, a programming tool has been developed in excel software with the help of visual basic macro for the purpose of parametric study of Cable stayed bridge. With the help of this tool, number of models of cable-stayed bridge can be automatically generated in software SAP-2000. From the analysis of number of models, comparison of bending moments in pylon and deck is done. Keywords: VB program, Form control, Class 70R, Class A, Cable stayed bridge, parametric study, SAP2000, Interactive Database.
In recent years, stiffened plate girders have been used extensively for long spans
due to its high flexural rigidity and buckling resistance. While designing, the amount
of costly steel used in a girder can be reduced by adopting optimum dimensions for
web depth, web thickness, flange thickness, flange breadth and spacing of stiffeners.
Such design can finally result in an economical design. Indian standards have code
provisions which can be used for design of stiffened plate girders. However, relatively
little attention has been devoted to developing efficiency based standards in the design
of plate girders. These efficiency based standards in the form of design charts can
help a designer in the economical design of stiffened plate girders considering
strength and serviceability conditions. Herein, relationships between the design
variables are developed using genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization formulation.
Both transversely stiffened and corrugated web plate girders are considered. The
relationships are further used to develop design charts which can be useful for design
engineers. The design charts are developed considering strength and serviceability
conditions as specified by the IS 800:2007.
The ultimate capacities of single piles utilized in ten projects in Basra-Iraq are
evaluated using: various interpretations of pile load test results; several static
methods based on site investigation programs; and the finite element method via
(PLAXIS-3D).For the well-behaved tests, it is realized that the load-settlement data
can be best fitted by a hyperbola. Accordingly, Rollberg method well-harmonizes the
test results and allows various interpretation methods to be applied on the
extrapolated curves. It is found that, the static methods spread over a wide range of
values. Finite element analyses exhibited good agreement to the measured values. It
produces failure loads, almost, similar to that obtained from Rollberg method. The
finite element analyses revealed local settlement of (0.6% - 1.8%) of the pile diameter
to mobilize the ultimate skin resistance.
Parametric investigation of cable stayed bridge using macro based programeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, effects of various parameters such as geometric properties of deck and pylon and number of cables on the behaviour of cable stayed bridge were observed. For this purpose, analysis of 240 m long fan type cable stayed bridge having single plane of cables is carried out with the help of software facilities. To save time in modelling of bridges manually, a programming tool has been developed in excel software with the help of visual basic macro for the purpose of parametric study of Cable stayed bridge. With the help of this tool, number of models of cable-stayed bridge can be automatically generated in software SAP-2000. From the analysis of number of models, comparison of bending moments in pylon and deck is done. Keywords: VB program, Form control, Class 70R, Class A, Cable stayed bridge, parametric study, SAP2000, Interactive Database.
In recent years, stiffened plate girders have been used extensively for long spans
due to its high flexural rigidity and buckling resistance. While designing, the amount
of costly steel used in a girder can be reduced by adopting optimum dimensions for
web depth, web thickness, flange thickness, flange breadth and spacing of stiffeners.
Such design can finally result in an economical design. Indian standards have code
provisions which can be used for design of stiffened plate girders. However, relatively
little attention has been devoted to developing efficiency based standards in the design
of plate girders. These efficiency based standards in the form of design charts can
help a designer in the economical design of stiffened plate girders considering
strength and serviceability conditions. Herein, relationships between the design
variables are developed using genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization formulation.
Both transversely stiffened and corrugated web plate girders are considered. The
relationships are further used to develop design charts which can be useful for design
engineers. The design charts are developed considering strength and serviceability
conditions as specified by the IS 800:2007.
The ultimate capacities of single piles utilized in ten projects in Basra-Iraq are
evaluated using: various interpretations of pile load test results; several static
methods based on site investigation programs; and the finite element method via
(PLAXIS-3D).For the well-behaved tests, it is realized that the load-settlement data
can be best fitted by a hyperbola. Accordingly, Rollberg method well-harmonizes the
test results and allows various interpretation methods to be applied on the
extrapolated curves. It is found that, the static methods spread over a wide range of
values. Finite element analyses exhibited good agreement to the measured values. It
produces failure loads, almost, similar to that obtained from Rollberg method. The
finite element analyses revealed local settlement of (0.6% - 1.8%) of the pile diameter
to mobilize the ultimate skin resistance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Structural Building and Cost Optimization with Different Floor Systemijtsrd
The analysis is a technique for determining the ways of a structure under various load combination. Design is the procedure of achieving convenient description for a structure. It takes a long time to manually plan and analyse a structure. The goal of any structural design process is to produce a safe design that meets all the design codes requirements, while trying to minimize the cost of the design. Until recently, this process was based on the judgment of the designer. Optimization in structural design is a recent concept that has been introduced and used in the last couple of decades to find the optimum designs based is more accurate compared to human judgment. Then it is applied to the design of the whole structure, considering seismic load. The model resulted in savings of 6.7 9 for the slab optimization compared to the original design, and 8.5 for the high rise structure optimization, compared to the original design. For high rise structures, these savings mean hundreds of thousands of dollars. This is the start of a new structural design software era, where the whole structural design is performed using inclusive software that guarantees minimum time and cost for a structurally sound design. This paper discusses various optimization techniques and applies them to real world cases like reinforced concrete structures in virtual environment. The study includes survey of structural optimization principles, procedures, software tools available for structural design and analysis. Further, it discusses about the optimization of multi storey reinforced concrete structures RCC building structure using structural analysis software like STAAD PRO. Janhvee Motghare | Samyak Parekar "Structural Building and Cost Optimization with Different Floor System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50078.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/50078/structural-building-and-cost-optimization-with-different-floor-system/janhvee-motghare
Effect of configuration on lateral displacement and cost of the structure for...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The choice of a cost effective lateral-force-resisting system for high-rise structures is challenging. There is no streamlined methodology to quantitatively compare the cost-effectiveness of each system beyond the more qualitative perception based evaluation of advantages or disadvantages. Developers currently base their decisions on architectural layout and structural integrity. Cost considerations are often primarily based on experience.
