Prasannakumar
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Nuclear power works by initiating and controlling nuclear chain reactions to generate heat from nuclear fission. Uranium is the most common nuclear fuel used, as its isotope U-235 can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. In a nuclear reactor, neutrons from fission split uranium atoms, releasing more neutrons and heat energy. Control rods absorb neutrons to control the rate of the chain reaction. The heat is used to generate steam to turn turbines and produce electricity. Spent fuel, control rods, and coolant must be safely managed as they are radioactive.
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Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to generate electricity. Nuclear fuel, such as uranium-235, undergoes fission when struck by a neutron, releasing heat energy. This heat is used to generate steam that drives turbines connected to generators. Control rods are used to regulate the fission rate and maintain a steady chain reaction. Steam from the reactor powers the turbines which spin generators to produce electricity. Water is used as a coolant and circulated through steam generators and a condenser to be reused or cooled in a cooling tower. Nuclear power produces low carbon emissions but long-term radioactive waste storage remains an issue.
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Nuclear fuel undergoes fission, releasing heat energy. This energy can be harnessed via nuclear chain reactions in a nuclear reactor, where neutrons split atoms and are controlled by control rods. The heat generated is used to convert water to steam, which powers turbines connected to generators, producing electricity. Spent fuel is cooled in cooling towers before being treated and stored as radioactive waste. While emitting low carbon, issues remain around waste storage and plant security.
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Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission reactions to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines that generate electricity. Nuclear fuel such as uranium-235 is used in the nuclear reactor's core to initiate and sustain a controlled nuclear chain reaction. Control rods are used to regulate the chain reaction. Steam generated in steam generators is used to power the turbines, which turn generators to produce electricity. The steam is then cooled and recycled through the system. Nuclear power produces low carbon emissions but generates radioactive waste that remains hazardous for thousands of years.
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When a uranium-235 nucleus is hit by a neutron, it undergoes fission and splits into smaller nuclei and two neutrons. These neutrons can then cause further fissions, producing more neutrons and sustaining a chain reaction. The minimum amount of uranium needed to sustain a chain reaction is called a critical mass. A nuclear reactor uses a controlled chain reaction to produce heat and generate steam to power a turbine generator, similarly to a coal power plant.
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The document provides information about a nuclear power plant course syllabus. It includes topics like nuclear physics, types of nuclear reactors, site selection, and uranium enrichment methods. It discusses the basic concepts of nuclear fission and fusion. It also describes the key components of a nuclear reactor like the reactor core, control rods, moderator, and coolant. Different types of nuclear reactors are classified based on criteria like neutron energy, coolant used, and fuel state. Pressurized water reactors and their working mechanism are explained in detail.
Unit iii
The document provides information on the key components and safety systems of nuclear power plants. It discusses the nuclear fuels used, including uranium-235 and plutonium-239. It also describes the major components of a nuclear power plant like the moderator, control rods, shielding and coolant. Further, it explains different types of reactors and important safety systems to terminate the nuclear chain reaction in emergencies, such as the reactor protection system, control rods, and emergency core cooling system.
nuclear power plant
The document discusses various topics related to nuclear power plants including:
1) Nuclear fuel such as Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 that can undergo fission chain reactions to produce energy.
2) How nuclear fission of heavy elements like Uranium releases heat and how this can be used to create a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a nuclear reactor.
3) The basic components of a nuclear power plant including the nuclear reactor, control rods, steam generators, turbines, pumps and cooling towers.
Nuclear Power Plant
The document discusses the key components and safety systems of nuclear power plants. It describes the nuclear fuel, moderators, control rods, shielding and coolants used in reactors. It also explains the basic concepts of nuclear fission and fusion. The document outlines several types of reactors including boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, CANDU reactors, and fast breeder reactors. It discusses the critical safety systems that shut down the nuclear reaction and cool the core, such as the reactor protection system, control rods, emergency core cooling system, and automatic depressurization system.
Unit iii nuclear power plants
The document provides information on the components and operation of nuclear power plants. It discusses the key elements which include nuclear fuel, moderators, control rods, shielding, coolants and the turbines. It describes the major types of reactors - boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, CANDU reactors, fast breeder reactors, gas cooled reactors and liquid metal cooled reactors. It also outlines the safety systems that protect nuclear power plants, such as the reactor protection system, control rods, emergency core cooling system and ventilation systems to control radiation exposure.
