- Viruses have infected humans for thousands of years, emerging as humans increased in population and spread globally. Evidence of early viral infections have been found in Egyptian mummies and writings from ancient Greece, China, and Japan.
- Some of the earliest known viral infections included polio, smallpox, rabies, influenza, and tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Descriptions of symptoms and outbreaks of these viruses date back as far as 3700 BC in ancient Egypt.
- Important developments in the 18th century included the first use of variolation against smallpox in China, Turkey, and Europe, and Edward Jenner's pioneering work demonstrating vaccination with cowpox virus provided protection against smallpox.
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection of lung that involves the small air alveoli and the tissue around is called pneumonia.
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky And Martinus Willem Beijerinck-Discoveries,Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and the Discovery of Chemosynthesis, Scientific contributions
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
Public Health Versus Democracy: A History of Smallpox in Rhode IslandMark Gardner
Long before threats to public health were coordinated by the Center for Disease Control, the response to epidemic disease handled almost entirely at the local level, with support provided only when needed from provincial governments. Using Rhode Island as a case study, this presentation will outline the provincial laws that gave sweeping authority to town officials to act in the best interest of the community. At the same time efforts by officials to prevent outbreaks in the first place through inoculation and vaccination were often met with fierce local opposition. With the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, opposition to vaccination programs in neighboring Massachusetts were ultimately settled by the Supreme Court. And conflicting priorities over public health, civil liberties and individual freedom are alive and well today despite the victory of medical science over the variola virus.
The disease that arrives in the time when crops are destroyed, and all is barren because of corrupted air and water. The signs of which are common, and some belong to fever.
The disease will come when a star appears called comets, with a round tail and a meteor, and the way in which it [the weather] is hot and then cold, and then hot and then cold again, many times in one day.
When air is foggy and dense and it seems to be raining and not raining [at the same time], and when the summer is hot and humid, and when birds leave their nests and eggs, and many reptiles appear on the ground, these are signs of a future epidemic.
The properties or the signs of the disease is fever, that the fever is pestilence, is that the heat is great outside & inside, and when he must tolerate ill-health, and when he has thirst and dryness of the tongue, and when breath is difficult, and when he has pain of the heart, and the stench comes from all of those things which are coming out from the body: breathing, sweating, vomiting, and urine.” And this is PLAGUE.
One of the oldest diseases which threatened human civilization. Let's know something about the disease and prevent it. Know the history, clinical features, and prevention of plague. Most importantly about plague doctors, one of the historical presentations of community physician.
This presentation contains the history and classification of viruses on the basis of book titled "Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control of Animal Viruses" by S.J. Flint.
Historical Background on Genesis of Epidemics, Plant Quarantine & Phytosani...Mir G.
With the increasing international travel and trade globalization, the persistence of trans-boundary plant/animal/human diseases in the world poses a serious risk to world humans/animal/ agriculture/food security and jeopardizes international trade. See the timeline of pandemics/epidemics that, in ravaging human populations and changed history. Many destructive plant pathogens have emerged via human-assisted global migration movement from their native geographic range to a new environment. Examples of dangerous pathogens/diseases disseminated during the transboundary movement of seeds and other planting materials in international trade and exchange caused havoc and leading to profound political, economic, and social consequences. In this context, the awareness of quarantine & certification measures are compulsory in the present scenario.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
1. HISTORY OFVIRUS
(PRE-HISTORYTO 18th CENTURY)
SUBMITTEDTO:
Prof.(Dr.) S. Maherchandani
SUBMITTED BY:
Deepika Jain
M.V.Sc (1st year)
Vety. Public Health
2. IN PREHISTORY
• Over the past 50,000-1,00,000 years, as modern humans
increased in numbers and dispersed throughout the world,
new infectious diseases emerged, including those caused by
viruses.
• Evidence of viral infection can be found among the earliest
recording of human activity, and methods for combating viral
disease were practiced long before the first virus was
recognized.
• Herpes viruses first infected the ancestors of modern humans
over 80 million years ago.
3. • Smallpox, first emerged among agricultural
communities in India about 11,000 years ago.
• The virus, which only infected humans, probably
descended from the poxviruses of rodents.
• Humans probably came into contact with these
rodents and some people infected by the viruses
they carried. When viruses cross this so-called
“species barrier”, their effects can be severe.
4. VIRALINFECTIONS INANTIQUITY
• Some modern viruses undoubtedly were associated
with the earliest precursors of mammals and
coevolved with humans.
• Evidence of certain viral infections has been found,
which occurred during this period:
Poliomyelitis
Small pox
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
5. POLIOMYELITIS
(The Year 3700 BC)
•The first written record of a virus
infection consists of a heiroglyph from
Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt,
drawn in about 3,700 BC.
•It depicts a temple priest called Ruma
showing typical signs of paralytic,
poliomyelitis.
6. POLIOMYELITIS
(The Year 1193 BC)
• The Pharaoh Siptah rules Egypt from 1200-1193
BC when he dies suddenlly at the age of about
20.
• His mummified body lays undisturbed in his
tomb in the valley of the Kings until 1905 when
the tomb was excavated.
