Brome mosaic virus
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This document discusses several findings related to plant viruses: 1. Fraenkel-Conrat showed in 1955-56 that complete Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) particles can be reconstituted in vitro from isolated RNA and protein components, and that TMV RNA alone is infectious when introduced into plants. They also demonstrated "transcapsidation" where TMV RNA can be encapsidated by a closely-related virus's protein. 2. Bill Dougherty observed in 1991 that plant pathogen resistance is related to RNA, noting hallmarks of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and RNA interference (RNAi) in Tobacco etch virus (TEV) infections. 3
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Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Tmv
This document discusses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), which infects over 350 plant species including economically important crops like tobacco and tomatoes. TMV is a rod-shaped virus composed of RNA and coat proteins. It replicates by translating its RNA inside plant cells and using movement proteins to spread between cells. Infection causes mosaic patterns, necrosis, curling and stunted growth. TMV is transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools or plant material and can overwinter in weeds or debris. Management strategies include using virus-free plants, removing weeds, disinfecting tools, and propagating through seed rather than vegetative material.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
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This document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, a seminal reference work for the classification and identification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the first edition in 1923 established a phenetic classification system, while modern editions are based on phylogenetic analysis of rRNA sequencing. The first edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in 1984 classified microbes into 33 sections based on common characteristics rather than phylogeny alone. Subsequent editions reorganized the classification to distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes based on their phylogenetic positions.
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Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
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Cauliflower mosaic virus ppt
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Tmv
This document discusses Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), which infects over 350 plant species including economically important crops like tobacco and tomatoes. TMV is a rod-shaped virus composed of RNA and coat proteins. It replicates by translating its RNA inside plant cells and using movement proteins to spread between cells. Infection causes mosaic patterns, necrosis, curling and stunted growth. TMV is transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools or plant material and can overwinter in weeds or debris. Management strategies include using virus-free plants, removing weeds, disinfecting tools, and propagating through seed rather than vegetative material.
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
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This document summarizes the history and contents of Bergey's Manual, a seminal reference work for the classification and identification of bacteria and archaea. It describes how the first edition in 1923 established a phenetic classification system, while modern editions are based on phylogenetic analysis of rRNA sequencing. The first edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology in 1984 classified microbes into 33 sections based on common characteristics rather than phylogeny alone. Subsequent editions reorganized the classification to distribute pathogenic bacteria throughout volumes based on their phylogenetic positions.
Rhizobium ppt
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This document discusses plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) which are soil microorganisms that can positively influence plant growth. PGPM are divided into two main groups - plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF). PGPR and PGPF help plants grow through mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, phytohormone synthesis, and protecting plants from pathogens. They play important roles in agricultural sustainability by improving soil fertility, supplying nutrients, suppressing diseases, and assisting in environmental remediation.
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
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This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Transmission of plant viruses
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
07 lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
Purification of viruses
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
Soil microorganisms
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Bacterial genomic organization
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Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Proteobacteria
General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
Conjugation Microbiology powerpoint presentation
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Plant Microbe Interaction
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
Rhizosphere & phyllosphere
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Microbial interaction
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Endophytes
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
This document summarizes the discovery and mechanisms of bacterial conjugation. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with E. coli strains. They found that when two auxotrophic strains were mixed on minimal media, prototrophs grew, indicating genetic transfer. Bernard Davis provided evidence for direct cell-to-cell contact in 1950 using a filter to separate strains. Conjugation involves an F plasmid transferring via pili from an F+ donor cell to an F- recipient. This can involve the whole chromosome in Hfr cells. The mechanisms of F+, F-, and Hfr conjugation and their genetic crosses are then described.
PLANT VIRUS PPT - SLIDE SHARE
Plant viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that infect the cells of plants and cause diseases. They consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat. Plant viruses spread through mechanical transmission by tools or vectors like insects, and can be controlled through maintaining strict insect control and using virus-free planting stock.
RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including those that cause diseases like SARS, influenza, hepatitis C, and measles. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus crystallized and shown through experiments to have RNA, not DNA, as its genetic material. When purified TMV RNA was inoculated into healthy tobacco plants, it caused lesions, demonstrating that the RNA alone carried the genetic information to cause infection.