This decision making process has three primary shortfalls.
1) It may not incorporate factors which greatly affect the economy of a particular framing system.
2) It may not allow engineers to carryout designs at the least cost.
3) Comparison of framing systems may not address the specific building types.
This investigation proposes a prototype cost-effective model for selecting either a skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system for steel structural frames. A model for selecting cost-effective skeleton framing system or skeleton frame with bracing system will be a valuable tool for all decision makers. Engineers, in particular, will be able to select optimal steel framing faster, thus reducing design time and iterations. Furthermore, selection of economic framing system will also result in direct cost savings for steel structural frames.
The study involves the design and cost estimation of steel frames representing skeleton framing system and skeleton frame with bracingsystem. The cost effectiveness of the framing systems are compared based on lateral displacement requirements and cost.The preferred framing system should meet lateral displacement requirements and is lower in cost. The results of this pilot study showed that the Skelton framing system with bracing is the cost-effective choice for 30storeys steel space frames at wind speeds of 55m/sec, 50m/sec and 47m/sec.
Keywords: Bracings, SFS (Skeleton framing system), SFWB (Skeleton frame with bracing system) etc…
Practical analysis procedures of steel portal frames having different connect...Ali Msabawy
The real behaviour of connections in the steel buildings is often underestimated by designers at the structural analysis and design stages, despite their influences on the structural performance, deflection limits and a possibility of achieving a reduction in the material weights, which can significantly reduce the overall cost and amount of energy embodied. This paper, therefore, described systematic and simplified procedures to conduct a first-order elastic structural analysis of the semi-rigid steel portal frames in order to implement a design optimization using a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm within Solver Add-in tool in Microsoft Excel. The written program used the robustness and efficiency of the Finite Element (FE) method with the versatility of a spreadsheet format in Excel. To simulate the semi-rigid response of the connections, the mathematical representation through End-Fixity Factor and the Modified Stiffness Matrix were used to incorporate such behaviour into structural analysis packages. To validate the written program, a computer-based analysis was conducted using Prokon® software and comparing analysis results with those obtained from the Excel spreadsheet. It demonstrates that Excel's results were perfectly accurate. Consequently, the procedure of establishing spreadsheets as a finite element analysis software for a certain form of frames demonstrates its validity.
Design for Additively Manufactured Structure An Assessmentijtsrd
"The design of lightweight structures realized via additive manufacturing has been drawing considerable amount of attentions in academia and industries for a wide range of applications. However, various challenges remain for AM lightweight structures to be reliably used for these applications. For example, despite extensive advancement with geometric design, there still lacks adequate understanding with the process material property relationship of AM lightweight structures. In addition, a more integrated design approach must also be adopted in order to take non uniform material design into consideration. In our works, a design approach based on unit cell cellular structure was taken in the attempt to establish a comprehensive design methodology for lightweight structures. Analytical cellular models were established to provide computationally efficient property estimation, and various design factors such as size effect, stress concentration and joint angle effect were also investigated in order to provide additional design guidelines. In addition, it was also found that the geometry and microstructure of the cellular structures are dependent on both the process setup and the feature dimensions, which strongly support the argument to establish a multi scale hierarchical cellular design tool. Deependra Sharma | Prof. Vivek Babele ""Design for Additively Manufactured Structure: An Assessment"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21674.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21674/design-for-additively-manufactured-structure-an-assessment/deependra-sharma"
Comparison of Pre-Engineered Building and Conventional Steel Truss BuildingRoshni Ramakrishnan
Pre- Engineered buildings are those which are engineered/manufactured at factories and assembled at site.Built-up,hot rolled and cold formed sections are used in such buildings and the sections that are used in such buildings differ along length as the section size is dependent on the bending moment profile.Past research has shown that for large spans,a reduction of 20%-30% in steel quantity and also 30%-50% saving in time of project occur due to faster delivery and quicker site erection.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 46
structure analysis. The specially tailored ORCHID(Optimum
Reinforced Concrete Highly Interactive Dimensioning)
program is used for the design and optimization of
reinforcement. F. Ahmadkhanlou et. al. [3], presents a
general formula for cost optimization of single-and multi-
span RC slabs with different end conditions (simply
supported, one end continuous, both end continuous and
cantilever) subject to allACI codeconstraints.M.G.Sahabaet.
