Hands on Training 2018

2
1.1. Introduction
Global fish production has grown steadily in the last five decades, with fish food
supply increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent, outpacing world population
growth at 1.6 percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption increased from an average
of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 20.1 kg in 2016 (FAO, 2016). China ranks first in production of
fishes and contribute the largest portion of world’s total fisheries production, particularly
from aquaculture. Presently, India is the second largest fish producing country in the world.
Table 1. Fish production in the world (million tonnes)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Inland 34.3 36.8 38.7 41.9 44.8 47.1
Marine 21.4 22.3 23.3 24.7 25.5 26.7
Total aquaculture 55.7 59.0 62.0 66.6 70.3 73.7
Total world
fisheries
145.8 148.1 155.7 158.0 162.9 167.2
(Source: FAO, 2016)
1.2. Aquaculture in India
Fisheries not only contribute to nutritional security but also provided employment and
livelihood to more than 14 million people in primary level and is earned over Rs 30,420.83
crore annually through export (MPEDA, 2016). The vibrancy of the sector can be visualized
by the 11 fold increased that India achieved in fish production in just six decades i.e. from
0.75 million tons in 1950-51 to 10.16 million tons (6.51 million tons in Inland & 3.65 million
tons in Marine) during 2014-15 (DAHD, 2016). This resulted in an unparalleled average
annual growth rate of over 4.5 percent over the years which has placed the country on the
fore front of global fish production, only after China. Freshwater aquaculture contributes to
over 95 percent of the total aquaculture production. The national mean production levels
from ponds has gone up from about 600 kg/hectare/year in 1974 to over 2900 kg/hectare/year
(MPEDA, 2016).
1.3. Aquaculture in Chhattisgarh
In Chhattisgarh, the fisheries sector has been recognized as a powerful income &
employment generating source and plays an important role in developing rural economy and
is a source of cheap and nutritious food. More than 2.50 lakhs fishermen in the Chhattisgarh

3
depends on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihood and also it occupies an important
place in the socio-economic development of the state. Chhattisgarh stands at 6th
position in
the total inland fish production with annual fish production of 3.76 lakhs tons (Department of
Fisheries, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, 2016-17).
1.3.1. Fisheries Resources in Chhattisgarh
The Chhattisgarh possesses vast and varied natural water area available for fish
culture in the form of rivers, reservoirs, ponds & tanks. Water area available for fish culture
is as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Fisheries resources of Chhattisgarh
Resource No.
Length/
Area
Area used for
fisheries
Percentage of
production
Rivers & Canals (Km) 31 3573 3573 0.69 %
Reservoirs (lakh ha) 1770 0.826 0.800 5.85%
Tanks & Ponds (lakh ha) 59591 0.754 0.683 93.44%
Total Inland water bodies (lakh ha) 61,392 1.58 1.483 100%
(Source: Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Chhattisgarh, 2016-17)
1.3.2. Fish Seed Production in Chhattisgarh
Existing 69 circular hatcheries, 60 fish farms and 721 of individual rearing space with
the available water area of 207.58 ha are involved in fish seed production in government and
private sector. Present demand of fish seed is about 109.75 crores fry. Whereas, 197 crores
standard fry have been produced in 2016-17 (Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Chhattisgarh,
2016-17).
1.4. Objectives under Fisheries Student READY Programme
Table 3. Objectives under fisheries student READY programme
Sl. No. Objective Site of work
1. Indian Major Carps (IMCs) Breeding
And Seed Production
Naveen Fish Hatchery (Fish Seed
Production Center) and Fish Seed Rearing
Center, Koshtabandha, Bodla
2. Nursery Rearing of Carp Seed Fish Seed Rearing Center, Khairbanakala,
Kawardha

4
3. Magur Breeding and Seed Production Live Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries,
Kawardha
4. Ornamental Fish Breeding and
Rearing
Live Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries,
Kawardha
5. Fisheries Study Tour Programme –
ICAR - CIFA
CIFA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
6. Fisheries Skill Development
Programme I
College of Fisheries, Kawardha
7. Fisheries Project Work Programme Naveen Fish Hatchery (Fish Seed
Production Center) and Fish Seed Rearing
Center, Koshtabandha, Bodla
8. Seminar College of Fisheries, Kawardha

2. INDIAN MAJOR CARPS (
5
INDIAN MAJOR CARPS (IMCs) BREEDING AND
PRODUCTION
BREEDING AND SEED

6
2.1. Introduction
Carps contribute the largest share in the total global aquaculture production. Carps
alone contribute >85% of the total inland aquaculture production in India (Ayappan, 2013).
These fishes are cultivated extensively in Asian countries because of their consumer
preference & suitable climate prevalent in these areas for its growth. Carps form the mainstay
of aquaculture in India. Major carps that are native to Indo-Gangetic riverine system of India
are Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita), and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). As a matter of
fact, India is called as the “CARP COUNTRY” with reference to aquaculture because carp
flesh is highly relished by the majority of its population & these fishes are cultivated in this
country from ancient days. Last three decades have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the
farming of these carps in India as a result the market demand for fry stocking also has
increased. All major carps mentioned above are seasonal riverine spawner. Breeding of carp
was very old practice. Previously, it was breed naturally then pituitary extract was used for
induced breeding of carps. Brazil was the first country to develop hypophysation technique
in 1934. In India, Prof. Hiralal Chaudhary suceeded in induced breeding in 1957. Nowadays,
synthetic hormones i.e. ovaprim, ovatide etc. are used for breeding.
2.2. Site of Work
2.2.1. Fish Seed Production and Rearing Center, Koshtabandha, Bodla
It is a Government hatchery established on 16th
July, 2010 in 2 hectare area in Village
Koshtabandha, Bodla. Block Bodla is one of the four blocks in Kabirdham district and is
located 22 km away from Kawardha Distt. Kabirdham. Carp Hatchery, Bodla has 9 numbers
of ponds with total water area of 12541.4 m2
(1.25 ha.) and remaining land area is about
7458.6 m2
(0.74 ha.). The water for the hatchery drawn from the Chhirpani reservoir which is
2 km away from the hatchery site. The hatchery has also got bore well to support continuous
water supply. The soil and water quality of hatchery is good enough for carp seed production.
Artificial feed was used for feeding brooders and mixture of mustard oil cake, rice bran for
fry, fingerlings in the hatchery.

7
2.2.2. Layout of Fish Seed Production and Rearing Center, Bodla,
Kawardha
Pond no.
6
Pond no.
7
Pond no.
9
54m53m
120m
Pond no.
1
Pondno.
2
Pond no.
3
Pondno.
4
Pond no.
5
Pond
no.8
25.6m
20.5
m
33m
12.7
m
39.6m
108m
12.6
m
43m
15.6m
40
m
52
m
52
m
36m
15m
HATCHERY
R
O
A
D
C
O
M
P
L
E
X 120m
Nursery pond Rearing pond Brooder pond
Totalwaterarea - 12541.4square meter
Totallandarea - 7458.6square meter
PLATE 1 - LAYOUT OF FISH SEED PRODUCTION AND REARING CENTER,
BODLA, KAWARDHA

8
2.2.3. Measurement of Hatchery Components
In fish seed production and rearing center, Bodla the different components of
hatchery were measured and are presented in the following tables.
Table 4. Circular tank hatchery unit
Table 5. Rectangular tank hatchery unit
Components Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Area(m2
) Volume (m3
)
Egg collection
tank 2.5 1.4 0.9 3.5 3.15
Spawn collection
tank
2.0 1.1 0.8 2.2 1.76
Over head tank
8.4 5.1 1.4 42.8 59.98
S.
N.
Component Outer
chamber
(m)
Inner
chamber
(m)
Height
(m)
Slope
(m)
Wall
thick
ness
(m)
No. of
inlet
(Duck
mouth)
Distance
between
inlets
(m)
Height
of
outlet
(m)
Volume
(m3
)
1. Spawning
pool
6.72 5.95 1.2 0.23 0.39 18 1.0 0.86 22.41
2. Incubation
pool
Outer
dia.- 4.2
Outer
dia.-
2.27
1 .04 0.06 0.30 14 0.77 0.15 5.27
Inner
dia.- 3.6
Inner
dia.-
1.78
0.95 0.04
Pond
1
Pond
2
Pond
3
Pond
4
Pond
5
Pond
6
Pond
7
Pond
8
Pond 9
Length (m) 25.6 33 39.6 43 108 54 53 36 120
Width 20.5 12.7 12.6 15.6 40 52 52 15 120
Slope (m) 1.9 1.7 0.83 0.83 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.15 2.0
Free board (m) 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0
Depth (m) 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0
Water level (m) 0.7 0.55 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0
Area (ha) 0.0525 0.0419 0.0499 0.0671 0.4320 0.2808 0.2756 0.0540 1.440
Volume (m3
) 892 628 998 1342 15120 8424 8268 1080 43200
Table 6. Morphometry of ponds

Fig.1 Incubation pool measurement
Fig.3 Eggs collection tank
Fig.5 Spawning pool measurement
PLATE 2 - MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENT
9
Incubation pool measurement Fig.2 Spawn collection tank measurement
tank measurement Fig.4 Pond depth measurement
ng pool measurement Fig.6 Overhead tank
MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS AND POND
BODLA SEED FARM
Spawn collection tank measurement
ond depth measurement
measurement
AND PONDS OF

10
2.3. Breeding in Eco-Hatchery
Circular Eco-hatchery is the most common hatchery system adopted all over the
country. The configuration of the hatchery components vary according to need and local
conditions. The hatchery at Bodla is a circular Eco-hatchery and it was having following
components –
1. Over head tank
2. Ante tank
3. Breeding/Spawning tank
4. Egg collection chamber
5. Incubation/Hatching tank
6. Spawn collection tank
2.4. Collection of Brooders
For breeding purpose, healthy & mature brooders (1or 2 years old) were collected with
the help of drag net where the size of net was 100 x 20 m and the mesh size was 80-100 mm.
The maturity and health conditions of the brooders (such as any sign for diseases or physical
injury) were checked and kept in ante tank to hold ripe brooders prior to hormone
administration.
2.4.1 Selection of Male & Female Broodstock
Male & female brooders were identified by visual examination. Sex can be easily
identified during breeding season. Main criteria for selection of male & female are given in
the table below.
Table 7. Sexual dimorphism of Male and Female brooders
Sl. No. Body Parts Character
Male Female
1. Pectoral fin Dorsal surface is rough Dorsal surface is smooth
2. Genital aperture
It is not prominent. Further, on
pressing belly, milt oozes out
It is reddish & swollen.
Further, on pressing belly,
eggs ooze out
3. Shape of belly Not bulgy & soft to touch Belly is soft & bulgy
Selection of fish is difficult when the same fish is selected second time for breeding,
sometime belly may be bulgy due to fat deposition.