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES BELOW AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE. THAN.pdf
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES BELOW AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE.
THANK YOU!
Why do all (-)RNA virus have an RNA polymerase in its virion?
How does vesicular stomatitis virus regulate its mRNA transcription?
How does vesicular stomatitis virus regulate Protein synthesis?
State numerous factors for Ebola virus being an emerging deadly pathogen for us.
Why can’t influenza virus replicate in a cell where the nucleus has been removed?
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES ABOVE AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE.
THANK YOU!
Solution
1) Negative-sense RNA has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA that it encodes.
Like DNA, this RNA cannot be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must first be
transcribed into a positive-sense RNA that acts as an mRNA.
In order to get transcribed into a positive-sense RNA these viruses need a RNA Polymerase
enzyme. As soon as the virion enters the host cell the virus uses its own RNA replicase, known
as RNA dependent RNA Polymerase to form positive RNA template strands through
complementary base pairing. This positive sense RNA strand acts as mRNA and can be
translated into structural capsomere proteins and viral RNA polyemrase enzymes for further
synthesis of virions.
2) The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus, a nonsegmented negative-
strand RNA virus, directs two discrete RNA synthetic processes, transcription and replication.
The two short extragenic regions at the genomic termini, the 3 leader (Le) and the complement
of the 5 trailer (TrC), contain essential signals for these processes.
The viral genome comprises a 47-nt leader region (Le), five transcriptional units for the N, P, M
(matrix), G (glycoprotein), and L mRNAs, and a 59-nucleotide trailer region (Tr), arranged in the
order 3 Le-N-P-M-G-L-Tr 5. The 3 Le is thought to act as a promoter for transcription of the
viral mRNAs.
The promoter for mRNA transcription was shown to include specific sequence elements within
Le at positions 19 to 29 and 34 to 46, a separate element at nucleotides 47 to 50, the
nontranscribed leader-N gene junction.
Transcription process
3) Translation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
3) Ebola, commonly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by
infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman
primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Ebola viruses belong to a family of viruses
called Filoviridae, and there are five known species of Ebola virus
5) Influenza A virus belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Orthomyxoviridae viruses are
one of two RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus (the other being retroviridae). The reason is
that the machinery of orthomyxo viruses cannot make their own mRNAs. The influenza virus
has a negative sense RNA genome. In the host nucleus, the virus does primary transcription to
produce necessary proteins for replication..
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This document discusses bacteriophage T4, a virus that infects E. coli bacteria. It has a complex protein coat and large double-stranded DNA genome. T4 uses the host cell's machinery to replicate and kills the host cell. T4 plays a role in cholera and diphtheria by carrying toxin genes that allow the bacteria to cause disease. Bacteriophage may be useful for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria or infections where antibiotics cannot reach. T4 is also used in recombinant DNA technology.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
This document discusses the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) and its potential use for gene transfer in plants. CaMV is a plant virus that infects brassica plants like cauliflower and turnips. It has a circular double-stranded DNA genome and is spherical in shape. The 35S promoter from CaMV is commonly used in plant transformation due to its strong constitutive expression in dicots. For gene transfer, foreign DNA can be inserted into the non-essential genes II or VII of CaMV. However, CaMV has limitations for gene transfer due to its limited insertion capacity and loss of infectivity if too many nucleotides are added.
Transmission of plant viruses
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
07 lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Bacteriophages can replicate through either a lytic or lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves attachment to a host cell, injection of viral DNA, replication of new viruses inside the host, and lysis of the host cell to release viruses. The lysogenic cycle also involves attachment and injection of viral DNA, but the DNA then integrates into the host genome and replicates with it until inducing lysis. Integrating into the host allows longer replication but slower production of new viruses compared to the lytic cycle.