al. [4], presents the cost of optimizing reinforced concrete
flat slab buildings under the British Code of Practice
(BS8110). The objective function is the building's total cost
including floor, column and foundation costs. The cost of
each structural element is that of reinforcement, concrete
and shaping material and labor. A genetic algorithm is used
for a global search in this hybrid algorithm, followed by a
discrete form of the method Hook and Jeeves. B.A. Nedushan
et. al. [5], This article deals with cost optimization of single-
way concrete slabs in accordance with the latest American
Code of Practice (ACI 318-M08). The goal is to minimize the
slab's total cost including concrete and reinforcement bar
costs while meeting all design requirements.ParticleSwarm
Optimization (PSO) is used to solvetherestrictedproblemof
optimization.AsPSOisdesignedforunconstrainedproblems
of optimization, a multi-stage dynamic penalty was also
implemented to solve the constrained problem of
optimization. A. Kaveh et. al. [6], The cost optimization of a
single-way reinforced concrete floor system consisting of a
hollow slab is presented in this article. The system cost is
considered the objective function and the design is based on
the ACI 318-05 standard of the American Concrete Institute.
This function is minimized using the harmony search
algorithm, subject to design constraints. A. Kaveh et.al.[7],a
new modified particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO)
is used in this paper to optimize the design of large-scale
pre-stressed concrete slabs. The modification is
accomplished by adding some probabilistic coefficients to
particle velocity and is called probabilistic swarm
optimization of particles (PPSO). These coefficients provide
the algorithm with simultaneous exploration and
exploitation and decrease PSO's dependence on its
constants. A. H. Gandomi et. al. [8], a new metaheuristic
optimization algorithm called cuckoo search(CS)for solving
structural optimization tasks is introduced in this study.
Combined with Le'vy flights, the new CS algorithm is first
verified usinganonlinearbenchmarkrestrictedoptimization
issue. CS is subsequently applied to 13 design problems
reported in the specialized literature to validate against
structural engineering optimization problems. The CS
algorithm's performance is further compared with different
algorithms that represent the state of the art in the area. For
the most part, the optimal solutions obtained by CS are far
better than the best solutions obtained through existing
methods. A. Akin et. al. [9], This paper presents the
application of the harmony-based search algorithm to the
optimal detailed design of special seismic moment
reinforced concrete (RC) frames under earthquake loads
based on American Standard specifications. The objective
function is selected as the total frame cost that includes the
concrete, formwork and reinforcingsteel costsforindividual
frame members. M. Aldwaik et. al. [10], a model for cost
optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs of
arbitrary configuration in irregular high-rise construction
structures is presented in this article. The model is general
and can include any combination with or without openings
and perimeter beams of columns and shear walls in the
plane. For flat slabs of arbitrary configurations, a general
cost function is formulated taking into consideration not
only the cost of concrete and steel materials butalsothecost
of construction. Using Adeli and Park's robust neural
dynamics model, the nonlinear cost optimization problem is
solved. The methodology has been applied in a real-life 36-
story building structure to two flat slab examples. Not only
does the methodology automate the RC slab design process,
it also results in cost savings of 6.7–9 %.
3. Model Formulation
This section presents the mathematical modeling of slab
designs and formulation of the objective functions.
3.1. One-way reinforced concrete slabs
3.1.1. Objective function
A total cost function can be written as follows:
Where , and are, respectively, the costs of concrete,
reinforcing bars and formwork and finishing materials. For
any given location, the cost of formwork does not vary
significantly and can therefore be droppedfromformulation
(Ahmadkhanlou and Adeli [3]). The definition is as follows:
Where , , , , , , and are the span length, span
width, slab thickness (Fig. 1), concrete cost per unit volume,
unit weight per unit volume of steel, cross section area of
reinforcement bars, and reinforcement bar cost per unit
weight, respectively. The calculation of quantity is as
follows:
Where and are the reinforcement bar diameter and
spacing, respectively.
Figure 1: Typical cross-section of RC slab.
3.1.2. Design constraints
As mentioned earlier, cost function optimization is based on
the limitations defined by ACI 1999 code [29]. The
constraints included flexural constraint, shear constraint,
limitation of serviceability, and limitation of deflection. As
stated below, they aredefined and expressedinanormalized
form.
FLEXURAL CONSTRAINT
Nominal flexural strength, , should be greater than the
ultimate design moment, ;
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 47
In Eq. (4.5), is calculated as follows:
Where and are the clear span length and the moment
coefficient for the continuous slab depending on the slab
support type, respectively. Table 1 shows the values of . In
Eq. (4.6) the maximum moment coefficient value given in
Table 2 for four different support conditions (simply
supported, continuous at one end and simply supported at
the other end, continuous at both endsand cantilever).InEq.