Fig.8 Transfer of Brooders to Ante Tank
PLATE 3 - COLLECTION,
Fig.10 Segregation of Male and Female Brood Fishes
11
Fig.8 Transfer of Brooders to Ante Tank Fig.9 Female and Male Brooders
ION, SELECTION AND SEGREGATION O
FEMALE BROOD FISHES
Fig.10 Segregation of Male and Female Brood Fishes
Fig.7 Collection of Brooders
Fig.9 Female and Male Brooders
EGATION OF MALE AND

2.5. Induced Breeding
Induced breeding was practiced at
Koshtabandha, Bodla.
2.5.1. Hormone Administration
Brooders were collected fro
for induced breeding where O
Domperidone BP - 10 mg and
Hormone was administrated by
peritoneal injection method in which, the hormone was injected at
Table 8. Dose of hormone (ml/kg body weight)
Sl. No.
1. Catla (
2. Rohu (
3. Mrigal (
After hormone injection, brooders were transferred to breeding tank in which female were
kept outside of Hapa whereas male were kept in hapa for 6
HORMONE ADMIN
Fig.11 Synthetic Hormone
12
Induced breeding was practiced at Fish Production and Rearing Center,
Administration
Brooders were collected from ante tank and then, stimulated by injecting OVATIDE
d breeding where OVATIDE contains Gonadorelin a (sGnRH
and Benzyl Alcohol IP - 1.5% v/v.
Hormone was administrated by injection of synthetic hormone where w
peritoneal injection method in which, the hormone was injected at the base of pectoral fin
Table 8. Dose of hormone (ml/kg body weight)
Species Male
ml / Kg
Catla ( Catla catla) 0.4
Rohu (Labeo rohita) 0.3
Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) 0.3
kept outside of Hapa whereas male were kept in hapa for 6 - 7 hrs after injection.
HORMONE ADMINISTRATION
Hormone Fig.12 Composition of Synthetic Hormone
Fish Production and Rearing Center,
stimulated by injecting OVATIDE
Gonadorelin a (sGnRH-a) - 20 mg,
injection of synthetic hormone where we used intra-
the base of pectoral fin.
Female
ml / Kg
0.6
0.5
0.5
7 hrs after injection.
Composition of Synthetic Hormone

Fig.13 Synthetic Hormone
Fig.15 Injecting Brood Fishes with Ovatide
PLATE 4
2.5.2. Stripping
Stripping of brooders was done by wet stripping method in Carp Hatchery, Bodla,
which is mainly used for Indian Major Carp
hrs from hormone administration time. In this method, some quantity
taken into tub. Male and female brooders were stripped out by pressing their belly from
anterior to posterior region for coll
collection, mixture of eggs and milt was stirred proper
13
Synthetic Hormone and Syringe Fig.14 Preparation for Injection
Injecting Brood Fishes with Ovatide Fig.16 Release of Brooders in
PLATE 4 - HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION
which is mainly used for Indian Major Carps (IMCs) breeding. Stripping was done after 6
hrs from hormone administration time. In this method, some quantity of clear water was
anterior to posterior region for collection of milt and eggs into the tub. Immediately after
collection, mixture of eggs and milt was stirred properly with the help of feathers.
Preparation for Injection
Brooders in Spawning pool
) breeding. Stripping was done after 6 - 8
of clear water was
tub. Immediately after
ly with the help of feathers.

Fig.17 Brood Fish
Fig.19 Mixing of Eggs and
Fig.21 Fertilized e
14
PLATE 5 - STRIPPING
Fig.17 Brood Fish Fig.18 Wet Stripping
Fig.19 Mixing of Eggs and Milt Fig.20 Feather for mixing of Eggs & Milt
eggs Fig.22 Transfer of fertilized eggs in pool
Fig.18 Wet Stripping
Fig.20 Feather for mixing of Eggs & Milt
fertilized eggs in pool

15
2.6. Incubation of Eggs
Before incubation of eggs in incubation tank, the tank was cleaned with water and
disinfected with lime and KMnO4. After mixing of milt and eggs along with water with the
feathers immediately the fertilized eggs in the tub was released into the outer chamber of
incubation tank for further egg development. As a constant flow of water was maintained in
the tank with the help of duck mouths, eggs released into the outer chamber got sufficient
oxygen as they were drifted along with water current in a unidirectional circular motion.
2.6.1. Fertilization of Eggs
Fertilization rate was calculated by taking the egg sample randomly from the
incubation tank. Random samples were taken from surface, column and bottom. Sample was
taken in triplicate from the surface, column and bottom of the incubation tank. The number of
fertilized and unfertilized egg was counted in a sample and then percentage calculation of
fertilization rate was done with reference to total number of eggs in a sample.
2.6.2. Calculation of Fertilization Rate
No. of fertilized eggs in a sample
Total no. of eggs in that sample
Table 9. Fertilization Rate
Date Particulars
Total no. of
eggs
No. of
Fertilized
eggs
No. of
Unfertilized
eggs
Fertilization
Rate (%)
21/07/17
Surface
35 32 3 91.4
43 41 2 95.3
44 43 1 97.7
Column
38 37 1 97.3
31 30 1 96.7
37 34 3 91.8
Bottom
38 36 2 94.7
25 24 1 96
35 32 3 91.4
Avg. fertilization rate (%) 94.4
× 100Fertilization rate =

16
25/07/17
Surface
38 36 2 94.7
31 30 1 96.7
35 32 3 91.4
Column
36 34 2 94.4
30 29 1 96.6
32 30 2 93.7
Bottom
38 36 2 94.7
25 24 1 96
37 33 4 89.18
Avg. Fertilization Rate 92.62
01/08/17
Surface
44 36 8 81.8
28 25 3 89.2
40 32 8 80.0
Column
38 36 2 94.7
24 21 3 87.5
28 23 5 82.1
Bottom
37 32 5 86.4
38 32 6 84.2
48 42 6 87.5
02/08/17
Surface
55 50 5 90.9
40 39 1 97.5
26 21 5 80.7
Column
77 73 4 94.8
95 87 8 91.5
79 78 1 98.7
Bottom
56 51 5 91.0
30 27 3 90.0
32 31 1 96.8

2.7. Observation of Embryonic Developmental Stages
Sl.No. PICTURE AGE
1.
Few
second
2. 50-55 min
3. 2:40 hr
4. 4:38 hr
Fig.23 Observation of embryonic
developmental stages
17
Embryonic Developmental Stages
CHARACTER Sl.No. PICTURE TIME
Swollen
Fertilizedegg
5. 5:52 hr
55 min Cleavage 6. 11:30 hr
Morula stage 7. 14:00 hr
Blastulastage 8. 16:00 hr
embryonic
developmental stages
Fig.24 Estimation of fertilization rate
TIME CHARACTER
hr GastrulaStage
11:30 hr
‘C’Shaped
embryo
hr
Egg ready for
Hatching
(Twitching
movement)
hr Hatching
Estimation of fertilization rate

Fig.25 Fertilized Egg under Microscope
Fig.27 Cleaning of Incubation Pool
PLATE 6 - OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT STAGES
2.8. Motility Test
Motility test of spawn was done for observing the activeness of spawn. For motility
testing half water filled tub was taken and spawns were re
spawns in tub, circular movement of water is maintained by swirling the water with hand.
The active spawns move against the water current by jerking movement and lethargic spawn
moves with the mercy of water current and settl
2.9. Spawn Collection
Three days old hatchling having average size of 6 mm is known as spawn. Spawn
were collected from spawn collection tank by suitably placing hapa in tank. Spawn collected
are either stocked in nursery ponds or directly
18
nder Microscope Fig.26 Unfertilized Egg u
Fig.27 Cleaning of Incubation Pool Fig.28 Observation of Motility Test
OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT STAGES
FERTILIZATION RATE
testing half water filled tub was taken and spawns were released in tub. After releasing
moves with the mercy of water current and settle at the center.
are either stocked in nursery ponds or directly sell out to the fish farmers.
Fig.26 Unfertilized Egg under Microscope
of Motility Test
OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT STAGES &
leased in tub. After releasing

2.10. Packaging and Transportation o
Collected spawn were packed in polythene bags. The seed needs to be transported as
economically as possible in a healthy condition without mortality. The seed was packed in
polythene bags filled with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The polythene bags were kept in plastic
carry bag (0.8 meter length and 0.5 meter width)
per polythene bag. The mode of transportation was either Four Wheeler or Bikes.
seed was supplied mainly Birkona, Titari, Indori, Dashr
Fig.30 Preparation of Polythene Bag u
Seed Packing
19
Transportation of Spawn
were packed in polythene bags. The seed needs to be transported as
ne bags filled with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The polythene bags were kept in plastic
carry bag (0.8 meter length and 0.5 meter width) and their capacity was about 50,000 spawn
per polythene bag. The mode of transportation was either Four Wheeler or Bikes.
seed was supplied mainly Birkona, Titari, Indori, Dashrangpur, Pandaria, Rengakhar etc
Polythene Bag used for
Seed Packing
Fig. 31 Oxygen Packing of Seed
Fig.29 Collection of Spawn
were packed in polythene bags. The seed needs to be transported as
ne bags filled with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The polythene bags were kept in plastic
about 50,000 spawn
per polythene bag. The mode of transportation was either Four Wheeler or Bikes. The fish
angpur, Pandaria, Rengakhar etc.
Packing of Seed

Fig.
PLATE
PLATE 7 - PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FISH SE
Fig. 32 Transportation of fish seeds
20
Fig.33 Cleaning of Incubation Pool
PLATE 8 - CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FISH SE
Fig. 32 Transportation of fish seeds
PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FISH SEED

21
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Cost (Rs.)
1. Cost of brood fish Female - 64 Kg
Male - 57 Kg
18150.00
(@ Rs.150/Kg)
2 Brooder
transportation cost
2 time 1500.00
3. Preparation of brood fish pond
Lime 75 Kg 375.00
Cow dung 100 Kg 200.00
Inorganic fertilizer 40 Kg 400.00
Feed 30 Kg 750.00
4. Breeding maintenance
Synthetic hormone Female (Dose - 0.5) -
32.30 ml
Male (Dose - 0.3) -
17.40 ml
1227.40
661.20
Syringe (22 BDH) 10 Syringe 50.00
Labour cost 4 Labour 12000.00
Other monthly
maintenance
---------- 500.00
5. Seed packaging cost
Oxygen cylinder 1 Cylinder 520.00
Polythene 2 Kg 120.00
Jute rope 1.0 Kg 30.00
Plastic bag 200 no. 600.00
6. Total cost Rs. 37083.60
Total production
Avg. total egg
produced
124.1 lakh
Un-fertilized eggs 7.38 % 9.15 lakh
Fertilized eggs 114.95 lakh
Mortality 22 % 25.2 lakh
Total no. of spawn
produced
89.65 lakh
Price of spawn 1 spawn Rs. 0.006
8. Total spawn price 53790.00
9. Selling of brooder
after breeding
110 Kg brooder 13200.00
(@Rs 120/ Kg fish)
10. Gross profit 53790 + 13200 66990
11. Net profit 66990.00 – 37083.60 29906.4
2.12. Economics of Carp Seed Production
Table 10. Economics of carp seed production

3. NURSERY REARING OF
22
. NURSERY REARING OF INDIAN MAJOR CARPS
(IMCs) SEED
INDIAN MAJOR CARPS

23
3.1. Site of Work
Site selected for completion of experiential learning on nursery rearing of carp seeds
is Fish Seed Rearing Center, Khairbana kala, located at 8 km away from district head quarter
Kawardha. It is a government farm established in 1996 in Khairbana. Here, we learned carp
nursery management and also measured pond morphometry and analyzed water quality
parameters.
3.1.1 Measurement of Hatchery Components and Ponds
In Fish Seed Rearing Center, Khairbana kala, different components of hatchery were
measured with different dimensions using metallic cloth tape. The total length of tape was 30
meter.
Table 11. Circular hatchery units
Breeding Pool Incubation Tank
S. N. Properties Measurement S. N. Properties Measurement
1. Diameter (m) Outer dia.- 8.26
Outer chamberInner dia.- 7.87
2. Height (m)
1.09
1. Diameter (m) Outer diameter - 4.3
Inner diameter - 3.55
4. Wall thickness
(m)
0.39
2. Height (m)
1.07
5. No. of inlet 16 3. Number of duck mouth 16
6. Volume (m3
) 26.83 4. Volume (m3
) 11.7
Inner chamber
1. Diameter (m) Outer diameter - 2.1
Inner diameter - 1.4
2. Height (m) 0.95
3. Volume (m3
) 4.17

24
Table 12. Rectangular hatchery units
Unit/ Measurement
Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Height
(m)
Inlet
diameter
(inch)
Height of
inlet (m)
Volume
(m3
)
1. Egg collection
tank
2.6 1.8 1.0 2.5 0.5 4.73
2. Spawn
collection tank
3.9 2. 4 1.2 3.5 0.7 11.23
3. Over head tank 5.5 2.7 1.4 15.2 21.3 20.79
Table 13. Morphometry of ponds
Sl.
No.
Ponds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.
Length
(m)
57 62 62 62 32 36 47.5 34 41 52
2.
Width
(m)
27 26.1 26.1 26.1 27 31 33 15 40 18
3. Slope (m) 1.9 2.14 2.14 2.14 3.0 1.7 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.5
4.
Free
Board (m)
- 1.0 1.0 0.85 - - - - - 1.5
5. Water
Depth (m)
Dry 0.9 0.9 0.8 Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry 0.5
6. Area (ha)
0.1539 0.1618 0.1618 0.1618 0.0864 0.1116 0.1567 0.051 0.1640 0.0936
7. Volume
(m3
)
_ 3074.58 3074.58 2670 - - - - - 1872

