This document outlines topics related to database design, performance, and reporting using Microsoft SQL Server. The topics covered include database fundamentals, relational database objects, SQL Server design and architecture, database normalization, SQL, optimization techniques, and reporting tools. Database concepts such as tables, keys, indexes, and relationships are defined. The benefits of normalization for organizing data efficiently without redundancy are also discussed.

1. www.formatech.com.lb
Microsoft SQL Server
Design, Performance and Reporting
Version 1.4 - 08
.
By Naji El Kotob.
Certified Trainer
Information Technology Consultant
_______________________________
naji@dotnetheroes.com

2.  Database
◦ Definitions and Fundamentals
◦ Relational Database Objects
◦ B-Tree
 Microsoft SQL Server
◦ Design and Architecture
 Database Design
◦ Relationships
◦ Database Normalization
 SQL – Structured Query Language
◦ DML
◦ JOINS
 Inner, Outer, Full, Cross and self
 Optimization and Performance Tips
 Microsoft SQL Server Development Tools
◦ Business Intelligence Development Studio
 Resources and References
Outlines
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

3. Definitions and Fundamentals
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

4.  An organized collection of data.
Database?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

5.  DEMO
◦ [Real Case Studies]
Database?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

6.  There are two main types of database;
flat-file and relational.
Database Types
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

7. RDBMS?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

8.  The "relation" comes from the fact that
the tables can be linked to each other.
Relational
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

9.  DBMS is the software that controls the
organization, storage, retrieval, security
and integrity of data in a database.
DBMS [Database Management System]
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

10.  A type of database management
system (DBMS) that stores data in the
form of related tables.
Source: http://www.webopedia.com
RDBMS
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

11.  One major advantage of the relational
model is that, if a database is designed
efficiently, there should be NO duplication
of any data; helping to maintain database
integrity.
Customers
Orders
Relational Model
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

12. Relational Database Objects
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

13.  Database objects are tables, indexes,
views, triggers, procedures…
Database Objects
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

14.  Tables are the basic component of a
relational database (RDB). It has a
number of rows and columns, similar to a
spreadsheet.
Database Tables
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

15.  A database index is a data structure that
improves the speed of operations in a
table.
 Indexes can be created using one or more
columns, providing the basis for both
rapid random lookups and efficient
ordering of access to records.
Database Index
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

16. Database Index: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

17. B-Tree?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

18. Image source: http://20bits.com/articles/interview-questions-database-indexes/
A B-tree consists of a root
node that contains a
single page of data,
zero or more
intermediate levels
What is a b-tree? containing additional
pages, and a leaf level.
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

19. Clustered index
Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177443.aspx
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

20. Non-clustered index
Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177484.aspx
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

21. B-Tree: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

22. QnA?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

23. Microsoft SQL Server
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

24. Image source: http://www.vovisoft.com/SQLServer2000/images/DatabaseStorageAllocation.gif (Nov. 2008)
MSSQL: Design and Architecture
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

25. Primary Filegroup
Data Log
.mdf .ldf
MSSQL: Design and Architecture
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

26. Primary Filegroup
Data
.mdf
New Filegroup
Data Log
Data
.ndf .ldf
.ndf
MSSQL: Design and Architecture (Cont’d)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

27.  SQL Server uses a write-ahead log
(WAL), which guarantees that no data
modifications are written to disk before
the associated log record is written to
disk.
◦ Source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186259(SQL.90).aspx
Log Files: WAL
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

28. 1 Data modification is
sent by application Modification is recorded
3 in transaction log on disk
Buffer
Cache
Disk
Disk
Data pages are located in,
2 or read into, buffer cache
and modified Checkpoint writes
4 committed transactions
to database
Log Files: Transaction Logging
Image source: http://www.vovisoft.com/SQLServer2000/images/HowTransactionLogWorks.gif (Nov. 2008)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

29. Database Design
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

30. Relationships
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

31.  Unique Key:
◦ It creates non-clustered index by default
◦ It allows only one null value
◦ Multiple Key(s) per table
 Primary Key:
◦ It creates clustered index by default
◦ It doesn't allow nulls
◦ One key per table
 Foreign Key
◦ A key used in one table to represent the value of a
primary key in a related table. While primary keys must
contain unique values, foreign keys may have duplicates.
Tables: Keys
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

32. Tables Keys: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

33.  One record in Table-1 has one and only
one matching record in Table-2.
Relationships: One-to-One
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

34.  One record in Table-1 can have multiple
matching records in Tabl-2, but only one
in Table-1.
Relationships: One-to-Many
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

35.  Each record in Table-1 and Table-2 can
have multiple matching records in either
table.
Relationships: Many-to-Many
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