(4.6), w is a uniformly distributed charge factored. The
Ahmadkhanlou andAdeli article[8] considered loadingcases
as suggested by the 1999 code of the ACI [30]:
Where , , and are dead floor loads excluding slab
self-weight, live load, and slab self-weight. Thecalculation of
as follows:
where is the weight of the concrete per unit volume.
Table 1: Moment coefficient for continuous slabs
Exterior Span
Support Middle Support
Interior Span
Support Middle Support
Table 2: Maximum moment coefficient, k, used for design
of RC slabs.
Simply
Supported
One End
Continuous
Both End
Continuous
Cantilever
The nominal bending moment, , is calculated as follows:
Where is the specified yield strength of thereinforcement
bars and the corresponding depth of the concrete
compressive stress block from which it is calculated (Fig. 1).
where is the specified compressive strength of concrete.
SHEAR CONSTRAINT
The nominal concrete shear strength, ,should begreater
than the ultimate factored shear strength, ;
The ultimate factored shear force is defined as follows:
where is the shear coefficient for continuous slab that
depends on the type of slab supports. The values of are
given in Table 3. The nominal shear strength of concrete is
defined as follows:
Table 3: Shear coefficient for continuous slabs.
Simply
Supported
One end
Continuous
Both ends
Continuous
Cantilever
SERVICEABILITY CONSTRAINT
The percentage in one-way RC slabs of longitudinal
reinforcement steel, , and bar spacing, ,shouldbebetween
minimum and maximum limits permitted by the design
specification.
where the is given by:
is defined as follows:
and is calculated from
The minimum area of flexural reinforcement longitudinal)is
selected as follows:
and the minimum and maximum bar spacing are defined as
follows:
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25231 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 48
DEFLECTION CONSTRAINTS
Slab thickness, , shall not be less than the minimum slab
thickness, ;
Where has a minimum thickness of 1.5 in(38.1mm) in
Table 4. Table 4 values apply to normal concrete weight and
. For other than
, (specified in Eq. (24))
multiplies the values. For lightweight concrete with
between and
, the values must be multiplied
by (as set out in Eq. (25)).
Table4: Minimum thickness for solid one-way slab
according to ACI code
Simply
Supported
One end
continuous
Both ends
continuous
Cantilever
3.1.3. Design variables
Single-way RC concrete slab design variables consistof three
variables: slab thickness ( ), reinforcement bar diameter
( ), and reinforcement bar spacing ( ). Slab thickness and
reinforcement spacing can be considered as integer
variables, such as multiples of 5mm and 10mm respectively
in the SI system, or multiples of or in the usualUS
system. Since it is necessary to assign the diameter of the
reinforcement bars from limited numbers, it must be
considered as a discrete variable. ACI supplies eleven
different bar sizes with a diameter of ( )
from bar size to bar size with a diameter of
( ).
3.2. Reinforced concrete flat slabs
3.2.1. Design constraints
This paper analyzes the concrete flat slabs by Direct Design
Method based on [29]. For using direct design method, ACI
presents six limitations;
1. In each direction, there have to be at least three
continuous spans.
2. Successive span lengths (center-to-center supports)
must not differ by more than one-third of the longer
span in each direction.
3. The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of panel
dimensions longer to shorter, the center-to-center of
supports measured, and not exceed 2.
4. Column offset in the direction of offset from either axis
between centerlines of successive columns shall not
exceed 10 percent of the span.
5. All loads shall be distributed uniformly over a whole
panel due to gravity only. 6. Unfactored live load shall
not exceed the unfactored dead load twice.
6. Unfactored live load shall not exceed the unfactored
dead load twice.
These constraints include flexural restrictions, one-way
shear constraints, two-way shear constraints, serviceability
constraints, and deflection constraints. The limitations are
explained below and expressed in a standardized form.
FLEXURAL CONSTRAINT
The design moments are distributed acrosseachpanelinthe
direct design method. As shown in Fig 2, the panels are
divided into columns and middle strips. In each strip,
positive and negative moments are achieved. The column
strip is a slab with a width on each side of the centerline of
the column.
where and are the width of half column strip and
middle strip, respectively.
Figure 2: Middle and Columns Strips.
Positive nominal bending strength at the middle and
negative nominal bending strength at both ends of the
column strip and middle strip, , should be greater than
the ultimate design moment in column strips (column) and
middle strips (mid) at those ends, ;
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In Eqs. (4.28-4.33), ,and iscalculatedasfollows:
Where is the distribution of the total span moment
coefficient for four different span conditions (inner span,
outer edge unrestrained, outer edge fully restrained, slab
without beam between inner support and edge beam) and
is the portion of the negative inner moment, the negative
outer moment, and the positive moment resisted by the
column strip. The values of and are respectively
expressed in Table 5. and Table 6. is thetotalstaticfactor
for a span defined as:
Where ln is the clear range of supports in the direction of
considered moments, the face-to-face measurement of the
supports is not less than , and the factored uniformly
distributed load is defined as:
Where is the reinforced concrete density and the slab
thickness.