25
S.
N.
Ponds 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1.
Length
(m)
29 27 29 37 78 60 35 59.5 22.5 47 45
2.
Width
(m)
26 24 28 35 34 31 28.5 29 21.5 35.5 24
3.
Slope
(m)
2.9 3 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 2.7 1 3.5 2.5 2.5
4.
Free
Board
(m)
- - - -
2.20 1.2
-
3.5 1.2 Dry Dry
5.
Water
Depth
(m)
Dry Dry Dry Dry 1.3 0.9 Dry 1.5 0.7
Dry Dry
6.
Area
( ha)
0.0754 0.0648 0.0812 0.1295 0.2652 0.186 0.0997 0.1725 0.0483
0.166 0.840
7.
Volume
(m3
)
- - - - 9282 3906 - 5176.5 919.12 - -
We were allotted with one pond (pond no. 04) to each group randomly from 17/08/17 to
20/09/17.
Pond
No.
Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Depth
(m)
Slope
(m)
Free
Board
area (m)
Area
(ha)
Volume
(m3
)
04 62 26.1 0.8 2.14 0.85 0.1618 2670

Pond
no.19
Pond no.20
Pond no.18
Pondno.1
HATCHERY COMPLEX
Pond no.21
3.1.2 LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANAKALA
Fig.34 Measurement of pond slope
PLATE 9 - LAYOUT AND
26
Pond
no.12
Pond
no.13
Pond
no.14
Pond no. 15
Pond no. 16
Pond
no. 5
Pond no.1 Pond
no. 2
StoreRoom
Pond
no.17
LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANAKALA
Brooder
pond
Rearing pond Nursery pond
Pond
no.3
Fig.34 Measurement of pond slope Fig.35 Length measuremen
LAYOUT AND MEASUREMENT OF PONDS AT KHAIRBANAKALA
SEED FA
Pond
no.7
Pond
no. 8
Pond
no. 9
Pond
no. 10
Pond
no.11
SARODHARESERVOIRROAD
Pond
no. 6
LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANAKALA
Nursery pond
Pond
no.4
Fig.35 Length measurement of pond
MEASUREMENT OF PONDS AT KHAIRBANAKALA

27
3.2. Management of Pond
Carp seed rearing management can be broadly classified into:-
1. Pre - stocking management
2. Stocking management
3. Post - stocking management
3.2.1. Pre - Stocking Management
Seeds of carps are delicate in nature and their growth and survival largely depend on
the environment in which they live. The biological characteristics like the food preference
and feeding habit of these carps almost similar during their initial life stage. Thus, requiring
almost similar management at initial stage.
Aquatic weeds and insects were removed which harm the spawn of carps. Manuring
and fertilization was done to make the availability of natural food for feeding of spawn of
carps.
3.2.1.1. Aquatic Weeds and its Control
Aquatic weeds are the undesirable plant that grow in water and are more harmful than
beneficial for fish larvae. The growth of aquatic vegetation prevents the proper utilization of
water area and also reduces productivity. In Khairbana fish farm different aquatic weeds were
found which are grouped as:
Table 14. Types of Aquatic Weeds
Sl. No. Type of weed Name of weed
1. Emergent weeds Nymphoides sp.
2. Submerged weeds
Hydrilla sp.
Najas sp.
Vallisneria sp.
3. Marginal weeds Marsilea sp.

28
Table 15. Scientific Classification of Aquatic Weeds
Name Kingdom Division Class Order Family
Nymphoides sp. Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales Menyanthaceae
Hydrilla sp. Plantae Tracheophyta Liliopsida Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae
Najas sp. Plantae Tracheophyta Liliopsida Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae
Vallisneria sp. Plantae Tracheophyta Liliopsida Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae
Marsilea sp. Plantae Tracheophyta Polypodiopsida Salviniales Marsileaceae
3.2.1.2. Eradication of Aquatic Weeds
Aquatic plants are natural and important components of the aquatic environment.
Microscopic plants (algae) form the base of the aquatic food chain. Larger algae and plants
provide habitat for fish and food organisms, and all plants produce oxygen as they
photosynthesize during the daylight hours. However, excessive growths of these plants can
have a detrimental effect on a body of water and its inhabitants.
Some of the problems caused by aquatic weeds are as follows:
 Restrict free movement of fry.
 Cause obstruction during netting.
 Limit living space for fish
 Reduce sunlight penetration and nutrients
Hence, removal of aquatic weed is necessary for the better growth and survival rate of fish.
There are several methods of deweeding such as:-
1. Physical method - Weeds are removed manually
2. Biological method - Weeds can be controlled by stocking weed eating fishes
3. Chemical method - Weed control can also be achieved by the use of
herbicides such as 2, 4-D
We eradicated aquatic weeds by physical method which include -
 Repeated netting by using drag net and then dumped all the weeds collected by
dragging at dyke of the pond.
 We also removed weeds by hand picking.
 Buffaloes were introduced into the pond to disturb the bottom soil which de-rooted
the aquatic weeds. De-rooted weeds were collected by using drag net.

Fig.36 Vallisneria sp
Fig.38 Marsilea
Fig.40 Hydrilla sp.
29
Vallisneria sp. Fig.37 Nymphoide
Marsilea sp. Fig.39 Najas
sp. Fig.41 Eradication of weeds
mphoides sp.
Najas sp.
Eradication of weeds

3.2.1.3. Aquatic Insects and
Pond ecosystem harbours number of aquatic insects.
types of insects are seen. They not only compete with the carp seed for food but also
extensive damage, often killing them through pricking or sucking the body fluid
aquatic insects are listed below:
Sl. No. Insect
1. Coleoptera
2. Hemiptera
3. Odonata
Fig.42 Control of aquatic weeds by netting and hand
PLATE 10 -
30
nd its Control
Pond ecosystem harbours number of aquatic insects. In our allotted pond different
They not only compete with the carp seed for food but also
extensive damage, often killing them through pricking or sucking the body fluid
aquatic insects are listed below:
Table 16. Types of Aquatic Insects
Insect Order Name
oleoptera i. Cybister sp. (water beet
Hemiptera
i. Lethocerus sp. (Giant water bug)
ii. Nepa sp. (water scorpion)
iii. Ranatra sp. (water stick insect)
iv. Gerris sp. (Water spider)
Odonata i. Dragon fly nymph
Fig.42 Control of aquatic weeds by netting and hand picking
- AQUATIC WEEDS AND ITS CONTROL
In our allotted pond different
They not only compete with the carp seed for food but also cause
extensive damage, often killing them through pricking or sucking the body fluid. Some of the
eetle)
(Giant water bug)
(water scorpion)
water stick insect)
(Water spider)
picking
AQUATIC WEEDS AND ITS CONTROL

Table.17 Scientific
Name Kingdom
Cybister sp. Animalia
Lethocerus sp. Animalia
Nepa sp. Animalia
Ranatra sp. Animalia
Gerris sp. Animalia
Dragon fly
nymph
Animalia
3.2.1.4. Eradication of Aquatic
There are several methods for eradication of weeds such as:
 Manual method -
 Chemical method
We have eradicated the aquatic insects by:
Manual method- Here, we have done repeated
fine mesh drag nets (1/8th
to 1/16
After netting, we collected the entire aquatic insect
spread the kerosene and petrol over the insect
covered by the soil, stones and other heavy materials.
Fig.43 Ranatra sp.
(Water stick)
31
Scientific Classification of Aquatic Insects
Phylum Class Order
Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera
Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera
Arthropoda Insecta Odonata
Eradication of Aquatic Insects
There are several methods for eradication of weeds such as:
Repeated netting
Chemical method - By application of soap-oil emulsion
We have eradicated the aquatic insects by:
Here, we have done repeated netting to eradicate aquatic insects by small
to 1/16th
inch mesh).
we collected the entire aquatic insects in a pit of 0.5 ft depth and then
spread the kerosene and petrol over the insects to control aquatic insects. Then
and other heavy materials.
Fig.44 Dragonfly nymph Fig.45
(Water scorpion)
AQUATIC INSECTS
Family
Dytiscidae
Belostomatidae
Nepidae
Nepidae
Gerridae
Aeshnidae
dicate aquatic insects by small
in a pit of 0.5 ft depth and then,
to control aquatic insects. Then, pit is
Fig.45 Nepa sp.
(Water scorpion)

PLATE 1
3.2.1.5. Liming
Liming is a common practice followed in the pond generally
purposes for liming the ponds
 To increase the availability of nutrients
 To increase pH and to buffer against daily pH fluctuations
 To disinfect the ponds prior to stocking
 To sterilize ponds prior to stocking
For liming the pond, we have used calcium carbonate
spread it manually over the nursery pond
rough estimation we applied about 33
favorable pH (6 - 8.5) the standard doze of liming is 200 Kg/ha/yr.
Week
Basal dose
First
Second
Third
Fig.46 Cybister sp.
(Water beetle)
32
PLATE 11 - AQUATIC INSECTS
Liming is a common practice followed in the pond generally to maintain pH.
ponds are -
To increase the availability of nutrients
To increase pH and to buffer against daily pH fluctuations
To disinfect the ponds prior to stocking
rilize ponds prior to stocking
ond, we have used calcium carbonate as a liming agent. We have
it manually over the nursery pond water. Its dose usually depends on soil pH.
ed about 33 Kg lime in four applications. As per standards for
8.5) the standard doze of liming is 200 Kg/ha/yr.
Table.18 Schedule of Liming
Quantity (kg)
20
6
4
3
Fig.47 Gerris sp.
(Water strider)
Fig.48
(Giant water bug)
to maintain pH. Main
as a liming agent. We have
Its dose usually depends on soil pH. On
Kg lime in four applications. As per standards for
Quantity (kg)
20
Fig.48 Lethocerus sp.
(Giant water bug)

33
3.2.2. Stocking Management
Spawn of carp were stocked in the pond. Total stocking density of spawn was 5 lakh (309
nos. of spawn per square meter) in an area of about 1618 m2
.
3.2.3. Post - Stocking Management
1. Supplementary feeding
2. Manuring
3. Water and soil quality parameter analysis
3.2.3.1. Supplementary Feeding
For supplementary feeding, we used finely powdered mixture of Mustard oil cake and
Rice bran and artificial feed (approx. 1:1:1) for feeding the spawn of carps. For feeding equal
amount of rice bran and mustard oil cake and formulated feed (crude protein >21%) were
taken and mixed it properly by adding some amount of water and leave it for few hours for
soaking and next day spread it manually in pond.
Table 19. Schedule of Feeding
Week Quantity of feed (Kg)/ Day
First 4
Second 5
Third 4
Forth 3
Fifth 3
3.2.3.2. Manuring
It was an application of organic and inorganic manures or chemical fertilizers in pond
which improve the plankton productivity. The Indian Major Carps at their early stages are
planktivorous. Sustained zooplankton population in a pond depends on a good phytoplankton
population, which is further ensured through adequate availability of major nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon, besides certain micronutrients in water. The in-situ
availability of these nutrients in pond sediment and water is often at low levels and need to be
added from external sources for sustaining good plankton growth.

