The document defines key database concepts such as data, information, databases, data modeling, and database management systems (DBMS). It describes what a database is, the basic database structure, and the process of data modeling. It also discusses different types of DBMS software, database designs, and types of databases including relational, distributed, cloud, NoSQL, object-oriented, and graph databases. Additionally, it covers data manipulation using SQL and database advantages like redundancy control and disadvantages like costs.

1. Hasaka Sasaranga Wijenarayana | 0124
Mahima Bimshan
Harsha Kanchana
Shandu Malan

2. Content
 Data & Information
 What is a database?
 Data modeling
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 Data Manipulation
 Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS

3. What is data?
 Raw facts and figures
 Can be numbers, characters, symbols, images etc.
 Meaningless

4. What is information
The data that have been processed and organized in a
presentable manner to make them meaningful and useful.
Proper information must meets following criteria.
 Must be communicated to recipient
 Must be in a understandable language
 Must be organized properly
 Must be related to purpose

5. Data vs. Information
Data Information
Raw fact Data with context
No context Processed data
Just Numbers and text
Value added to data
-Summarized
-Organized
-Analyzed

6. What is a database?
 A collection of data organized in a manner that allows
access, retrieval, and use of that data.
 Data is typically organized as “records” in a
relation(table).
 Database is designed, built and populated with data for a
specific purpose for a specific group of people.
 Allows to update.

7. Basic Database Structure

8. What is Data Modelling?
Process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a
Database. This data model is a conceptual representation of
 Data objects
 The associations between different data objects
 The rules.
Emphasizes on what data is needed and how it should be organized
instead of what operations need to be performed on the data.

10. Types of Data Models
 There are mainly three different types of data models:
 Conceptual: This Data Model defines WHAT the system contains. This
model is typically created by Business stakeholders and Data
Architects. The purpose is to organize, scope and define business
concepts and rules.
 Logical: Defines HOW the system should be implemented regardless
of the DBMS. This model is typically created by Data Architects and
Business Analysts. The purpose is to developed technical map of rules
and data structures.
 Physical: This Data Model describes HOW the system will be
implemented using a specific DBMS system. This model is typically
created by DBA and developers. The purpose is actual implementation
of the database.

12. What is a DBMS?
A software or a set of programs that provides the necessary infrastructure
to developers/users to perform operations like selection, insertion,
updation or deletion of data in a database.

13. DBMS Softwares
Following are some popular DBMS softwares,
 MS-Access
 Oracle
 MySQL
 Dbase
 FoxPro

14. Database Design
Conceptual database design : conceptual representation of the database,
which has the identification of the important entities, relationships, and
attributes.
Logical database design : convert the conceptual representation to the
logical structure of the database, which includes designing the relations.
Physical database design : make a decision how the logical structure is to
be physically implemented in the target Database Management System
(DBMS)

15. Types of databases
 Relational database
 Distributed database
 Cloud database
 NoSQL database
 Object-oriented database
 Graph database

16. Relational Database
A structure that allows us to identify and access data in
relation to another piece of data in the database

17. Distributed Database
A database that is logically
the same system but it is
physically spread over
different sites of a
computer network.

18. Cloud database
A cloud database is a database service built and
accessed through a cloud platform.
 Amazon Web Services
 Microsoft Azure SQL Database
 Cloud SQL by Google
 Oracle Database as a Service

19. Object-oriented database
NoSQL, which stand for "not only SQL," is an alternative to traditional
relational databases in which data is placed in tables and data schema is
carefully designed before the database is built.
OODB are databases that represent data in
the form of objects and classes. In object-
oriented terminology, an object is a real-
world entity, and a class is a collection
of objects.
NoSQL database

20. Data Manipulation
The process of changing data in an effort to make it easier to read or to
make more organized.
For example a log of data can be sorted out in alphabetical order making
easier to locate.
SQL (Structured Query Language) - standard computer language for
relational database management and data manipulation

21. DML- Data Manipulation Language
Sub language of SQL which enables users to access and
manipulate data such as selection, insertion, deletion or
modification.
Keywords
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)] VALUES
(value1, value2, value3,...valueN)
SELECT * FROM table_name;
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

22. Advantages of a DBMS
 Controlling Data Redundancy: Data is recorded in only one place in
the database and it is not duplicated.
 Data Consistency: Data item appears only once, and the updated
value is immediately available to all users.
 Control Over Concurrency : In a computer file-based system in
updating, one may overwrite the values recorded by the other.
 Backup and Recovery Procedures: automatically create the backup of
data and restore data if required.
 Data Independence: Separation of data structure of database from
application program that uses the data is called data independence.

23. Disadvantages of DBMS
 Cost of Hardware and Software: Processor with high speed of data
processing and memory of large size is required.
 Cost of Data Conversion: Very difficult and costly method to convert
data of data file into database.
 Cost of Staff Training: Time & cost for the training of staff to run the
DBMS is high.
 Appointing Technical Staff: Trained technical persons such as database
administrator, application programmers, data entry operators etc. are
required to handle the DBMS.
 Database Damage: All data is integrated into a single database. If
database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted on
the storage media, then your valuable data may be lost forever.

24. Thank You