36. Relationships: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

37. Normalization
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

38.  Normalization is the process of efficiently
organizing data in a database.
◦ Eliminating redundant data (e.g. storing the same
data in more than one table)
◦ Ensuring data dependencies make sense (only
storing related data in a table).
What is Normalization?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

39. Project Project Employee Employee Department
ID Name ID Name
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
5 Naji Marketing
2 Nada HR
Repeating groups of
similar data
ZERO Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

40. Project Project Employee Employee Departmen
ID Name ID Name t
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
5 Naji Marketing
2 Nada HR
NF1: Project Project Employee Employee Departme
A row of data cannot ID Name ID Name nt
contain repeating 123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
groups of similar data
(atomicity) 123 Payroll 8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
Each row of data must
have a unique identifier 134 CRM 5 Naji IT
(or Primary Key). 134 CRM 2 Nada HR
First Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

41. Project Project Employee Employee Department
ID Name ID Name
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
123 Payroll 8 Dani Finance
134 CRM 7 Sandra IT
134 CRM 5 Naji IT
134 CRM 2 Nada HR
NF2: Project Project
No Partial ID Name
Dependencies on a 123 Payroll Employee Employee Department
Concatenated Key
134 CRM ID Name
5 Naji IT
8 Dani Finance
7 Sandra IT
2 Nada HR
Second Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

42. Project Project Employee Employee Department Department column:
ID Name ID Name Rely on non-key attributes
123 Payroll 5 Naji IT
Can it exist independent
134 CRM
8 Dani Finance of the Employee ID
column?
7 Sandra IT
2 Nada HR
Project Project
ID Name
Employee Employee
123 Payroll ID Name
134 CRM 5 Naji
8 Dani
NF3: 7 Sandra Department Department
It contains no transitive ID Name
2 Nada
dependencies 1 IT
(No Dependencies on
Non-Key Attributes). 2 Finance
3 HR
Third Normal Form
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

43. Normalization: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

44. QnA?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

45. SQL (Structured Query Language)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

46.  SQL is a standardized query language for
accessing/manipulating data and schema
in relational database management
systems, such as Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle, etc.
SQL
Data/Feedback
SQL (Structured Query Language)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

47. SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

48. Northwind Sample
Database
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE‘
Customers
Shippers
Suppliers
Orders
Products
Order Details
CustomerCustomerDemo
CustomerDemographics
Region
Territories
EmployeeTerritories
sysdiagrams
Employees
Categories Source:
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?Fam
ilyID=06616212-0356-46A0-8DA2-
EEBC53A68034&displaylang=en
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

49.  The SQL SELECT statement is the SQL
command that retrieves data from an SQL
database. This operation is also known as
a query and is the key to the use of SQL
for analysis and reporting.
SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

50. Let’s experience it ;)
SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

51. SELECT * FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

52. SELECT ContactName + ' (' + CompanyName + ')'
FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (Concat)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

53. SELECT SUBSTRING(CustomerID, 1, 3) + ' - ' +
CompanyName FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (Substring)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

54. SELECT DISTINCT Country
FROM Customers
SQL: Select Statement (DISTINCT)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

55. SELECT DISTINCT Country
FROM Customers
Order by Country ASC -- or DESC
SQL: Select Statement (ORDER BY)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

56. SELECT OrderID, ProductID, (UnitPrice *
Quantity * (1 - Discount)) AS SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
SQL: Select Statement (Expression)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

57. SELECT ORDERID,
SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
GROUP BY ORDERID
SQL: Select Statement
(Aggregate Functions)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

58. SELECT o.CustomerID,
(SELECT SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
WHERE OrderID = o.OrderID)
FROM Orders o
SQL: Select Statement (Aggregate
Functions + Subquery)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

59. SELECT ORDERID,
ROUND(SUM((UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount))), 2) AS
SubTotal
FROM [Order Details]
GROUP BY ORDERID
HAVING SUM(UnitPrice * Quantity * (1 - Discount)) > 500
SQL: Select Statement (Aggregate
Functions + Filtration)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

60. QnA?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

61. ◦ = Equal
◦ <> Not Equal
◦ > Greater Than
◦ < Less Than
◦ >= Greater Than Or Equal
◦ <= Less Than Or Equal
◦ _______________________
◦ TOP # [PERCENT]
◦ BETWEEN
◦ LIKE %, _, [], [^]
◦ IN
◦ IS NULL / IS NOT NULL
◦ NOT, AND, OR
◦ …
SQL: Select Statement: WHERE
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