Phased manuring was done for the growth of
used Cow dung, Urea and Single super phosphate which we have made it into thick paste by
addition of sufficient water and applied
applied just 2 - 3 days prior to stocking the seed. As
and Single super phosphate @ 15 Kg, 8 Kg and 3 Kg respectively.
Table.20
Week Cow dung
First
Second
Third
Fig.49 Manuring
PLATE 12
34
manuring was done for the growth of plankton. For phased manuring
ingle super phosphate which we have made it into thick paste by
icient water and applied in pond during morning hours.
prior to stocking the seed. As Basal dose we have used Cowdung, Urea
and Single super phosphate @ 15 Kg, 8 Kg and 3 Kg respectively.
Table.20 Schedule of Phased Manuring
Quantity (Kg)
Cow dung Urea Single Super Phosphate
7 4
5 2
5 2
Fig.5
.
Fig.51 Broadcasting of feed
Fig.49 Manuring Fig.50 MOC & Rice bran
PLATE 12 - SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING
. For phased manuring, we have
ingle super phosphate which we have made it into thick paste by
during morning hours. Basal dose was
Basal dose we have used Cowdung, Urea
Single Super Phosphate
2
1
1
Fig.50 MOC & Rice bran

35
3.2.3.3 Water and Soil Quality Parameters
Water & soil quality parameters were analyzed by both - Titration method & by using
Multi - parameter kit. For estimation of water and soil quality parameters sample was taken
weekly from our allotted pond. The collected samples were analyzed in Aquaculture
Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha. The different water quality parameters analyzed
are Temperature, Transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Hardness, pH. The soil
quality parameters analyzed are pH and Texture.
Collection of water and soil sample
Water sample was taken using DO bottle. For collection of water sample DO bottle
was taken inside water surface and mouth of bottle was closed slowly with stopper. Care was
taken during sampling to avoid the air bubbles. For Dissolved oxygen estimation collected
sample was kept in dark by covering the DO bottle with cloth. Water quality parameters were
analyzed using Multi-parameter analyzer kit and Titration method.
Soil sample was collected from our allotted pond. The samples were taken in a zigzag
pattern i.e. four samples from four corners of the pond and one sample from centre of the
pond. Collected soil samples are mixed, dried and crushed well before estimating the soil
quality parameters.
For analysis of biological parameters; both qualitative and quantitative estimation of
plankton was done. For collection of sample of plankton from our allotted pond, nearly 50
liters of water is filtered through plankton net.
Table.21 Water Quality Parameters of IMC Pond
Properties/Week
1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Physical
Temperature ( ̊C) 27.3 28.4 28.2 29.7 28 28.32
Transparency (cm) 14.91 17.2 17.9 20.21 18.15 16.67
pH 7.65 7.40 7.80 7.6 7.5 7.59

Chemical
Dissolved Oxygen
(mg/l)
Total Alkalinity
(ppm)
Hardness (ppm)
Biological Quantitative
plankton estimation
(ml/50 L water)
Fig.53 Sampling of plankton
36
xygen 5.72 6.12 6.92 5.8
Total Alkalinity 110 80 149 106
Hardness (ppm) 125 75 95.2 86.6
plankton estimation
(ml/50 L water)
1 0.9 1.2 1
Fig.52 Titration
Sampling of plankton Fig.54 Transparency measurement
6.5 6.21
95.2 108.04
87.2 93.8
1 1.7
Transparency measurement

Fig.55 Analysis of water quality parameter
Fig.57 Preparation of soil sample for
 Graphical representation
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
29.5
30
1 2 3 4
Temperature(˚C)
Week
Temperature (˚C)
PLATE 13 - WATER AND SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYSIS
37
Analysis of water quality parameter Fig.56 Collection of soil sample
Preparation of soil sample for analysis Fig.58 Soil texture analysis
Graphical representation of water quality parameters
4 5
Temperature (˚C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3
Transparency(cm)
Week
Transparency (cm)
WATER AND SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYSIS
Collection of soil sample
Soil texture analysis
4 5
Transparency (cm)
WATER AND SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYSIS

Table 22.
Parameter
Physical parameter
Soil texture Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
Chemical parameter
pH
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
1 2 3 4
pHRange
Week
pH
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 3 4
Hardness(ppm)
Week
Hardness (ppm)
38
22. Soil quality parameters of IMC pond
Week
1 2 3 4
52.23 53.99 58.43 57.99
25.49 26.34 22.54 27.99
22.34 21.34 20.28 13.99
6.8 6.5 6.9 6.5
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 2 3 4
Dissolvedoxygen(ppm)
Week
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
5
(ppm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4
Alkalinity(ppm)
Week
Total alkalinity (ppm)
4 5
57.99 53.84
27.99 23.07
13.99 23.07
6.5 7.2
4 5
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
5
Total alkalinity (ppm)

 Graphi
3.2.3.4 Preparation of permanent plankton slide
Fig.59 Observation of Plankton
PLATE - 14 PREPARATION OF PERMANENT SLIDES
Table 23. List of observed and prepared
Sl.
No.
Common
name
Scientific
name
1. Volvox Volvox sp.
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
1 2 3 4
pHRange
Week
pH
39
Graphical representation of soil quality parameters
of permanent plankton slides
Observation of Plankton Fig.60 Permanent plankton slides
14 PREPARATION OF PERMANENT SLIDES
. List of observed and prepared permanent plankton slide
Scientific
Characteristics
The colony of volvox is comprised of
many single, bi- flagellated cells
connected together by protoplasmic
strands. It forms a hollow, green
sphere. Individual cells have a eye
spot.
5
25%
20%
Soil texture
Sand Silt
ation of soil quality parameters
Permanent plankton slides
14 PREPARATION OF PERMANENT SLIDES
permanent plankton slides
Pictures
55%
Soil texture
Clay

2. Brachionus
Brachionus
sp.
3. Keratella Keratella sp.
4. Moina Moina sp.
5. Infusoria Paramoecium
6. Cyclops Cyclops sp.
3.2.3.5. Fish Seed Growth analysis
We have reared carp seed for about one month and seven days
growth during this period we ha
Table 24. Length weight measurement of Indian Major Carps
Length and Weight measurement of
Sl. No. Week
1. Week 1
40
Brachionus
Body of Brachionus is differentiated
into three parts : head, trunk and foot.
Males have reduced size and less
developed than female
sp.
Body is dorsoventrally compressed.
There are six spine at the anterior
dorsal margin in which the medians
are the longest.
Head large, thick, rounded in front,
no rostrum. Antennules long, spindle
shaped freely movable. No regular
abdominal projection.
oecium
Infusoria are photostatic. Cilia are
present on the body of infusoria.
The head bears two pair of
antennules, a pair of mandible, two
pair of maxillae and a pair of
maxillipeds. The body is made up of
head, thorax and abdomen.
Growth analysis
We have reared carp seed for about one month and seven days
growth during this period we have recorded initial and final length and weight of seed.
gth weight measurement of Indian Major Carps
Length and Weight measurement of Fish sample
Avg. Length (cm) Avg. Weight
1.76
We have reared carp seed for about one month and seven days. To analyze seed
recorded initial and final length and weight of seed.
gth weight measurement of Indian Major Carps
Avg. Weight (gm)
0.24

2. Week 2
3. Week 3
4. Week 4
5. Week 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Week 1 Week 2
Length weight measurement of fish
FISH SEED GROWTH ANALYSIS
41
2.01
2.81
3.68
4.02
Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5
Length weight measurement of fish
FISH SEED GROWTH ANALYSIS
Fig.61 Sampling of fish
0.4
0.698
0.88
1.65
Avg. Length (cm)
Avg. Weight (gm)

3.3. Packaging & Transportation o
Before packaging of fry and fingerling we have collected fish seed from nursery pond
by using drag net. After collection
hours prior to packaging which helped
splashing the water from sides of the hapa to provide them aeration
There are 2 types of transportation system i.e.
transportation by using closed system we have used polythene bags filled with 1/3 of water
and 2/3 of oxygen. The polyethylene bags were kept in light plastic bags (0.8 meter length
and 0.5 meter width) and transported long distances by road. Spawn from incubation tank did
not require conditioning they are directly packed in polythene bag.
contains about 50,000 - 55,000 spawns, 5000 fry, 150 fingerlings
Fig.62 Length measurement of fish
PLATE 15 - GROWTH ANALYSIS OF FISH SEED
Fig.63 Seed collection by netting
42
Transportation of Fish Seed
by using drag net. After collection, we have kept them in a nylon cloth hapa
which helped in conditioning the fish seed. We have also kept
splashing the water from sides of the hapa to provide them aeration.
types of transportation system i.e. Open system and closed system.
ed system we have used polythene bags filled with 1/3 of water
e conditioning they are directly packed in polythene bag. Approximately each
55,000 spawns, 5000 fry, 150 fingerlings.
Fig.62 Length measurement of fish seed
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF FISH SEED
Fig.63 Seed collection by netting Fig.64 Conditioning
nylon cloth hapa for nearly 1-2
We have also kept
and closed system.For
ed system we have used polythene bags filled with 1/3 of water
Approximately each bag
64 Conditioning

Fig.65 Oxygen Packing
Fig.67 Closed transportation of fish
PLATE 16 - PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FISH SEED
3.4. Harvesting of fish
Harvesting of fry was done on weekly basis
Sl.
No.
Week
1. Week 2
2. Week 3
3. Week 4
Total harvesting
43
Fig.65 Oxygen Packing Fig.66 Oxygen packaged bags
Fig.67 Closed transportation of fish seeds
Harvesting of fry was done on weekly basis.
Table 25. Harvesting of fry
Harvesting of Fish
Harvesting (No.) Date of harvesting
76000
85000
87000
248000
Fig.66 Oxygen packaged bags
Date of harvesting
07/09/2017
13/09/2017
19/09/2017

4. MAGUR BREEDING
44
4. MAGUR BREEDING

45
4.1 Introduction
Clarias magur known as Magur is the most preferred indigenous catfish in India. It is
obligatory air breathing catfish, hardy species and an annual breeder which spawns during
monsoon months (June- August) in waterlogged areas. Fishes in the age group 1+ year
weighing 150g attain sexual maturity. Secondary sexual characters are more prominent
during the breeding season.
Clarias magur is a species of freshwater air breathing catfish native to Southeast Asia.
The body is mainly colored a gray or grayish brown in colour. This catfish has long-based
dorsal and anal fins as well as several pairs of sensory barbels. This fish normally lives in
slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, rivers, swamps, pools, rice paddies, canals
and ditches. It is often found in stagnant waters left over after the rivers have been in flood, as
it is migratory during the wet season, moving into flooded areas from the main water bodies.
4.2 Site of Work
Magur breeding was done in Live Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha.
4.3 Identification of Male and Female Brooders
Table 26. Differentiation Characters of Male and Female of Magur
S. No. Characters Male Female
1. Genital papilla Long and pointed Round or oval button shaped
2. Vent Slender and whitish Reddish, round and bulging
3. Belly Not bulging Bulging
4. Pressing of belly No milt oozes out Ova are oozes out
After identification, male and female brooders were transferred to a tank and leave
them for some time for conditioning to be ready for hormone administration.
4.4 Hormone Administration
We injected the Female Magur with Ovatide (synthetic hormone), which contain
Gonadotropin releasing hormone an analogue (s - GnRHa). The hormone was administered
intramuscularly with the help of insulin needle. Doses of hormone was 0.5 ml/100gm of body
weight per female and in males, hormone was not administrated because they were sacrificed
and testis were taken out.