7. CONT…
•Mitchell, noted the shortening of left leg,
which he interpreted as poliomyelitis, in
the early Egyptian mummy from
Deshasheh.
•The club foot of the Pharaoh Siptah
mummy which shows a severely
deformed Pes equinovarus –like left foot
and a shortened leg.
8. SMALLPOX
(The Year 1157 BC)
•Archeologists find “dome- shaped vesicles
similar to those found in smallpox” on three
mummies whose skin, bones and muscles
were preserved in 1898.
•One of these was Pharaoh RamsesV who died
in 1157 BC.
•The mummified head of RamsesV of Egypt
(1157 BC) showing the pustular eruption that
may have been due to smallpox.
9. TOMATOYELLOW LEAFCURLVIRUS
• The earliest desciption of a virus- infected plant
found in a poem written by the Japanese
Empress Koken (718-770), in which she describes
a plant in summer with yellowing leaves.
• The plant, later identified as Eupatorium
lindleyanum, is often infected with Tomato
yellow leaf curl virus.
10. IN MIDDLEAGES
RABIES
• Rabies, a disease that had been recognised for over 4,000
years, was rife in Europe.
• The earliest record of canine rabies appears in
Mesopotamian cuneiform law tablets from about 2,ooo
BC.
• The law sets a heavy fine for any dog owner who allowed a
dog with symptoms of the disease to bite another person.
• The main vector is domestic dogs, but wild animals such
as foxes & bats can transmit the disease to humans.
11. CONT...
• Aelian remarked that a piece of cloth bitten by a rabid dog
could be a potential source of infection to anyone who
comes in intimate contact with it.
• His ominous comment insinuates that mad-dog “venom”
could have weapon potential.
12. CONT…
• The disease’s zoonotic ability thought to have
originated in Mesopotamia, reaching in China in
the sixth century BC.
• Rabies was known in ancient Anatolia by the fifth
century BC, mentioned by Xenophon & Aristotle.
• Rabies arrived in Greece in fifth century.
13. EARLYTO LATE MODERN PERIOD
INFLUENZA
• The first known reference to flu comes from
ancient documents written by Hippocrates as
early as 412 BC . Known as “father of medicine”,
he described flu-like symptoms being
experienced in northern Greece.
• In 1357 AD the word for influenza was born from
the Italian word for “influence”.
14. CONT...
• In 1173, an epidemic occurred that was possibly the first in
Europe, and in 1493, an outbreak of what is now thought to
be swine influenza, struck Native Americans in Hispaniola.
There is some evidence to suggest that source of the
infection was pigs on Columbus’s ships.
• During an influenza epidemic that occurred in England
between 1557 and 1559, five per cent of the population –
about 1,50,000 – died from the infection.The mortality rate
was nearly five times that of the 1918-19 pandemic.
15. CONT…
• The first pandemic that was reliably recorded
began in July 1580 in Asia during the summer, and
then spread to Africa and Europe.
• Within six months, influenza had spread from
southern Europe all the way to the northern
Europe countries, and the infection subsequently
reached the Americas.
• The actual death toll is unknown, bit 8,000 deaths
occurred in Rome alone.
16. CONT...
The next three pandemics occurred in the
18th century
1) In 1729: Influenza pandemic originates in Russia,
spreading westwards in expanding waves to embrace
all Europe within six months. High death rates are
reported.
2) In 1761-1762: Influenza pandemic originates in the
Americas in the spring of 1761 and spreads from there
to Europe and around the globe in 1762.
3) In 1780-1782: Influenza pandemics originates in
Southeast Asia and spreads to Russia and eastward into
Europe.
17. TULIPBREAKING VIRUS
•These flowers are famous for being the most
expensive tulip sold during tulip mania.
• At the peak of this tulip mania in the 1630s,
one bulb could cost as much as a house.
•It was not known at the time that the stripes
were caused by a virus accidently transferred
by humans to tulips.
•The effect of tulip breaking virus are seen in
the striking streaks of white in its red petals.
18. DISCOVERYOFVACCINATION
VARIOLATION
• It is the method first use to immunize an individual against
smallpox.
• The Chinese practiced the oldest documented use of
variolation.They implemented a method of “nasal
insufflaion” administered by blowing powdered smallpox
material, usually scabs, up the nostrils.
19. CONT...
•In 1717,Lady MaryWortley Montagu,
learned about the variolation.
•In 1721, at the urging of Montagu and
Princess ofWales, several prisoners and
abandoned children were inoculated by
the pus from smallpox victims, inserted
under the skin.
•Several months later, childrens and
prisoners were delibrately exposed to
smallpox.
• When none contracted the disease,
the procedure was deemed safe and
members of royal family were
inoculated.
•The procedure then become
fashionable in Europe.
20. VACCINATION
•On May 14, 1796, Jenner took fluid from a
cowpox blister on the hand of a milkmaid,
Sarah Nelmes and scratched it into the skin
of James Phipps, an eight- year old boy.
•A single blister rose up on the spot, but
James soon recovered.
•On July 1, Jenner inoculated the boy again,
this time with smallpox matter, and no
disease develop.
•Thus Jenner had demonstrated smallpox
immunization.