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING-Unit 3
The document provides information on various topics related to nuclear power plants, including:
1) Nuclear fuels commonly used in power plants such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
2) Key components of nuclear power plants including the fuel, moderators, control rods, shielding, coolant, turbines, and safety systems.
3) Different types of nuclear reactors including boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, CANDU reactors, and fast breeder reactors.
Nuclear power plant fundamentals
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
Nuclear power plant
This document provides an overview of nuclear power plants. It discusses nuclear fuel, the nuclear fission process, nuclear chain reactions, and the main components of a nuclear power plant such as the reactor, coolant, moderator, control rods, steam generators and turbines. It also describes the most common types of nuclear reactors - boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, fast breeder reactors and sodium-cooled reactors. The document then gives a brief history of nuclear power and discusses current nuclear power programs and reactors around the world. It concludes with sections on the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power.
Nuclear power station Energy
The document describes the basic process of how a nuclear power station works, including how uranium undergoes nuclear fission to produce heat and generate steam to power turbines that create electricity. It also discusses advantages like small fuel requirements but disadvantages such as radioactive pollution. Diagrams show the nuclear reactor core and the primary and secondary cooling loops that transfer heat to power the station.
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- 2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION NUCLEAR POWER POINTNUCLEAR POWER POINT NUCLEAR FUELNUCLEAR FUEL NUCLEAR FISSIONNUCLEAR FISSION NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONNUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION NUCLEAR REACTORNUCLEAR REACTOR CONTROL ROOMCONTROL ROOM CONDENSORCONDENSOR COOLING TOWERCOOLING TOWER BREADER REACTORSBREADER REACTORS
- 4. Nuclear fuel is any material that can beNuclear fuel is any material that can be consumed to derive nuclear energy. The mostconsumed to derive nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elementscommon type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fissionthat can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactorchain reactions in a nuclear reactor The most common nuclear fuels are 235U andThe most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are used in fission239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactionschain reactions NUCLEAR FUEL
- 5. NUCLEAR FISSIONNUCLEAR FISSION When a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, theWhen a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium splits into two lighter atoms and releases heaturanium splits into two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously.simultaneously. Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reactionFission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of energy both aswhich can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of theelectromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragmentsfragments E = mc2 ► The fission reactionThe fission reaction produces more neutronsproduces more neutrons which can then inducewhich can then induce fission in other Uraniumfission in other Uranium atoms.atoms. ► Mouse Trap Chain ReactionMouse Trap Chain Reaction
- 6. NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons
- 7. U235 + n → fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 Mev If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024 fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
- 8. NUCLEAR REACTOR A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled causing an explotion.
- 9. • CONTROL RODS Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods. . The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like, boron, cadmium or indium.
- 10. Control room
- 11. COOLANT PUMPCOOLANT PUMP The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant toThe coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the order of 155bar.pressures of the order of 155bar. The pressure of the coolant loop isThe pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant with the help ofmaintained almost constant with the help of the pump and a pressurized unit.the pump and a pressurized unit.
- 12. CONDENSER Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor into liquid. The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust pressure to increase the efficiency and to recover high quality feed water in the form of condensate & feed back it to the steam generator without any further treatment.
- 13. COOLING TOWER Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Water circulating through the codensor is taken to the cooling tower for cooling and reuse
- 14. BREADER REACTORSBREADER REACTORS A big problem with nuclear power is the creationA big problem with nuclear power is the creation of Plutonium in the reactor core.of Plutonium in the reactor core. This is a long lived radioactive element that isThis is a long lived radioactive element that is difficult to store.difficult to store. Q: Why not use it as a fuel too?Q: Why not use it as a fuel too?
- 15. BASIC IDEA • Process that creates the Pu. • During fission use one of the extra neutrons to create a Pu atom − − − − + → +→ →+ β β 0 1 239 944.2 239 93 0 1 239 93min23 239 92 239 92 238 92 PuNp NpU UUn days
- 16. Nuclear power generation does emit relatively lowNuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of greenamounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclearhouse gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have toThis technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first.be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electricalIt is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plantenergy in one single plant ADVANTAGES
- 17. Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste couldNuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets for terrorist attacks..be preferred targets for terrorist attacks.. During the operation of nuclear power plants,During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can beradioactive waste is produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear weapons.used for the production of nuclear weapons. DISADVANTAGES