Fig.69 Segregation of M
PLATE 1
The hormone was administrated as follows
 Inject the hormone at the posterior region of the body (Intramuscularly), below
fin and above lateral line at 45
Fig.68 Identification of Male and Female Brooders
PLATE 17 - IDENTIFICATION OF MALE AND FEMALE BROODERS
46
Segregation of Male and Female Brooders
PLATE 18 - HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION
The hormone was administrated as follows-
Inject the hormone at the posterior region of the body (Intramuscularly), below
fin and above lateral line at 45°
angle with the help of insulin.
Fig.70 Hormonal Administration
Fig.68 Identification of Male and Female Brooders
IDENTIFICATION OF MALE AND FEMALE BROODERS
Inject the hormone at the posterior region of the body (Intramuscularly), below dorsal
IDENTIFICATION OF MALE AND FEMALE BROODERS

 Release the fish separately in separate tanks.
 After administration of hormone fishes were left for next 15
period). In this time period the brooders get ready for s
4.5 Removal of Testis
Testis was removed from male.
the help of a fine scissors without damaging internal organs. Testis was cut into small pieces
by a fine scissor and crushes it with physiol
the help of mortar and pesters and
4.6. Stitching of dissected male fish
For collection of testis
significant loss of male brooders
overcome this problem stitching of dissected brooders was done then
4.7. Stripping of female
Female brooder were checked 15
eggs are oozing out or not.
started. Stripping was done. The fully mature eggs were
4.8. Fertilization
For fertilization of eggs,
first and later the eggs are stripped
does not allow them to active early until the water was added. The addition of water will
activate the sperms during fertilization.
47
Release the fish separately in separate tanks.
administration of hormone fishes were left for next 15-17 hours (Latency
period). In this time period the brooders get ready for stripping.
was removed from male. They were cut open from vent to thoracic region with
by a fine scissor and crushes it with physiological salt solution (0.9% Sodium chloride) with
the help of mortar and pesters and makes it milt suspension.
Stitching of dissected male fish
For collection of testis, the abdomen of the male brooder was dissected. This leads to
male brooders and ultimately leads to loss in production level. To
overcome this problem stitching of dissected brooders was done then, treated with KMnO
were checked 15 - 17 hour after hormonal administration for
Once eggs oozed out, then, stripping of female brooder was
. The fully mature eggs were brown greenish in color.
physiological salt solution (0.9%) was used to receive the milt
er the eggs are stripped. This solution act as isotonic medium for sperms which
he sperms during fertilization.
Fig.71 Removal of Testis
17 hours (Latency
cut open from vent to thoracic region with
ogical salt solution (0.9% Sodium chloride) with
the abdomen of the male brooder was dissected. This leads to
production level. To
treated with KMnO4.
17 hour after hormonal administration for whether
stripping of female brooder was
brown greenish in color.
%) was used to receive the milt
This solution act as isotonic medium for sperms which

Fig.72 Grinding of Testis
Fig.74 Mixing of Eggs
PLATE 1
The eggs should be fertilized in following manner
 Dry stripping was done, in which milt is mixed
 Mix thoroughly with the help of feather.
 Added little amount of freshwater to activate the sperms and well shaken.
 Foaming was the sign of activating of sperm.
 Then, transferred the fertilized eggs in
managed.
 Then, laid few leaves on the tub to provide substrate for the adhesion of eggs
(Sticky).
4.9. Incubation of eggs
The fertilized eggs were transferred into
through system. Each tub was
Oxygen required for embryonic development of eggs.
48
Grinding of Testis Fig.73 Stripping
of Eggs Fig.75 Stitching of Dissected Male
PLATE 19 - INDUCED BREEDING OF MAGUR
he eggs should be fertilized in following manner -
Dry stripping was done, in which milt is mixed with eggs for fertilization.
thoroughly with the help of feather.
Added little amount of freshwater to activate the sperms and well shaken.
Foaming was the sign of activating of sperm.
the fertilized eggs in Incubation tub and a flow through system was
Then, laid few leaves on the tub to provide substrate for the adhesion of eggs
The fertilized eggs were transferred into Incubation tub which were arranged in flow
ach tub was kept under a running tap water. It facilitates high Dissolved
Oxygen required for embryonic development of eggs. Each tub was having provision of an
Stripping
Stitching of Dissected Male
with eggs for fertilization.
Added little amount of freshwater to activate the sperms and well shaken.
through system was
Then, laid few leaves on the tub to provide substrate for the adhesion of eggs
ncubation tub which were arranged in flow
kept under a running tap water. It facilitates high Dissolved
Each tub was having provision of an

outlet. All the fertilized eggs were light brown/ green while the unfertilized ones became
white & opaque. The eggs were demersal and adhesive in nature. Some eggs adhered to
surface & rest settled down at bottom.
PLATE
49
All the fertilized eggs were light brown/ green while the unfertilized ones became
The eggs were demersal and adhesive in nature. Some eggs adhered to
d down at bottom.
PLATE 20 - INCUBATION OF EGGS
Fig.76 Incubation of eggs
All the fertilized eggs were light brown/ green while the unfertilized ones became
The eggs were demersal and adhesive in nature. Some eggs adhered to

5 . ORNAMENTAL FISH REARING
50
ORNAMENTAL FISH REARING AND L
CULTURE
AND LIVE FEED

51
5.1 Overview on Ornamental Fish Production
Ornamental fish production globally is a multibillion dollar industry. Ornamental fish
keeping was initially considered as one of the attractive hobbies practiced in the developed
countries but recently it is gaining impetus in developing countries too. It is to be noted that
most of ornamental fishes have much higher value than food fishes and may provide a good
alternative livelihood for fishermen and fish farmers. About 600 ornamental fish species have
been reported worldwide from various aquatic environments.
Indian waters possess a rich diversity of ornamental fishes, with over 100 indigenous
species, in addition to a similar number of exotic species that are bred in captivity. Close to
98% of ornamental fish are captured in the wild by locals, for whom this is often the main
livelihood. In India’s Western Ghats, as well as the Amazon region in South America, there
are many species that are highly priced in the global market. In spite of having two hotspots
of biodiversity, India is way long back in the ornamental fish trade with an export worth US$
1.06 million during 2016 (UN data - 2017). Out of 274 freshwater fish species from north
eastern states only 32% of native fish are exported and among 287 freshwater species from
Western Ghats, only 114 species are exported.
India is endowed with a rich bio-diversity of 400 marine and 375 freshwater native
ornamental fishes. India’s overall domestic ornamental fish trade is worth about Rs. 15 crore
and exports worth Rs. 5.6 crore. About 80% of ornamental fishes from India are exported to
International Market via Kolkata Airport, of which major share comes from North Eastern
Region, which is endowed with diverse natural water bodies with an abundance (250 species)
of ornamental fishes. Other States leading in the trade are Kerala and Tamil Nadu. However,
there is vast unexplored potential for production of indigenous ornamental fishes and
promoting aquarium keeping in India. Scientific and systematic exploration of this potential
would provide rural employment to women SHGs, entrepreneurs and unemployed youth,
generate income, improve their livelihoods and also generate considerable foreign exchange.
The biggest exporter of ornamental fishes in the world is Singapore followed by Malaysia,
Indonesia and Czech Republic. The largest import markets for tropical fish are U.S.A, Japan,
Germany, UK, France, Singapore and others. 60.3% of the suppliers to these countries are
Asian countries.

52
5.2 Ornamental Fish Production in India
The popularity and high value of ornamental fish have placed ornamental fish
production among the leading cash crops in the aquaculture economy. Although, India is still
in a marginal position, its trade is developing rapidly. An estimate carried out by Marine
Products Export Development Authority of India shows that there are one million fish
hobbyists in India. The internal trade is estimated to be about Rs. 15 crores and the export
trade is in the vicinity of US$ 1.0 million. The annual growth rate of this trade is 14 per cent.
About 9 per cent of Indian export goes from Kolkata followed by 8 per cent from Mumbai
and 2 per cent from Chennai. A wide range of availability of species and favorable climate,
cheap labor and easy distribution make India and Tamil Nadu in particular, suitable for
ornamental fish culture. This is despite the country’s good tropical climate, varied freshwater
sources, a long coastline and varied freshwater ornamental fishes. However, the growing
demand for ornamental fishes and the growing awareness for farming would change this
scenario in India. (Source: MPEDA 2016)
5.3 Ornamental Fish Production in Chhattisgarh
More than 2.50 lakh fishermen in the Chhattisgarh depend on fisheries and
aquaculture for their livelihood. Fisheries sector occupies an important place in the socio-
economic development of the state. Ornamental fishery industry is in a nascent phase in
Chhattisgarh at present with almost negligible ornamental fish production. State is importing
ornamental fishes from West Bengal, Chennai and Mumbai etc.
5.4. Site of work
College of Fisheries, Kawardha has got a well-developed “LIVE FISH
LABORATORY”. It was established on 24th
March 2015. The lab comprises of 24 glass
aquariums and 12 FRP tanks. The laboratory has stocks of commercially important and
indigenous ornamental fishes.
5.5. Activities at Live Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha
5.5.1. Routine maintenance of aquarium tanks
Ornamental fishes are highly susceptible and sensitive species. So, for better
management, we had started aquarium management under the guidance of Dr. Honnananda
B.R. (Assistant Professor) and In - Charge of Live Fish Laboratory. The management
practices followed are as follows :-

5.5.1. a) Observation
In Live Fish Lab., our group was allotted with four aquarium tanks
having tank no. 1 to 4 and 1
aquarium tank during morning and evening hours
swimming behavior, any spots on body
and insects enter inside aquarium tanks which were
5.5.1. b) Siphoning & water exchange
Siphoning of tanks was done
This will help to decrease ammonia load.
every alternate day from each tank to maintain the water quality.
5.5.1. c) Feeding the ornamental fishes
We have fed artificial feed
evening. During feeding, aerator
Fig.77 Siphoning of aquarium
Fig.79 Cleaning of aquarium
PLATE 21 - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS
53
, our group was allotted with four aquarium tanks
having tank no. 1 to 4 and 1 respectively. We observed ornamental fishes in the allotted
rning and evening hours such as their movement, colouration,
swimming behavior, any spots on body and proper working of aerator etc. Sometimes flies
enter inside aquarium tanks which were removed with the help of hand
Siphoning & water exchange
was done to remove the excreta of fishes and left out feed, if any.
lp to decrease ammonia load. Then, we exchanged about 15
each tank to maintain the water quality.
.1. c) Feeding the ornamental fishes
icial feed to the ornamental fishes twice a day in morning and
aerators were switched off to facilitate proper feeding.
Siphoning of aquarium Fig.78 Artificial feeding
ng of aquarium tank Fig.80 Filling clean water
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS
, our group was allotted with four aquarium tanks and one FRP tanks
ornamental fishes in the allotted
their movement, colouration,
and proper working of aerator etc. Sometimes flies
removed with the help of hand net.
creta of fishes and left out feed, if any.
- 20 % of water in
twice a day in morning and
were switched off to facilitate proper feeding.
Artificial feeding
Fig.80 Filling clean water
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS

6. FISHERIES STUDY
ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquac
(Duration -
54
FISHERIES STUDY TOUR PROGRAMME
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubanes
(ODISHA)
25th
September, 2017 to 25th
October, 2017
TOUR PROGRAMME
ulture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar
October, 2017)