Table5: Distribution of total span moment, .
Exterior edge
Unrestrained
Slab without beam between
interior support and edge beam
Exterior edge
fully restrained
Interior
span
Interior negative
factored moment
0.75 0.70 0.65 0.65
Positive factored
moment
0.63 0.52 0.35 0.35
Exterior negative
factored moment
0 0.26 0.65 0.65
Table 6: Portion of interior negative moment, exterior negative moment, and positive moment resisted by column strip,
0.5 1 2
Interior negative moment 0.75 0.75 0.75
Exterior negative moment 1 1 1
Positive moment 0.6 0.6 0.6
The nominal bending moment, , is defined as follows:
Where is the corresponding depth of the concrete
compressive stress block calculated as follows:
the quantity of is calculated by;
In effective slab width, a fraction of factored slab moment
resisted by the column, should be less than the
nominal flexural strength, ;
The effective slab width shall be the width of column plus
of slab. in interior column (int col) and edge
column (edge col) and are defined as follows:
where , , and refer to the shorter span
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The maximum values for is provided in Table 7.
Table 7: Maximum modified values of
Column location Span direction Maximum modified
Corner column
Either direction 1.0
Perpendicular to the edge 1.0
Edge Column Parallel to edge
Interior column Either direction
Where is the shear perimeter length perpendicular tothe
bending axis, and is the shear perimeter lengthparallelto
the bending axis. is also the width of the column
perpendicular to the bending axis, whereas isthewidth of
the column parallel to the bending axis. Fig. 3 calculates
these perimeters.
Figure 3: Assumed distribution of shear.
ONE-WAY SHEAR CONSTRAINT
The nominal concreteshear strength, ,should begreater
than the ultimate factored shear strength, ;
The ultimate factored shear force is calculated as follows in
the interior spans (int) and edge spans (edge):
The nominal concrete shear strength is defined as:
TWO-WAY SHEAR CONSTRAINT
The shear stress strength, , should be greater than the
ultimate factored shear stress, ;
In Eq. (4.52), is defined as follows:
Where the ultimate shear calculated by Eq. (4.55),
concrete area calculated by Eqs (4.55-4.56) along the
assumed critical section. the assumed critical section
property analogous to the Eqs (4.57-4.58) calculated polar
moment of inertia. the distance in the critical section
calculated by Eqs (4.59-4.60) between the central axis and
outlines. and in Eq (4.61), is given. (4.61):
Where is the column width perpendicular to the bending
axis and is the column width parallel to the bending axis.
For two-way members without shear reinforcement, the
shear stress strength is calculated by:
In Eq. (62), for interior columns, the value of is 40 and for
edge columns is 30.
SERVICEABILITY CONSTRAINS
The area of reinforcement bars, , should be greater than
the minimum area of reinforcement, , and bar
spacing, should be between minimumandmaximumlimits
allowed by the design specification in reinforced one-way
slabs.
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Table 8 presents the minimum area of flexural
reinforcement:
Table 8: The minimum area of flexural reinforcement,
.
Reinforcemen
t Type
Deformed
bars
Deformed
bars or
welded wire
reinforcement
The minimum and maximum spacing of the bar is defined as
follows:
where is the diameter of aggregate.
in this paper the formula for critical sections is assumed for
all sections of the RC flat slabs.
DEFLECTION CONSTRAINS
Slab thickness, , shall not be less than the minimum slab
thickness, ;
where is presented in Table 9.
Table 9: Minimum thickness of slabs without interior
beams, .
Without drop panels
Exterior Panels Interior Panels
Without edge beams
40000
60000
75000
where is the clear span in the long direction, measured
face-to-face of supports.
3.2.2. Design variables
The concrete ( ) compressive strength, the slab thickness
( ), the reinforcement bar diameter ( ), and the
reinforcement ( ) spacing were included as the design
variables. The diameter numbers of the reinforcement bars
( ) vary for four end spans because they differ in the
ultimate design moment. The thickness of the slab ( ) and
the spacing of the reinforcement ( ) may be considered as
integer variables (multiple of 5mm and 10mm respectively),
while discrete variablesmustbeassignedtothecompressive
strength of the concrete ( ) and the diameter of the
reinforcement bars ( ).
Table 10:List of possible values for .
S. No. Concrete strength ( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Table 11: List of possible values for .
S. No. Diameter of reinforcement bars ( )
1. 10mm
2. 12mm
3. 16mm
4. 20mm
5. 25mm
6. 28mm
7. 32mm
8. 36mm
9. 40mm
10. 50mm
3.2.3. Objective Function
A total cost function can be defined as follows for the
reinforced concrete flat slab:
Where is the concrete cost. can be computed as:
Where is the span length, center to center of supports in
the direction in which moments are considered, is the
span length, center to center of supports in the transverse
direction to , and is the cost ratio of the unit volume of
concrete to the unit volume of concrete ( ). and
are the costs, respectively, of negative and positive
reinforcement bars in interior and exterior supports,
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shaping and finishing materials. As mentioned in section3, it
is possible to drop the cost of formwork from the
formulation.
4. OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS
The design goal in optimizing a design could be simply to
minimize cost of production or maximize efficiency in
production. An optimization algorithm is a process that is
performed iteratively by comparing various solutions until
an optimal or satisfactory solution is found. With the advent
of computers, optimization has become part of computer-
aided design activities. The metaheuristic optimization
approach is used in the presented work instead of
deterministic optimization approach because the
optimization problem addressed is highly nonlinear and
multimodal and contains different complex constraints.
Sometimes there may be no optimal solutions at all in such
cases. Finding an optimal solution or even sub-optimal
solutions is a difficult task in most practical design issues. In
addition, metaheuristic approaches involve less complexity
computational than deterministic approaches.
4.1. Genetic Algorithm (GA)
GAs uses probabilistic transition rules to give research a
way, as opposed to numerous methods. Creating a tool that
depends on mutually exclusive events such as throwing a
coin is neither a simple arbitrary hunt nor a choice.
However, GAs use random choice as a tool to accompany a
search to the search space areas with expected progress. In
the following stages, the basic principles of a GA are
explained.
INITIAL POPULATION
Population of randomly selected chromosome-shaped
solutions.
TERMINATION CRITERIA
In practice, this is the termination criterion; for instance, if
the current generation themaximumpermissible
number of generations is given, then the end condition is
given.
OBJECTIVE OR FITNESS FUNCTION
IT defines the goal the GA needs to achieve.
SELECTION
Genetic algorithm reproduction begins with selection.
Selection is a method of selecting separate strings
(chromosomes) for next generations.
Figure 4: Presentation of Gene, Chromosome and
Population in GA.
CROSSOVER
Crossover is nothing but a reproductive process thatcreates
different individuals in successivegenerations bycombining
bits from two chromosomes of the previous generation.
MUTATION
Mutation is the process that haphazardly alters genetic
information to avoid trapping into local minima.
NEW GENERATION
We get new chromosomes at the end of the generation
through production processes such as selection; crossover
and mutation applied to a population of n chromosomes
until a new set of n persons is created. Thus, this set
becomes the new population.
Figure 5: Flowchart of Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
PSO is a population-based stochastic optimization
technology based on the social behaviors observed in
animals and insects, e.g. bird flocculation, fish schooling and
animal herding [27].
BASIC STRUCTURE
In PSO, through a systematic approach, anumberofparticles
are moved in search space. Each particle have a position,
, and a velocity, , in PSO, at time . The particles
current position and best position ever are stored in a
memory. The particle velocity will be changed based on the
historical data stored in the memory as well as random
information. The new velocities will be used to update the
particles' current position,
INITIAL POPULATION OR SOLUTIONS
A number of initial solutions are needed for the proposed
algorithm to initiate space exploration solution. Basically,
these initial solutions are the particles used in the search.
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PARTICLE POSITION, VELOCITY, UPDATION AND STOPPING
CRITERION
Because particles are used by the proposed PSO algorithm
to explore the feasible space. Initially, the PSO algorithm
generates random numbers as particle velocity to update
the particle position. After updating iteration in foreach
particle, the appropriate velocity ensures the feasibility of
each particle. The algorithm also needs to modify particle
velocities during the search to guide the particles through
the region's most desirable regions. Originally, the PSO
algorithm uses the following equation to update the speed:
Where is the particle at velocity, is the current
particle (solution) at iteration, is the particles
personal best, is the particles global best, and is
a random number between (0 and 1) Assume
. are learningfactors (or) social
and cognitive parameters. Usually equals to and
ranges from 0 to 4. Assume .
With the new velocity , the particle’s updated position
equation is given as:
The two above equations imply that a new design is
searched for the global optimum by using the velocity vector
being explored based on the local and global bests. Thus,
through neighborhood learningand previousdesign,the PSO
design update is done.
Figure 6: Flowchart of PSO Algorithm.
GREY WOLF OPTIMIZATION (GWO)
The Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) was proposed by
Mirjalili et al [28]. The GWO is inspired by the social
structure and hunting behavior of the gray wolves.
The gray wolves are strictly following the social hierarchyof
leadership. The alpha (α) wolf, still at the top of the
hierarchy, leads the hierarchy group. Likewise, after alpha,
beta (β) wolf is called the wolf's second level, the wolves of
the third and fourth level are called delta ( ) and omega ( )
respectively. The alpha wolf is followed by all wolves (beta,
delta and omega), while delta and omega follow the beta
wolves, and delta wolves followonlyomega. Sincetheomega
remains at the lowest level, they have no followers.
Hunting is now led by alpha, beta and delta wolves and
restful wolves (omega). The movement of the entire
population is guided by the top three best solutions in the
optimization problem and these solutions are referred to as
alpha, beta and delta respectively the other solutions are
considered as omega.