62. DML: Select, Insert, Update and Delete
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

63.  SELECT * FROM Employees
 INSERT INTO Employees(FirstName,
LastName)
VALUES ('Naji','El Kotob')
 UPDATE Employees SET City='Beirut',
Country='Lebanon' WHERE EmployeeID = 10
 DELETE FROM Employees WHERE
EmployeeID = 10
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DML
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

64. DML: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

65. SQL: Select Statement: JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

66.  The SQL join command is used to join
two or more tables.
SQL: Select Statement: JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

67.  JOIN match in both tables
 LEFT JOIN match in the right table
 RIGHT JOIN match in the left table
 FULL JOIN match in one of the tables
 CROSS JOIN Cartesian Product - combines
two tables by generating all possible
SQL: Select Statement: JOINS
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

68.  What’s the name of the top 5 customers
with their order value and order date?
INNER JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

69. SELECT TOP 5 C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, O.OrderDate,
ROUND(SUM((OD.UnitPrice * OD.Quantity * (1 - OD.Discount))), 2)
AS SubTotal
FROM Customers C INNER JOIN
Orders O ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID INNER
JOIN
[Order Details] OD ON O.OrderID = OD.OrderID
GROUP BY C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, O.OrderDate
ORDER BY SubTotal DESC
INNER JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

70.  Generate a list of customers with the
number of orders?
 Generate a list of all the customers with
the number orders?
 Generate a list of employees and their
managers?
JOINS: DEMO
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

71. SELECT Customers.CompanyName,
COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS [Number of Orders]
FROM Customers INNER JOIN
Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =
Orders.CustomerID
GROUP BY Customers.CompanyName
ORDER BY Customers.CompanyName
INNER JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

72. SELECT Customers.CompanyName,
COUNT(Orders.OrderID) AS [Number of Orders]
FROM Customers LEFT JOIN
Orders ON Customers.CustomerID =
Orders.CustomerID
GROUP BY Customers.CompanyName
ORDER BY [Number of Orders] DESC
LEFT JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

73. SELECT e.FirstName + ' ' + e.LastName AS 'Employee
Name', m.FirstName + ' ' + m.LastName AS 'Manager
Name'
FROM Employees AS e LEFT OUTER JOIN Employees AS m
ON e.ReportsTo = m.EmployeeID
SELF JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

74. SELECT Products.ProductName,
Suppliers.CompanyName
FROM Products CROSS JOIN Suppliers
CROSS JOIN
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

75. QnA?
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

76. Microsoft Reporting
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

77. Image source: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173767.aspx
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

78. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

79. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

80. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

81. By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

82.  Reports (Manager)
 ReportServer (Viewer)
SQL Server Reporting Services
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

83.  rs:Command
 rs:Format
 rc:NoHeader
 rc:Parameters
 ParametersName
 …
URL Parameters
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

84.  http://websiteowner.info/articles/cgi/databasetypes.asp
 http://www.progress.com/psm/objectstore/object-oriented-
database-management-system/index.ssp
 http://www.bluerwhite.org/btree
 http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=608628&seq
Num=3
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree
 http://slady.net/java/bt/view.php?w=600&h=450
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177443.aspx
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms179355.aspx
 http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mssql/article.php/1
439801/Optimizing-SQL-Server-Performance-by-Using-File-
and-Filegroups.htm
 http://riki-lb1.vet.ohio-
state.edu/mqlin/computec/tutorials/SQLTutorial.htm
Resources and References (Cont’d)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

85.  http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms180892(SQL.90).aspx
 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/873235
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms189573(SQL.90).aspx
 http://www.smart-soft.co.uk/Oracle/advanced-sql-tutorial.htm
 http://infogoal.com/sql/sql-select.htm *
 http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=06616212-
0356-46A0-8DA2-EEBC53A68034&displaylang=en
 http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_tryit.asp
 http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mssql/article.php/3464481/Usi
ng-a-Subquery-in-a-T-SQL-Statement.htm *
 http://www.sql-tutorial.com/sql-aggregate-functions-sql-tutorial *
 http://www.sql-tutorial.com/sql-introduction-sql-tutorial *
 http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2001/03/20/aboutSQL.html
 http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/normalization.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization
 http://www.datamodel.org/NormalizationRules.html
Resources and References (Cont’d)
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

86.  http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver/2008/en/us/wp-sql-2008-reporting-
services.aspx
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
 http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2F
2006%2Fs1705%2F51s05%2F51s05.asp
Resources and References
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}

87. www.formatech.com.lb
Please send your feedback
and suggestions to:
naji@dotnetheroes.com
Thank You 
By Naji El Kotob {naji@dotnetheroes.com}