55
6.1. Introduction
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA) is a premier Institute in
freshwater aquaculture in India under the administrative control of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. The Headquarter of ICAR - CIFA is located at
kausalyaganga, along the Bhubaneswar - Puri National Highway 203, at about 12 km away
from Bhubaneswar city, the capital of Odisha. The institute possesses fully equipped
laboratories in the disciplines of finfish and shellfish breeding including ornamental fishes,
fish physiology, nutrition, genetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, proteomics,
microbiology, pathology, processing, economics, statistics and extension.
In ICAR - CIFA we have undergone 30 days training from 25/09/17 to 25/10/17. The
training was co-ordinated by Dr. (Mrs.) P.K. Sahoo, Principal Scientist, Dr. M. Bairwa and
Dr. Pankaj Tiwari, Scientist, under the overall supervision of Dr. B.R. Pillai, Head,
Aquaculture Production and Environment Division of the Institute.
Table 27. The Detail Training Schedule in ICAR - CIFA
Date Division/Section
25/09/2017 - 28/09/2017 Fish Health Management
03/10/2017 - 06/10/2017 Fish Nutrition and physiology
07/10/2017 Social Science section
09/10/2017 - 12/10/2017 Fish Genetics and Biotechnology
16/10/2017- 24/10/2017 Aquaculture Production and Environment
6.2. Fish Health Management Division
(25th
September to 28th
September)
Fish diseases and its management
 Dr. S. S. Mishra (HOD and Principal Scientist) took a general class on the fish
diseases and its management.
 He told that CIFA has developed fish diseases diagnostic kits and products for
treatment of affected fish e.g. CIFAX for the EUS treatment, CIFACURE for the
aquarium fish diseases, agglutination kit for the bacterial diseases diagnostics.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
A lecture was taken by
of PCR includes DNTP, Primer, Taq polymerase, Template DNA, Buffer solution.
PCR includes Initial holding (temp.
(temp. 45 - 55°C), Elongation (t
Probiotics
Dr. S. Mohanty (Principal Scientist)
what are probiotics, bacteria
probiotics in aquaculture etc.
Bacteriology
Dr. Rakesh Das (Scientist)
common bacterial, fungal,viral
by using molecular test, immunological test and
Blood and organ collection
 In this class, we have done a practical on histo
tissue collection. The blood was
cord and from heart.
 For serum sample, the collected blo
kept without disturbing it
 Organ collection: organ like
Fig.81 Blood collection
56
eaction)
A lecture was taken by Dr. M. Samanta (Principal Scientist) on PCR
of PCR includes DNTP, Primer, Taq polymerase, Template DNA, Buffer solution.
includes Initial holding (temp. 92 - 98o
C), Denaturation (temp. 94 -
gation (temp. 72o
C) and Final holding.
Dr. S. Mohanty (Principal Scientist) has taken a class on probiotics.
what are probiotics, bacteria used as probiotics, how probiotics work
(Scientist) has taken a class on bacteriology. He told us what are the
common bacterial, fungal,viral diseases that affect the fishes. How to diagnose the diseases,
ecular test, immunological test and biochemical test.
have done a practical on histo-pathology. We have learned blood and
tissue collection. The blood was collected from base of the anal fin below the spinal
the collected blood is mixed with anticoagulant i.e. Heparin
kept without disturbing it and then, centrifuged it.
gan collection: organ like liver, kidney etc.
Fig.81 Blood collection Fig.82 Collected blood
PCR. Master mixture
of PCR includes DNTP, Primer, Taq polymerase, Template DNA, Buffer solution. Steps of
- 96o
C), Annealing
probiotics. He talked about
ow probiotics work, application of
told us what are the
How to diagnose the diseases,
pathology. We have learned blood and
collected from base of the anal fin below the spinal
icoagulant i.e. Heparin and
Fig.82 Collected blood

PLATE 22 - BLOOD AND ORGAN SAMPLE COLLECTION
Sh. Anirban Paul (Scientist)
diseases in finfish and shellfish
active surveillance and passive surveillance
Gram staining
We have done gram staining.
Procedure : Gram staining technique
Result : Gram negative bacteria (
Observed the slide under the microscope
Then, dried the slide for observation
After 1 minute, washed with water
After 1minute, added safranine
Added gram decolouriser for 15
After 1minute, washed with water
Made the smear and fixed the slide by aplying heat
Added bacteria (taken from petridish) with the help of innoculam loop
Took slide and added 3 drops of distilled water
Fig.83 Organ collection
57
BLOOD AND ORGAN SAMPLE COLLECTION
Sh. Anirban Paul (Scientist) took a general class about the fish diseases
in finfish and shellfish and also talked about surveillance, types of surveillance
assive surveillance. After that we have done gram s
Procedure : Gram staining technique
Gram negative bacteria (pink colour) and Gram positive bacteria (violet colour).
Observed the slide under the microscope
Then, dried the slide for observation
After 1 minute, washed with water
After 1minute, added safranine
Added gram decolouriser for 15-20 sec.
Added Gram iodine
After 1minute, washed with water
Added crystal violet stain
Made the smear and fixed the slide by aplying heat
Took slide and added 3 drops of distilled water
Fig.84 Collected organ
BLOOD AND ORGAN SAMPLE COLLECTION
took a general class about the fish diseases, common
types of surveillance i.e.
. After that we have done gram staining.
and Gram positive bacteria (violet colour).
Fig.84 Collected organ

Fig.85 Addition of Bacteria with the help of
Loop
Fig. 87 Washing of slide in water
Fig.89 Observation under the microscope
PLATE 23
58
Fig.85 Addition of Bacteria with the help of Fig. 86 Addition of Crystal Violet
Fig. 87 Washing of slide in water Fig.88 Addition of Gram decolorizer
Fig.89 Observation under the microscope Fig.90 Gram positive bacteria
3 - PROCEDURE OF GRAM STAINING
tion of Crystal Violet
Fig.88 Addition of Gram decolorizer
Fig.90 Gram positive bacteria

Demonstration of different diagnostic ki
 Dr. Satyanarayan (Scientist) have taken a class and
and how to diagnose the
 He has showed us bacterial diagnostic kit which is
& also demonstrated the kit.
Fig.91 Demonstration of d
PLATE 24 - DEMONSTRATION OF DIAGNOSTIC KIT
6.3. Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division (FNPD)
(3rd
October to 6th
October)
Visit to Feed Mill
In this division, first lecture was
He discussed about mandates and research works of FNPD, nutrients and their importance in
aquaculture, nutrient requirement of b
and Probiotics in aquaculture.
Feed Evaluation Laboratory
After first lecture, we visited feed evaluation laboratory un
Rakhi Kumari (Scientist). She explained different instruments which are used in feed
evaluation laboratory like Micro
Furnance etc.
59
Demonstration of different diagnostic kits
Dr. Satyanarayan (Scientist) have taken a class and told about how pathogen
and how to diagnose the disease.
wed us bacterial diagnostic kit which is developed by CIFA
& also demonstrated the kit.
Fig.91 Demonstration of diagnostic kit Fig.92 Addition of coloured antigen and
serum in slide
DEMONSTRATION OF DIAGNOSTIC KIT
6.3. Fish Nutrition and Physiology Division (FNPD)
October)
In this division, first lecture was taken by Dr. K.N. Mohanta (Pr. Scientist and
nutrient requirement of brood stock of IMCs, balanced diet, conventional feed
ure.
y
After first lecture, we visited feed evaluation laboratory under the guidance of Mrs.
umari (Scientist). She explained different instruments which are used in feed
evaluation laboratory like Micro - Kjeldahl Unit, Soxhlet Apparatus, Fibra Plus and Muffle
told about how pathogen attack
developed by CIFA, & ELISA kit
Fig.92 Addition of coloured antigen and
serum in slide
DEMONSTRATION OF DIAGNOSTIC KIT
Scientist and HOD)
stock of IMCs, balanced diet, conventional feed
der the guidance of Mrs.
umari (Scientist). She explained different instruments which are used in feed
xhlet Apparatus, Fibra Plus and Muffle

Visit to Feed mill
Then, we visited feed mill under the guidance of
(Technical Officer) and Dr. Siddaiah G.M..
components like hammer, grinder, extruder, dryer, size grader, oil sprayer etc. Here, they
produces floating feed mostly which is used for carp culture system.
Fig. 93 Hammer mill
Fig. 95 Electrical Dryer
Fig. 97 Conveyer belt
PLATE 25
60
we visited feed mill under the guidance of Mr. Santosh Kumar Naik
Dr. Siddaiah G.M.. They told about feed mill, its different
ke hammer, grinder, extruder, dryer, size grader, oil sprayer etc. Here, they
produces floating feed mostly which is used for carp culture system.
Fig. 93 Hammer mill Fig. 94 Grinder
Fig. 95 Electrical Dryer Fig. 96 Oil sprayer
r belt Fig. 98 Bulk storage
PLATE 25 - COMPONENTS OF FEED MILL
Mr. Santosh Kumar Naik
They told about feed mill, its different
ke hammer, grinder, extruder, dryer, size grader, oil sprayer etc. Here, they
Fig. 94 Grinder
Fig. 96 Oil sprayer
Fig. 98 Bulk storage
COMPONENTS OF FEED MILL

Floating Feed Preparation
Mr. Santosh Kumar Naik and Dr. Siddaiah G.M. told us about
preparation of floating feed like
cake and soya meal etc. and procedure of feed preparation
Demonstration of Crude Fibre
Mrs. Rakhi Kumari (Scientist)
estimation using Fibraplus instrument
Kelplus protein analysis unit.
PLATE 26 - VISIT TO
Fig. 99 Floating Feed
Fig.101 Demonstration of Crude Fibre
Estimation
61
Mr. Santosh Kumar Naik and Dr. Siddaiah G.M. told us about feed ingredients fo
preparation of floating feed like deoiled rice bran, groundnut oil cake, til oil cake, mustard oil
procedure of feed preparation.
Demonstration of Crude Fibre and Protein Estimation
Mrs. Rakhi Kumari (Scientist) and Mr. S. Naik demonstrated us about crude fibre
aplus instrument and protein estimation by Kjeldahl method using
VISIT TO FEED NUTRITION LABORATORY
Fig. 99 Floating Feed Fig. 100 Feed for Carp Fry
Fig.101 Demonstration of Crude Fibre
Estimation
Fig. 102 Kjeldahl Unit
feed ingredients for
til oil cake, mustard oil
demonstrated us about crude fibre
protein estimation by Kjeldahl method using
ORATORY
Fig. 100 Feed for Carp Fry
Fig. 102 Kjeldahl Unit

Flow chart
62
Flow chart of floating feed preparation
Bulk storage
Cooling
Oil spraying
Size grading
Drying
Extrusion
Conditioning
Mixing
Grinding
Hammering

63
6.4. Social Science Section
(7th October)
Extension
Dr. Himanshu Kumar De (Principal Scientist) has taken a class and discussed about
extension methods including individual contact method, group contact method and mass
contact method; demonstration method like method demonstration and result demonstration.
Computer Science and Statistics
Dr. Abhijit Singh Mahapatra has taken a general class on hardware, software,
application, MS office, java programme, features available in mobile, hacking.
6.5. Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division
(9th
October to 12th
October)
Genetics and Biotechnology Division
In this division, first lecture was taken by Dr. Laxman Sahoo (Scientist). He told us
about application of biotechnology is fisheries, transgenic fish and molecular markers.
Fish Genomic Laboratory Visit
We visited to the Fish genomic lab. where biotechnological instruments and equipment
shown to us. The instruments present in the lab are - PCR, Gel Electrophoresis, Centrifuge,
Waterbath, Electrograph and Automatic gene sequencer.
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Dr. S. K. Berman told us about spermatogenesis and oogenesis, stem cell cultivation
and transgenic fish production.
Selective Breeding
Mr. Avinash R. Rasal, (Scientist) told about selective breeding of Jayanti Rohu and
with him we also visited selective breeding unit under his guidance and he explained that
Selective breeding of Rohu. It has shown genetic gain of 18 % per generation for growth trait
after tenth generation of selective breeding. In all the field testing centres improved Rohu
showed superior growth efficiency over control and local hatchery stocks. The improved

Rohu is popularly known as Jayant
Independence.
PLATE 27 - VISIT TO
Fish Genomics
Dr. Ashok Taru Barat taken a class on
Application for Fish Genomics”.
using different biotechnological tools and its uses with scientific knowledge.
Proteomics
Mr. Mohan R. Badhe (Scientist) taken a class on
about Proteomics, its role and aim of study of proteomics and its application in fisheries
Genetics and Biotechnology
Dr. P. Das taken a class
CIFA. Sir also talked about genetics and biodiversity,
Biotechnology Laboratory V
We had visited the laboratory where
Fig.103 Visit to selective breeding unit
64
ohu is popularly known as Jayanti as it was first released in the 50 years of India’s
VISIT TO SELECTIVE BREEDING HATCHERY
Dr. Ashok Taru Barat taken a class on the topic “Biotechnology - New Dimension and
mics”. In this class, sir told us about biotechnology,
Mr. Mohan R. Badhe (Scientist) taken a class on Proteomics. In this class
its role and aim of study of proteomics and its application in fisheries
Genetics and Biotechnology Division at CIFA
class and discussed about genetics and biotechnology division at
about genetics and biodiversity, captive breeding and
Visit
We had visited the laboratory where gel electrophoresis is demonstrated.
Fig.103 Visit to selective breeding unit
i as it was first released in the 50 years of India’s
SELECTIVE BREEDING HATCHERY
New Dimension and
iotechnology, its application
Proteomics. In this class, sir told us
its role and aim of study of proteomics and its application in fisheries.
about genetics and biotechnology division at
captive breeding and hybridization.