ENCIRCLING THE PREY
The first hunting step is to surround the prey. Gray wolve’s
encircling process is equivalenttotheoptimalsolutionbeing
encircled by all the population and is given by:
Here represent the current iterationnumber, while and
are the coefficient vectors, and are the wolf
and prey position vectors respectively. The and vector
coefficients are calculated as follows:
In eq. 3.10 the value of vector is linearly decreased from 2
to 0 with the iterations and are random vectors within
the interval of [0, 1].
Figure7: The position updating process in GWO as
presented by Mirjalili et al [4].
HUNTING
The prey position is known in the actual hunting scenario,
but the optimal solution is not known in the problem of
optimization, so alpha, beta and delta solutions estimate a
rough estimation of theoptimumlocationknowingtheyhave
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the best knowledge of the solution. Theupdateof thewolve’s
position is as follows:
The above equation estimates how the wolf (population)
should move to obtain the prey (optimum) and the mean of
the possible locations of pray. The are the
expected position of prey (optimum solution) onthebasisof
the position of and respectively. These positions are
estimated as follows:
ATTACKING
As the gray wolf starts tightening grip to prey themovement
of the prey becomes smaller and smaller asthewolvesmove,
and finally the prey stops moving and the wolf performs the
final attack. In a mathematical model, the vector value (a) to
be reduced from two to zero by every iteration in the linear
movement of prey and wolf (population position) is reduced
and finally, the prey (optimum) gets the movement of the
prey.
Figure 8: Flowchart for Graywolf Optimization
Algorithm (GWO).
5. Simulation Results
Optimization findings are provided in this chapter for four
kinds of one-way RC slabs with distinct support
circumstances. Table 12 presentstheprevalentdataused for
the simulation. The initial design variables values are
selected according to the ACI code for the design of concrete
slabs. is set at for
reinforcement steel. The concrete price differs with the
strength of the concrete as shown in Table 13. Practical
values for variables and are assumed to be and
multiples respectively.
Table12: Common Data used for Simulation
Parameter
Name
Parameter
Description
Parameter
Value
Specified yield
strength of
reinforcement bars
Weight of steel per
unit volume
Specified
compressive strength
of concrete
Weight of concrete
per unit volume
Cover Cover
Cost of concrete per
unit volume
Span length
Dead load of floor
excluding the self-
weight of slab
Live load
Cost of
reinforcement bars
per unit weight
Table13: Concrete specified compressive strength
and its cost, .
Specified compressive
strength of concrete ( )
Cost of concrete per
unit volume ( )
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Table 14: Genetic Algorithm (GA) Configuration.
Parameter’s Name Parameter’s Value
Population Size 100
Max Generations 200
Initialization Technique
Random (Uniformly
Distributed)
Crossover Technique Scattered
Crossover Probability 0.8
Mutation Technique
Random (Gaussian
with mean = 0)
Mutation Probability 0.01
Selection Stochastic uniform
Table 15: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Configuration.
Parameter’s Name Parameter’s Value
Number of Particles 100
Max Iterations 200
Initialization Technique
Random (Uniformly
Distributed)
Inertia Weights
( ) [0.1000 1.1000]
Acceleration Coefficients
( )
Table 16: Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) Configuration.
Parameter’s Name Parameter’s Value
Number of Wolfs 100
Max Iterations 200
Initialization
Technique
Random (Uniformly
Distributed)
Figure 9: Convergence Plot of Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Figure 10: Convergence Plot of Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO).
Figure 11: Convergence Plot of Gray Wolf Optimization
(GWO).
Table 17: Optimization results for simply supported slab.
Slab thickness Rebar diameter Rebar Spacing ( ) Total Cost ( )
Ref [3] 171.45mm (6.75in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 165.1mm (6.5in) 26.45
Ref [5] 158.75mm (6.25in) 12.7mm (0.5in) 228.6mm (9.0in) 26.57
Ref [23] 158.75mm (6.25in) 15.875 mm (0.625in) 368.3mm (14.5in) 26.36
GA 160.02mm (6.30in) 12mm (0.47in) 350.52mm (13.8in) 23.61
PSO 160.02mm (6.30in) 12mm (0.47in) 350.52mm (13.8in) 23.61
GWO 160.02mm (6.30in) 12mm (0.47in) 350.52mm (13.8in) 23.61
Table 18: Optimization results for one end continuous slab.
Slab thickness Rebar diameter Rebar Spacing ( ) Total Cost ( )
Ref [3] 141.48mm (5.57in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 177.8mm (7.0in) 22.98
Ref [5] 133.35mm (5.25in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 139.7mm (5.5in) 22.76
Ref [23] 133.35mm (5.25in) 12.7mm (0.5in) 254.0mm (10.0in) 22.78
GA 135.13mm (5.32in) 12mm (0.47in) 398.78mm (15.7in) 20.06
PSO 135.13mm (5.32in) 10mm (0.39in) 289.56mm (11.4in) 19.89
GWO 135.13mm (5.32in) 10mm (0.39in) 289.56mm (11.4in) 19.89
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Table 19: Optimization results for both ends continuous slab.
