- Praxis refers to the ability to plan and carry out complex, purposeful movements and is impaired in apraxia. Apraxia is characterized by the loss of the ability to perform movements despite having the physical ability and willingness. There are several types of apraxia that affect different motor functions like speech, eye or limb movements. Apraxia is caused by conditions that damage brain areas controlling movement like stroke, brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease or head injuries. Clinical manifestations of apraxia include difficulties with speech like distorted words, incorrect word order or stress.

1. The concept of praxis. Types of apraxia,
their clinical manifestations
By
Berin Mohamed Ashraf
group : 932e

2. What is praxis?
- Praxis is a uniquely human skill that enables us to interact effectively with
the physical world ,it refers to learned motor activity.
- is the ability of the brain to conceive of, organize and carry out a sequence of
unfamiliar actions.It is predominantly a domain of complex motor skills.
- is the generation of volitional movement for the performance of a particular
action .
- is that neurological process by which cognition directs motor action, motor
or action planning is that intermediate process which bridges ideation and
motor execution to enable adaptive interaction with the physical world

3. What is apraxia ?
- Apraxia is neurological condition characterized by loss of the ability to
perform activities that a person is physically able and willing to do.
- It is a disorder of motor planning, which may be acquired or
developmental, but is not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or
failure to comprehend simple commands (which can be tested by asking
the person to recognize the correct movement from a series).
- The damage affects the brain's ability to correctly signal instructions to
the body. Forms of apraxia include the inability to say some words or
make gestures.

4. Types of apraxia
- Oculomotor apraxia is a condition In Which patients find it difficult to move
their eyes .This abnormality is part of Balint syndrome.
- verbal apraxia or apraxia of speech is a condition involving difficulty
coordinating mouth and speech movements and it’s Commonly associated with
damage in the left frontal operculum and insula.
- Ideomotor apraxia is inability to carry out a motor command , limb , head
movements or buccofacial.
- Ideational apraxia is inability to create a plan for or an idea of a specific
movement.
- Gait apraxia is impaired coordination of leg movements.

5. con….
- Constructional apraxia with this disorder do not have difficulty making
most types of skilled movements with their arms and hands. (Inability to
draw or construct simple configurations) Caused by lesions of the right
parietal lobe.
- Buccofacial apraxia is Inability perform skilled actions involving the lips,
mouth, and tongue in the absence of paresis.
- Limb-kinetic apraxia is the inability to make precise movements with
fingers, and arm or leg
- Conceptual apraxia is a condition in which a person could have trouble
dressing, eating or bathing.

6. Causes of apraxia
Apraxia is caused by conditions that affect parts of the brain that
control movements such as :
- Stroke
- brain tumor
- Alzheimer's disease
- Traumatic brain injury
- Intra-cranial tumours
- Corticobasal degeneration Pick's disease

7. clinical manifestations
- the inability to say some words or make gestures.
- Distorted and repeated words.
- Incorrect order of words .
- Stress on certain words .
- Struggle with complex words.

8. Thanks for your attention