View DNA on UV light box and show result
Run gel at constant voltage until band separation occurs
Add running buffer, load sample and marker
Pour into casting tray with comb and allow to solidify
Melt, cool and add Ethidium Bromide, Mix throughly.
Flow Diagram of
Fig.104 Demonstration of Gel Electrophoresis
PLATE 28 - VISIT TO FISH GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
65
View DNA on UV light box and show result
Add running buffer, load sample and marker
Prepare agarose gel
Flow Diagram of Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Fig.104 Demonstration of Gel Electrophoresis
TO FISH GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
TO FISH GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

6.6. Aquaculture Production and Environment Division
(16th
October to 24th
October)
Seed Rearing and Culture Unit
We have visited the seed rearing and culture unit of minor carp under the guidance of
Dr. P.C. Das (Principal scientist
found in rivers and lakes of our country which include k
bata), reba (Cirrhinus reba),
schwanenfeldi). These fishes have
He also told about water quality parameter of the pond oxygen, pH and transparency
is an important factor for culture of minor carp. Transparency 25
DO more than 5ppm is ideal for minor carp culture.
Carp Breeding Hatchery and Tilapia Hatchery
We have visited Chines
of Dr. D. K. Verma. He told about seed production of IMC in Chines
seed production of Tilapia.
66
e Production and Environment Division
October)
Unit of Minor carp
seed rearing and culture unit of minor carp under the guidance of
rincipal scientist). He told about different types of minor carp
of our country which include kalbasu (Labeo
, olive barb (Systomus sarana) and silver barb
have good demand in the market.
about water quality parameter of the pond oxygen, pH and transparency
important factor for culture of minor carp. Transparency 25 - 35 cm, pH 7.5
DO more than 5ppm is ideal for minor carp culture.
ing Hatchery and Tilapia Hatchery
Chinese Circular Hatchery and Tilapia Hatchery under the guidance
D. K. Verma. He told about seed production of IMC in Chinese circular hatchery and
Fig.105 Discussion about Minor carp
seed rearing and culture unit of minor carp under the guidance of
of minor carps and barbs a
Labeo calbasu), bata (L.
) and silver barb (Barbonymus
about water quality parameter of the pond oxygen, pH and transparency
35 cm, pH 7.5 - 8.5, and
Hatchery and Tilapia Hatchery under the guidance
circular hatchery and

PLATE 29 - COMPONENTS OF TILAPIA HATCHERY
Carp Breeding
Dr. D. K. Verma has told abo
told about different component of ec
Fig.107 Incubation pool
PLATE 30
Ornamental Fish Breeding and Culture
Ornamental fish farming for livelihood security
The special lecture on the topic Ornamental
taken by Dr. S. K. Swain (Principle Scientist
Division.
Fig.106 Components of Tilapia Hatchery
67
COMPONENTS OF TILAPIA HATCHERY
has told about seed production of IMC in eco-hatchery and he also
about different component of eco-hatchery.
Fig.107 Incubation pool Fig.108 Discussion about carp breeding
PLATE 30 - CARP BREEDING UNIT
Ornamental Fish Breeding and Culture
Ornamental fish farming for livelihood security
The special lecture on the topic Ornamental fish farming for livelihood security
Principle Scientist) Aquaculture Production and Environment
Fig.106 Components of Tilapia Hatchery
COMPONENTS OF TILAPIA HATCHERY
hatchery and he also
Fig.108 Discussion about carp breeding
fish farming for livelihood security was
ion and Environment

PLATE 31 - ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING AND CULTURE UNIT
Seed production and culture of freshwater prawn
We visited seed production and culture unit of freshwater prawn under the guidance
of Dr. Bindu R. Pillai, Princip
prawn which is commonly known as “Scampi
the scientific culture of Macrobrachium
Fig.109 Breeding unit
Fig.111 Shining barb breeding unit
Fig.113 Prawn Larval Rearing Unit
PLATE 32
68
ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING AND CULTURE UNIT
Seed production and culture of freshwater prawn
d seed production and culture unit of freshwater prawn under the guidance
i, Principal Scientist and HOD), Ma’m explained about gia
known as “Scampi”. ICAR - CIFA has developed a package
Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Fig.109 Breeding unit Fig.110 Rearing tank
Fig.111 Shining barb breeding unit Fig.112 Breeding trap
Fig.113 Prawn Larval Rearing Unit Fig.114 Prawn Larval Rearing Unit
PLATE 32 - FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE UNIT
ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING AND CULTURE UNIT
d seed production and culture unit of freshwater prawn under the guidance
ed about giant freshwater
CIFA has developed a package for
Fig.110 Rearing tank
Fig.112 Breeding trap
Fig.114 Prawn Larval Rearing Unit
FRESHWATER PRAWN CULTURE UNIT

Freshwater Pearl Culture
Lecture on Freshwater Pearl Culture
told about freshwater pearl culture and nucleus implantation.
L.corrianus and L.parreysia
freshwater pearl culture in the Indian subcontinent.
Demonstration of Preparation o
Steps of preparation of nucleus
 Dice of different shaped are taken using whi
 Coconut oil was added to dice (it allowed easy removal of mixture which we will
apply on dice).
 Acrylic repair material was taken in glas
properly.
 Filling of this mixture in dice.
 After few minutes, the mixture get harden. After that it can be removed by surgical
blade.
 Then, trim the sides of nucleus.
PLATE 33 -
AICRP on Plastics
Dr. B.C. Mohapatra have taken a class on AICRP. AICRP stands for All India
Coordinated Research Project. Sir told that there no AICRP in fisheries. Earlier the AICRP
Fig.115 Different shapes of designer nucleus
die
69
Freshwater Pearl Culture was taken by Dr. Shailesh Sourabh
about freshwater pearl culture and nucleus implantation. Lamellidens marginalis,
corrugate are the three common candidate species used for
freshwater pearl culture in the Indian subcontinent.
of Preparation of Nucleus
Steps of preparation of nucleus
Dice of different shaped are taken using which we will make nucleus.
Coconut oil was added to dice (it allowed easy removal of mixture which we will
Acrylic repair material was taken in glass petridish. A liquid was added
Filling of this mixture in dice.
minutes, the mixture get harden. After that it can be removed by surgical
Then, trim the sides of nucleus.
- FRESHWATER PEARL CULTURE UNIT
r. B.C. Mohapatra have taken a class on AICRP. AICRP stands for All India
of designer nucleus Fig.116 Designer nucleus
Dr. Shailesh Sourabh, Scientist. He
Lamellidens marginalis,
corrugate are the three common candidate species used for
ch we will make nucleus.
Coconut oil was added to dice (it allowed easy removal of mixture which we will
s petridish. A liquid was added and mixed
minutes, the mixture get harden. After that it can be removed by surgical
FRESHWATER PEARL CULTURE UNIT
r. B.C. Mohapatra have taken a class on AICRP. AICRP stands for All India
Fig.116 Designer nucleus

was started in Catfish and composite fish culture but is has closed. Now, CIFA is working o
plastic.
Fig.117 Aquaculture in silo
Fig.119 FRP Breeding
Fig.121 Observation of plant in silo
PLATE 34
70
was started in Catfish and composite fish culture but is has closed. Now, CIFA is working o
Fig.117 Aquaculture in silo Fig.118 Plastic fabrication shop
Breeding tank Fig.120 Feeding device (Demand feeder)
Fig.121 Observation of plant in silo Fig.122 Water quality parameter analysis
PLATE 34 - AQUACULTURE IN SILO UNIT
was started in Catfish and composite fish culture but is has closed. Now, CIFA is working on
Fig.118 Plastic fabrication shop
Fig.120 Feeding device (Demand feeder)
Fig.122 Water quality parameter analysis

Portable FRP carp hatchery
This portable FRP carp
hatchery rearing of seed. One
the hatchery unit. The system
egg /spawn collection chamber
suitable for breeding of the Indian
Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala),
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
(Cyprinus carpio) and medium
Air Breathing Fish Unit
Fig.123 Siphoning of Magur fingerling tank
Fig.125 Live feed culture unit for Murrel
71
hatchery
carp hatchery has been designed for carp
One cycle 1.0 to 1.2 million carp seed (spawn)
system consists of breeding/spawning pool, hatching/incubation
chamber and over head storage tank/water supply system
Indian Major Carps viz., Rohu (Labeo rohita),
Calbasu (Labeo calbasu), Chinese carps
molitrix), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella
medium carps like Puntius sp., and Labeo bata.
of Magur fingerling tank Fig.124 Fingerling of Magur
Fig.125 Live feed culture unit for Murrel Fig.126 Brood stock unit of Murrel
fish breeding and
can be produced in
hatching/incubation pool,
system The system is
Catla (Catla catla),
carps viz., Silver carp
idella), Common carp
Fig.124 Fingerling of Magur
Fig.126 Brood stock unit of Murrel

Fig.127 Brood stock unit of Magur
PLATE 35 -
Breeding & seed production of striped murrel
ICAR - CIFA, Bhubaneswar has developed induced
Murrel (Channa striatus) in hatchery condition.
Induced breeding in hatchery condition
 C. striatus female weighing 300
breeding performance under hatchery condition.
 Breeding pool is filled with water (26
with floating aquatic macrophyte (water hyacinth).
 Here, one important care is t
pool to be covered perfectly with net to avoid jumping of fish during spawning.
 The female and male fishes are injected intramuscularly with HCG @ 2000 and 1500
IU/ Kg body weight; carp pituitary gl
body weight; Ovatide/Ovaprim @ 0.6 and 0.4 ml/Kg body weight, respectively.
 Spawning time is 16
floating and straw yellow in colour. Fertilized eggs
eggs are opaque/white.
 The size of the fertilized eggs are ranged between 1.1
 The average fecundity is in the range of 10,000
 The fertilization and hatching rate ranged between 75
respectively.
72
Fig.127 Brood stock unit of Magur Fig.128 Observation of Murrel brooder
AIR BREATHING FISH BREEDING UN
Breeding & seed production of striped murrel
Bhubaneswar has developed induced breeding technology of striped
in hatchery condition.
Induced breeding in hatchery condition
female weighing 300 - 600 g and male weighing 400
breeding performance under hatchery condition.
Breeding pool is filled with water (26 - 30°C) and one-fifth of the water area covered
with floating aquatic macrophyte (water hyacinth).
one important care is taken to keep at least two feet of free board and breeding
The female and male fishes are injected intramuscularly with HCG @ 2000 and 1500
IU/ Kg body weight; carp pituitary gland extract (PGE) @ 30 - 40 and 20
- 18 hr at 26 - 28°C. Eggs are spherical, non
floating and straw yellow in colour. Fertilized eggs are transparent and unfertilized
eggs are opaque/white.
The size of the fertilized eggs are ranged between 1.1 - 1.4 mm.
The average fecundity is in the range of 10,000 - 15,000 eggs/kg body weight.
The fertilization and hatching rate ranged between 75 - 98 % and 70
Fig.128 Observation of Murrel brooder
AIR BREATHING FISH BREEDING UNIT
breeding technology of striped
- 800 g give better
fifth of the water area covered
aken to keep at least two feet of free board and breeding
The female and male fishes are injected intramuscularly with HCG @ 2000 and 1500
40 and 20 - 30 mg/Kg
28°C. Eggs are spherical, non-adhesive, free
are transparent and unfertilized
15,000 eggs/kg body weight.
8 % and 70 - 95 %,