Slab thickness Rebar diameter Rebar Spacing ( ) Total Cost ( )
Ref [3] 120.65mm (4.75in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 177.8mm (7.0in) 19.93
Ref [5] 114.3mm (4.5in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 139.7mm (5.5in) 20.64
Ref [23] 114.3mm (4.5in) 12.7mm (0.5in) 254.0mm (10.0in) 20.5
GA 115.06mm (4.53in) 12mm (0.47in) 289.56mm (11.4in) 19.1
PSO 115.06mm (4.53in) 10mm (0.39in) 340.36mm (13.4in) 16.95
GWO 115.06mm (4.53in) 10mm (0.39in) 340.36mm (13.4in) 16.95
Table 20: Optimization results for cantilever slab.
Slab thickness Rebar diameter Rebar Spacing ( ) Total Cost ( )
Ref [3] 342.9mm (13.5in) 9.525mm (0.375in) 50.8mm (2.0in) 60.22
Ref [5] 317.5mm (12.5in) 15.875mm (0.625in) 317.5mm (12.5in) 59.31
Ref [23] 317.5mm (12.5in) 17.145mm (0.875in) 241.3mm (9.5in) 59.96
GA 320.04mm (12.6in) 10mm (0.39in) 119.89mm (4.72in) 47.33
PSO 320.04mm (12.6in) 16mm (0.63in) 309.88mm (12.2in) 47.25
GWO 320.04mm (12.6in) 16mm (0.63in) 309.88mm (12.2in) 47.25
Figure 12: Variation of the total cost function versus s
while the other two design variables h and are kept
constant.
Figure 13: Variation of the total cost function versus h
while the other two design variables s and are kept
constant.
Figure 14: Variation of the total cost function versus
d_b while the other two design variables s and h are
kept constant.
Figure 15: Variation of total cost function versus h and
s when is kept constant to 0.0160m.
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Figure 16: Variation of total cost function versus
and s when h is kept constant to 0.3200m.
Figure 17: Variation of total cost function versus
and h when s is kept constant to 0.3100m.
The cost optimization model described in the paper can also
be used as a tool for conducting parametricresearch,gaining
insight into the entire design, and gaining trend data and
answering questions when asked. For instance, Fig. 12-14
displays variation in the overall cost function versus asingle
design variable , , or while the other two design factors
remain fixed. Fig. 12 depicts that the cost reduces very
quickly when bars spacing ( ) is increased up to 100mm,
however the further increase in bar spacing doesn’t affect
the cost that much. On the other hand, TheFig.13 showsthat
cost increases linearlywith risein slab thickness . Finally,
the Fig. 14 shows that the cost rises drastically with rise in
the size of the reinforcement bar ( ).
Fig. 15-17 displays variation in the overall cost function
versus two design variables while the third design variable
kept fixed. Fig. 15 depicts that the complete cost function
variation versus and if is held constant. This figure
indicates a significant cost increase when the spacing of the
bar is low (less than 80mm). Fig. 16 Displays the complete
cost function vs. and if is held constant. This figure
indicates a significant rise in cost function with reduction in
the size of the reinforcement bar andincrementinspacing of
bar. Fig. 17 Displays the complete cost function vs. and
if is held constant. This figure indicates a significant rise in
cost function with rise in the size of the reinforcement bar
and rise in slab thickness.
6. Conclusions
In this research, cost optimization of RC slabs with distinct
support conditions (simply supported, one end continuous,
both end continuous and cantilever) was provided usingthe
three distinct optimization methods (Genetic Algorithm
(GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Gray Wolf
Optimization (GWO)). The slab design was based on ACI
code as discussed in section 3, and the procedure involved
finding the optimum slab thickness, reinforcement bar
diameter, and reinforcement spacing the details of these
variables are presented in section 3.
According to the outcomes, the GWO, which was firstused to
optimize the concrete slab, showed(refer toFig. 9-11)better
convergence speed to optimize concrete structures relative
to the GA and PSO algorithms. The GWO achieves the best
result in just 15 iterations (Fig. 9), whilethe PSO andGAtake
around 25 iterations (Fig. 10 and Fig. 11). Furthermore, the
GWO and PSO both achieve similar andbetteroutcomesthan
the GA for one end continuous slab (Table 18Error!
Reference source not found.), both end continuous slab
(Table 19) and cantilever slab (Table 20), although for
simply supported slab all three algorithms give similar
results.
The comparison of the presented method with the
previously proposed methods, shows (refer to Table 17-20)
that the presented method achieves better outcomes than
the previously proposed works. The presented method
achieves 10.43% cost reduction (Table 17) for the simply
supported condition, 12.61% cost reduction (Table 18) in
one end continuous support condition, 14.95% cost
reduction (Table 19) in both end continuous support
condition and 20.33% cost reduction in cantilever support
condition (Table 20).
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