Purification of viruses
This document discusses techniques for purifying viruses, specifically density gradient centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation. Density gradient centrifugation separates particles based on their buoyant densities by layering solutions of decreasing density in a centrifuge tube, then centrifuging the virus sample on top for a short time. This allows different viruses to separate into discrete zones based on their sedimentation rates. Isopycnic centrifugation forms the density gradient during a long, high-speed centrifugation, allowing separation of particles that differ slightly in density but not size. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethanol can also be used to purify viruses.
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Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer: VAM
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
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General features of Proteobacteria, alpha Proteobacteria
subscribe youtube channel: Dharmesh Sherathia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxOIqxYmerk&t=348s
join me on insta @dharmesh.biology
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This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
Conjugation Microbiology powerpoint presentation
Bacterial conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact. It was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E. coli K12 strains. The process involves a donor bacterium containing an F plasmid transferring it to a recipient bacterium. The F plasmid encodes for sex pili that allow the transfer of genetic material. During conjugation, the recipient bacterium receives part of the donor's DNA and may gain traits like antibiotic resistance.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation about plant-microbe interactions given by Manisha Thakur. It discusses how plants constantly encounter biotic and abiotic stresses. Microbes that colonize plants can have pathogenic, symbiotic, or associative relationships. Specific examples provided include mutualistic relationships like rhizobia in root nodules, and types of pathogenic relationships such as necrotrophy and biotrophy. The document also discusses concepts like the rhizosphere and how root exudates influence microbial communities in and around plant roots and leaves.
Rhizosphere & phyllosphere
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Microbial interaction
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Endophytes
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
This document summarizes the discovery and mechanisms of bacterial conjugation. Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered conjugation in 1946 while experimenting with E. coli strains. They found that when two auxotrophic strains were mixed on minimal media, prototrophs grew, indicating genetic transfer. Bernard Davis provided evidence for direct cell-to-cell contact in 1950 using a filter to separate strains. Conjugation involves an F plasmid transferring via pili from an F+ donor cell to an F- recipient. This can involve the whole chromosome in Hfr cells. The mechanisms of F+, F-, and Hfr conjugation and their genetic crosses are then described.
PLANT VIRUS PPT - SLIDE SHARE
Plant viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that infect the cells of plants and cause diseases. They consist of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat. Plant viruses spread through mechanical transmission by tools or vectors like insects, and can be controlled through maintaining strict insect control and using virus-free planting stock.
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Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr conjugation, F- genetic crosses
Similar to Brome mosaic virus
RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulating, and expressing genes. Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, including those that cause diseases like SARS, influenza, hepatitis C, and measles. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus crystallized and shown through experiments to have RNA, not DNA, as its genetic material. When purified TMV RNA was inoculated into healthy tobacco plants, it caused lesions, demonstrating that the RNA alone carried the genetic information to cause infection.
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES BELOW AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE. THAN.pdf
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES BELOW AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE.
THANK YOU!
Why do all (-)RNA virus have an RNA polymerase in its virion?
How does vesicular stomatitis virus regulate its mRNA transcription?
How does vesicular stomatitis virus regulate Protein synthesis?
State numerous factors for Ebola virus being an emerging deadly pathogen for us.
Why can’t influenza virus replicate in a cell where the nucleus has been removed?
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES ABOVE AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE.
THANK YOU!
Solution
1) Negative-sense RNA has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the mRNA that it encodes.
Like DNA, this RNA cannot be translated into protein directly. Instead, it must first be
transcribed into a positive-sense RNA that acts as an mRNA.
In order to get transcribed into a positive-sense RNA these viruses need a RNA Polymerase
enzyme. As soon as the virion enters the host cell the virus uses its own RNA replicase, known
as RNA dependent RNA Polymerase to form positive RNA template strands through
complementary base pairing. This positive sense RNA strand acts as mRNA and can be
translated into structural capsomere proteins and viral RNA polyemrase enzymes for further
synthesis of virions.
2) The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of vesicular stomatitis virus, a nonsegmented negative-
strand RNA virus, directs two discrete RNA synthetic processes, transcription and replication.
The two short extragenic regions at the genomic termini, the 3 leader (Le) and the complement
of the 5 trailer (TrC), contain essential signals for these processes.