Seed rearing
 Larval feeding starts after 72 hr of hatching because yolk sac in larvae serves as
stored food during this period.
 After yolksac absorption, the larvae are fed with either zooplanktons or
nauplii.
 Survival in the nursery rearing (spawn to fry) ranged between 50
 Striped murrel fry are further reared in outdoor concrete tanks for fingerlings
production.
 Fry should be fed with small crustaceans mainly aquatic insects, T
earthworms. Powdered fish meal and soya flour (3:1) @ 5
should be sprinkled twice a day in addition to live feed.
 Boiled trash fish/poultry offal and oil cake/rice police (3:1) is given in moist
condition.
 The pelleted feed for the finger
growth and survival. Average survival from fry to fingerlings is 30
 It has been observed that 2
takes heavy toll to fry of smal
Soil and water chemistry lab
We have visited soil and water quality lab. Where, we have learned about different
water quality parameters and its estimation. We have done practical on soil pH and alkalinity
estimation.
Fig.129 Lecture on water and soil chemistry
73
Larval feeding starts after 72 hr of hatching because yolk sac in larvae serves as
stored food during this period.
After yolksac absorption, the larvae are fed with either zooplanktons or
rvival in the nursery rearing (spawn to fry) ranged between 50 - 60%.
Striped murrel fry are further reared in outdoor concrete tanks for fingerlings
be fed with small crustaceans mainly aquatic insects, Tubifex and chopped
s. Powdered fish meal and soya flour (3:1) @ 5 - 10% of their body weight
should be sprinkled twice a day in addition to live feed.
Boiled trash fish/poultry offal and oil cake/rice police (3:1) is given in moist
The pelleted feed for the fingerling has been formulated and evaluated for good
growth and survival. Average survival from fry to fingerlings is 30
It has been observed that 2 - 3% of fry turned into shoot fry during its rearing, which
takes heavy toll to fry of smaller sizes.
Soil and water chemistry laboratory visit
cture on water and soil chemistry Fig.130 Visit to soil and water chemistry lab.
Larval feeding starts after 72 hr of hatching because yolk sac in larvae serves as
After yolksac absorption, the larvae are fed with either zooplanktons or Artemia
60%.
Striped murrel fry are further reared in outdoor concrete tanks for fingerlings
ubifex and chopped
10% of their body weight
Boiled trash fish/poultry offal and oil cake/rice police (3:1) is given in moist
ling has been formulated and evaluated for good
- 40%.
3% of fry turned into shoot fry during its rearing, which
Fig.130 Visit to soil and water chemistry lab.

Fig.131 Analysis of hardness and alkalinity
PLATE 36 - SOIL AND WATER CHEMISTRY LAB
74
Fig.131 Analysis of hardness and alkalinity Fig.132 pH analysis
SOIL AND WATER CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Fig.132 pH analysis
ORATORY

75
7. FISHERIES SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME :
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF VALUE ADDED FISH PRODUCTS

76
VALUE ADDED FISH PRODUCTS
Introduction
Value addition is defined as “any additional activity that in one way or the other
change the nature of product thus, adding to its value at the time of sale”. Value addition is
gaining more importance in our present days of change life styles eating habits.
Value addition and introduction of new types of products from low cost fishes is the
only solution to the problem. Present market trends reflect a rapidly growing demand for
ready –to-cook and ready - to - serve convenience products. Poor fisherman can earn more
benefit from careful utilization of the rich resources by value addition. The value added
products are Fish Cutlet, Fish Pickle, Fish Pakora, Fish Mangodi, Fish Sandwich etc.
7.1 Fish Cutlet
Fish cutlet is a product can prepared from whole fish or minced fish meat. Fish cutlet
is a highly acceptable consumer product both for urban and rural person. Fish cutlet can be
flesh fried and kept stored up to 6 months.
Minced fish meat is cooked and cooled. Boiled and peeled potatoes were made into
fine paste and mixed with cooked minced fish meat along with Salt, Baking powder, Chili
powder, Pepper power, Garam masala, and Coriander powder. Fried Onion, Garlic and
Ginger paste were mixed thoroughly. Paste material (30 gm) was shaped into ball and
flattened to any desire shape. Batter the prepared product by dipping in egg white and bread
the product by rolling over bread crumb powder. Prepared cutlet can be stored at -20o
C.
Cutlets can be fried at 160 o
C for 45 minute in edible oil.
Preparation of Fish Cutlet
Step-1. Raw material - Fresh Pangasius fish are used for preparation of fish Cutlet.
Step-2. Washing - Washing of whole fish has to be done using adequate quantity of water to
remove dust particle, viscera, and bacteria from the Gill, Skin.
Step-3. Descaling - In case of scaled fish, remove the scale mechanically by using Descaler.
Step-4. Dressing - Removed the part of fish such as fins.
Step-5. Filleting - Fish fillet is a strip flash that has been cut or sliced away from the bone by
cutting lengthwise along one side of the fish parallel to the backbone.

Step-6. Deboning - Deboning was done by removing spines from the meat.
Step-7. Mincing - Mincing was done by removing using meat Mincer.
Step-8. Frying - The minced fish meat was fried into hot edible oil.
Step-9. Making paste of potatoes
paste and fried them.
Step-10. Mixing of meat with ingredients
Baking powder, Pepper powder,
with fried Onion, Garlic and Ginger paste.
Step-11. Shaping of fish cutlet
to 1 cm thickness of any desire shape.
Step-12. Battering and breading
bread the product by rolling over bread crumb powder by mechanically by using Batter a
Breading machine.
Step-13. Frying - The battered and breaded product was fried at 160
oil.
Step 1. Fish
Step 3. Descaling
PLATE 37 - PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLET
77
Deboning was done by removing spines from the meat.
Mincing was done by removing using meat Mincer.
The minced fish meat was fried into hot edible oil.
. Making paste of potatoes - The boiled and peeled Potatoes were made into fine
f meat with ingredients - Fried meat get mixed with paste of Potato, Salt,
Baking powder, Pepper powder, Garam masala, Coriander powder and other spices along
with fried Onion, Garlic and Ginger paste.
Shaping of fish cutlet - 30 gm of mixed material was shaped into ball and flattened
to 1 cm thickness of any desire shape.
Battering and breading - Batter the prepared product by dipping in egg white and
bread the product by rolling over bread crumb powder by mechanically by using Batter a
The battered and breaded product was fried at 160 - 170
Step 2. Washing
Step 3. Descaling Step 4. Dressing
DUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLET
Deboning was done by removing spines from the meat.
The boiled and peeled Potatoes were made into fine
Fried meat get mixed with paste of Potato, Salt,
and other spices along
rial was shaped into ball and flattened
Batter the prepared product by dipping in egg white and
bread the product by rolling over bread crumb powder by mechanically by using Batter and
170o
C in hot edible
Step 2. Washing
Step 4. Dressing
DUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLETS

Step 5. Filleting
Step 7. Mincing
Step 9. Frying of potatoes
78
Step 5. Filleting Step 6. Deboning
Step 7. Mincing Step 8. Frying of minced meat
Step 9. Frying of potatoes Step 10. Mixing of ingredients with minced
meat
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLET
Step 6. Deboning
8. Frying of minced meat
Step 10. Mixing of ingredients with minced
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLETS

Step 11. Shaping of fish cutlets
Step 13. Frying of cutlets at Rajyotsava,
Kawardha
79
Step 11. Shaping of fish cutlets Step 12. Battering and Breading
Step 13. Frying of cutlets at Rajyotsava, 14. Ready to serve cutle
15. Selling of fish Cutlets
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLET
Step 12. Battering and Breading
14. Ready to serve cutlets
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH CUTLETS

Flow Chart for preparation of fish Cutlets
Mixing of fried meat with Potatoes
80
Flow Chart for preparation of fish Cutlets
Fish
Washing
Descaling
Dressing
Filleting
Deboning and
Deskining
Mincing
Paste of Potatoes and
Frying
Paste of Garlic, Ginger, Green
chillies and Coriander leaves
Mixing of fried meat with Potatoes
and other ingredients
Shaping the Cutlet (30 gm each)
Battering and
Breading
Frying
Cooling and
Packaging

81
Economics of Fish Cutlets Preparation
Table 28. Ingredients used for preparation of fish Cutlets
S.N. Particulars Quantity Price (Rs.)
1 Fish 10 Kg 1000
2 Potato 5 Kg 50
3 Onion 1 Kg 40
4 Green chilly 500 gm 10
5 Ginger 500 gm 50
6 Baking soda 30 gm 5
7 Coriander powder 150 gm 10
8 Chili powder 125 gm 10
9 Turmeric powder 100 gm 10
10 Spices 100 gm 10
11 Eggs 24 no. 180
12 Wheat flour 750 gm 30
13 Bread crumbs 10 packet 150
14 Salt 100 gm 5
15 Vegetable oil 3 lit. 270
16 Sauce 1 lit. 160
17 Paper plate 4 Bundle 80
Total cost 2070/-
Fish Cutlet
Price per plate (2Pcs) = Rs. 40
Total no. of plate sold = 88
Total cost = Rs. 40/plate x 88 plate
= Rs. 3520/-
Profit = Total cost – Total income
= 3520 – 2070
Net profit = 1450/-

82
7.2 Fish Pickle
Pickle is the delicacy in many Asian countries. In India pickles made from mango
and lime are very popular and consumed at large by all sectors of people. Fish pickles are
also very popular and a variety of methods for preparation of pickle are available in India.
Fish are highly perishable in nature. It is necessary to preserve them into self-stable value
added product. Considering the market potential and ease of manufacturing, pickling process
is the best opted method. Fish pickle prepared under hygienic condition with salt, spices and
preservative has a shelf life to 6-8 month. Pangasius fish is selected for preparation of fish
pickle
Preparation of Fish Pickle
Step 1. Dressing - Removed the part of fish such as fins.
Step 2. Filleting - After filleting, fresh cubes of size 1.5 x 1.5cm are prepared.
Step 3. Curing - Cubes are mixed with Salt, Turmeric and kept for 1-2 hours.
Step 4. Preparation of Ingredients - Fresh ginger, Garlic and Green chili were washed,
peeled and ground to paste in a grinder. Mustard, Cumin seed, and Fenugreek were fried and
powdered before use.
4.1 Preparation of Mixture 1 - Mixing of Garlic, Ginger and Green chili.
4.2 Preparation of Mixture - Mixing of Chili powder, and Turmeric powder and Cumin
powder.
Step 5. Cooking and Addition of spices - Cubes are fried in refined oil till they are light
golden brown in colour and keep them aside. Mustard seed and fenugreek seed are fried in
the same oil, used for frying of fish cubes and add the mixture 1 (Garlic + Ginger + Green
chili) and fry well then add with mixture 2 (Chili powder + Turmeric powder + Cumin
powder) and Sugar and mix well after that add the fried cubes and Garam masala and
continuous stirring with low flame. Cool the material and add Vinegar and Benzoic acid.
Step 6. Maturation - After cooling, keep it overnight for maturation.
Step 7. Packaging, Labeling and Storage - The pickle is packed in air tight jar and labeling
was done with description of product name, manufacturer, weight of product, shelf life. The
shelf life in ambient temperature 6-8 months and up to 1 year in refrigerated condition.

Step 1. Dressing
Step 3. De-skinning
Step 5. Curing of fish cubes
PLATE 40 - PRODUCT
83
Step 2. Filleting
Step 4. Preparation of cubes from fillets
Step 5. Curing of fish cubes Step 6. Preparation of ingredients and paste
PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH PICKLE
Step 2. Filleting
Step 4. Preparation of cubes from fillets
Step 6. Preparation of ingredients and paste
ION AND MARKETING OF FISH PICKLE

Step 7. Frying of fish cubes
Step 9. Mixing of fish cubes with spices
PLATE 41 - PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF FISH PICKLE
Step 11. Weighing and packaging of pickle
84
fish cubes Step 8. Frying of ingredients
Step 9. Mixing of fish cubes with spices Step10. Overnight maturation
Step 11. Weighing and packaging of pickle
Step 8. Frying of ingredients
Step10. Overnight maturation

PLATE 42 - PRODU
Step 12. La
85
Step 12. Labeling and cleaning of jar
Step 13. Selling of Pickle
CTION AND MARKETING OF FISH PICKLE

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