This document discusses the field of catalysis. It begins by noting that 24% of GDP comes from products that use catalysts in areas like food, fuels, chemicals and more. It then discusses the importance of catalysis in petroleum refining, chemical processes, and pollution control technologies. The document outlines the steps in a catalytic reaction and describes techniques for characterizing catalysts and testing their activity. It provides examples of applications of catalysis in industries like chemicals and environment. Recent trends discussed include catalysts for biodiesel and carbon nanotubes. The document concludes by anticipating future directions in catalysis related to alternative feedstocks, process control, and improvements in fuel cells.

1. by-
V.A.THEJASREE

2.  Introduction
 Steps of catalytic reaction
 Catalyst characterization
 Chemical and surface properties
 Catalyst activity testing
 Recent trends.

3.  24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts
(Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-
chemicals)
 > 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes
use catalysts
 90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical
industry
 > 95% of pollution control technologies
 Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels
(NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)

4.  For discovery/use of alternate sources of
energy/fuels/raw material for chemical industry
 For Pollution control
 For preparation of new materials
(organic & inorganic-eg: Carbon Nanotubes)

5. Industrial catalysis-from 2000+ :-
 Solid catalysts for biodiesel
- solid acids, Hydroisom catalysts
 Catalysts for carbon nanotubes
- Fe (Ni)-Mo-SiO2
Fordeveloped-mainly improvementinperformancebynewsynthesismethods&useof
promoters

6.  Green Chemistry is Catalysis due to:-
Pollution control (air and waste streams;
stationary and mobile)
Clean oxidation/halogenation processes
using O2,H2O2 (C2H4O, C3H6O)
Avoiding toxic chemicals in industry
(HF,COCl2 etc)
Fuel cells (H2 generation)

7.  Catalysis in the Chemical Industry:
 Hydrogen Industry(coal,NH3,methanol, FT,
hydrogenations/ HDT, fuel cell)
 Natural gas processing (SR,ATR,WGS,POX)
 Petroleum refining (FCC, HDW, HDT, HCr, REF)
 Petrochemicals ( monomers, bulk chemicals)
 Fine Chem. ( pharma, agrochemical, fragrance,
textile, coating, surfactants, laundry etc)
 Environmental Catalysis ( auto exhaust, deNOx, DOC)

8. Steps of Catalytic Reaction:-
- Diffusion of Reactants (Bulk to Film to Surface)
- Adsorption
- Surface Reaction
- Desorption & Diffusion of Products

12. reactants
products
reactor
catalyst support
active
site
substrate
adsorption
reactiondesorption
bed of
catalyst
particles
porous
carrier
(catalyst
support)
product

13.  Bulk Physical Properties
 Bulk Chemical Properties
 Surface Chemical Properties
 Surface Physical Properties
 Catalytic Performance

14.  Elemental composition (of the final catalyst)
 Thermal Analysis(DTA/TGA)
 electron microscopy (SEM,TEM)
 NMR/IR/UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
 bulk & surface structure.
 Texture :Surface area- porosity
 Counting “Active” Sites:
-Selective chemisorption (H2,CO,O2, NH3,
Pyridine,CO2);Surface reaction (N2O)
 Spectra of adsorbed species (IR/EPR/ NMR)

15.  Catalyst Activity Testing :
Activity to be expressed as:
- Rate constants from kinetics
- Rates/weight
- Rates/volume
- Conversions at constant P,T and SV.
- Temp required for a given conversion at
constant partial & total pressures
- Space velocity required for a given
conversion at constant pressure and temp

16.  Alternative feedstock's, reagents, solvents, products
 Enhanced process control
 New catalysts
 Greater integration of catalysis and reactor engineering:
membrane reactors, micro reactors, monolith technology,
phenomena integration
 Increased use of natural gas and biomass as feedstock
 Photodecomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen
 Catalysts for depolymerizing polymers for recycle of the
monomers
 Improvements in fuel cell electrodes and their operation

17. THANKS FOR PROVIDING THIS
OPPURTUNITY AND SPECIAL THANKS
TO MY BROTHER V.A.CHAITANYA.

18. Thank
you