The viral genome comprises a 47-nt leader region (Le), five transcriptional units for the N, P, M
(matrix), G (glycoprotein), and L mRNAs, and a 59-nucleotide trailer region (Tr), arranged in the
order 3 Le-N-P-M-G-L-Tr 5. The 3 Le is thought to act as a promoter for transcription of the
viral mRNAs.
The promoter for mRNA transcription was shown to include specific sequence elements within
Le at positions 19 to 29 and 34 to 46, a separate element at nucleotides 47 to 50, the
nontranscribed leader-N gene junction.
Transcription process
3) Translation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
3) Ebola, commonly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by
infection with one of the Ebola virus strains. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman
primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). Ebola viruses belong to a family of viruses
called Filoviridae, and there are five known species of Ebola virus
5) Influenza A virus belongs to the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Orthomyxoviridae viruses are
one of two RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus (the other being retroviridae). The reason is
that the machinery of orthomyxo viruses cannot make their own mRNAs. The influenza virus
has a negative sense RNA genome. In the host nucleus, the virus does primary transcription to
produce necessary proteins for replication..
Dibakar ppt
Tumor viruses can infect cells through either a lytic or latent life cycle. In the latent cycle, the virus genome integrates into the host cell DNA and causes cellular transformation by interfering with normal cell growth control mechanisms. This transformation allows infected cells to proliferate unchecked and form tumors. There are two major classes of tumor viruses - DNA and RNA viruses. DNA tumor viruses like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus can contribute to cancers like hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer. RNA tumor viruses are retroviruses that carry the enzyme reverse transcriptase and integrate their RNA genome into host cell DNA, possibly inserting oncogenes that drive transformation.
Dibakar ppt
Tumor viruses can infect cells through either a lytic or latent life cycle. In the latent cycle, the virus genome integrates into the host cell DNA and causes cellular transformation by interfering with normal cell growth control mechanisms. This transformation allows infected cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors. Both DNA and RNA tumor viruses are able to transform cells through similar mechanisms involving the expression of viral genes. The two major classes of tumor viruses are DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses, which use different mechanisms to integrate their genome and express genes to transform host cells.
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Similar to Brome mosaic virus (6)
PLEASE ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONES BELOW AS DETAILED AS POSSIBLE. THAN.pdf
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Brome mosaic virus
- 1. Ijaz Zehri Plant Pathology Luawms Uthal
- 3. Fraenkel-Conrat 1955-56 • Complete, infectious TMV particles can be reconstituted in vitro from the RNA and protein components • RNA alone is infectious • RNA can be “transcapsidated” in protein from closely related virus; resulting virus has properties of RNA strain reconstitute in vitro Virus Aa: RNA A capsid a RNA protein symptoms (A) extract virus virus Aa inoculate plants
- 4. Fraenkel-Conrat – 1955-56 Transcapsidation inoculate plants Virus Aa: RNA A capsid a RNA protein symptoms (A) no symptoms extract virus no virusvirus Aa inoculate plants Virus Bb: RNA B capsid b RNA protein symptoms (B) no symptoms extract virus no virusvirus Bb inoculate plants Virus Ab: RNA A capsid a RNA protein symptoms (A) no symptoms extract virus no virusvirus Aa
- 5. Bill Dougherty – 1991 • RNA was critical component in resistance in pathogen- mediated resistance • All of the hallmarks that later came to be associated with PTGS and RNAi were first observed with Tobacco etch virus (TEV) (1993 Lindbo et al., Plant Cell 5:1749-1759)
- 6. Brome mosaic virus • Relatively little studied prior to 1980 • Relatively narrow host range • Causes no important disease • Mechanically transmitted, probably not vectored • Similar to Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus, two important plant pathogens • Now most thoroughly understood plant virus at RNA level
- 7. BMV structure • Rigid isometric particles 27 nm • RNA1 (3.2 kb) and RNA2 (2.9 kb) packaged alone; RNA3 (2.1 kb) and RNA4 (1.2 kb) packaged together • Particle is held together primarily by protein/RNA interactions • With RNA, 180-subunit, T=3 particles predominate; without RNA, 120- subunit, T=1, particles