This document discusses ethical policy analysis. It provides guidance on defining problems, establishing goals, selecting and implementing policies, and evaluating policies. It emphasizes defining problems clearly, considering various stakeholder interests and values, gathering relevant evidence, constructing alternative solutions, and selecting criteria to evaluate alternatives. The document also discusses five ethical principles for policy analysts: integrity, competence, respect, responsibility, and concern. It provides direction on applying these principles throughout the policy analysis process.
In Episode 5, John continues to outline relevant factors related to ethical decision-making. The psychologist's fiduciary responsibility is emphasized. Additionally, John outlines one ethical decision-making model as well as cognitive biases and emotional factors involved with ethical decision-making. John will make suggestions on how to improve ethical decision-making.
In Episode 5, John continues to outline relevant factors related to ethical decision-making. The psychologist's fiduciary responsibility is emphasized. Additionally, John outlines one ethical decision-making model as well as cognitive biases and emotional factors involved with ethical decision-making. John will make suggestions on how to improve ethical decision-making.
Maun Sadhu
Head & Assistant Professor
Department of English
C.U. Shah Institute of Computer Application
C.U. Shah Institute of Science
maunsadhu@gmail.com
Judgments and decisions in health care review: how to undertake ethical revie...Hugh Davies
NOTE This file contains links that will only work if it's downloaded as a PowerPoint presentation!
This slide set analyses healthcare research review. I hope it will help Research Ethics Committee and IRB members.
It breaks review down into 4 steps (Construction, De-construction, Judgement and Debate) and provides 8 questions we should ask when judging the acceptability of a research proposal.
I hope it may also help resolve disagreements when they arise and also help researchers when they design and present their research.
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/wgs-on-food-safety-management/en/
Progress report 2016: GMI proficiency testing: Presentation from the Technical Meeting on the impact of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on food safety management -23-25 May 2016, Rome, Italy.
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Maun Sadhu
Head & Assistant Professor
Department of English
C.U. Shah Institute of Computer Application
C.U. Shah Institute of Science
maunsadhu@gmail.com
Judgments and decisions in health care review: how to undertake ethical revie...Hugh Davies
NOTE This file contains links that will only work if it's downloaded as a PowerPoint presentation!
This slide set analyses healthcare research review. I hope it will help Research Ethics Committee and IRB members.
It breaks review down into 4 steps (Construction, De-construction, Judgement and Debate) and provides 8 questions we should ask when judging the acceptability of a research proposal.
I hope it may also help resolve disagreements when they arise and also help researchers when they design and present their research.
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/wgs-on-food-safety-management/en/
Progress report 2016: GMI proficiency testing: Presentation from the Technical Meeting on the impact of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on food safety management -23-25 May 2016, Rome, Italy.
Presented by Piroska Östlin, Director and Åsa Nihlén, Technical Officer, Division of Policy and Governance for Health and Well-being, WHO/Europe, at the 66th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe.
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STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISIONDECISION--.docxwhitneyleman54422
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
EESE Faculty Development Workshop
Douglas R. May, Professor and Co-Director
International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6.
Consider your character and integrity
7.
Think creatively about potential actions
8.
Check your gut
9.
Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
deal with opposing arguments.
1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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2. What is Policy
Analysis?
Policy recommendations, or simply written
policy advice, are the key means through
which policy decisions are made in most
levels of government.
™Whether the policy recommendation is
accepted as sound or dismissed in favor of
another option largely depends on how
well the issue and the arguments justifying
the recommended course of action are
presented.
™
3. A step-by-step guide
Step 1: Defining the problem
Step 2: Establishing goals
Step 3: Selecting a policy
Step 4: Implementing a policy
Step 5: Evaluating the policy
4. Policy Analysis and Ethical
Practice
• define the problem at hand
• assemble some evidence about the
problem, its causes, and its effects
• construct a set of alternative ways to
address the problem
• select the criteria for judging the relative
merits of each alternative
• project the likely outcomes of each
alternative, given the chosen criteria
5. Policy Analysis and Ethical
Practice
• note the trade-offs associated with
pursuing each alternative
• decide what alternative seems most
appropriate, given the selected criteria,
projected outcomes, and expected trade-offs
• present the findings of the analysis and
the conclusions drawn from it.
6. 1. What is the problem we want to address
and/or the result we want to achieve and
why? What is our purpose here?
2. Who has a particular interest with
respect to this issue and what is the
nature of that interest?
7. 3. What values are at stake with respect
to this issue?
4. What relevant evidence emotions and
moral intuitions into practical public
reasoning about the right thing to do?
5. What options are implementable at
what cost, and which of these are most
likely to secure a democratic mandate?
6. How can we protect the dignity and rights
of individuals and minorities while
promoting the
public good?
8. Doing Ethical Policy Analysis
Policy analysts are called to close
knowledge gaps faced by decision
makers. Given inherent information
asymmetries in these relationships,
decision makers must place trust in policy
analysts to act ethically. Having discussed
five ethical principles for policy analysts,
we now explore the implications those
principles hold for the actions of policy
analysts at each step in their work.
9. Ethics Defined
z Moral codes are the rules that
establish the boundaries of generally
accepted behavior.
Morality refers to social conventions
about right and wrong human
conduct.
Ethics are beliefs regarding right
and wrong behavior.
10. Ethics and Work
The core values of ethics can
help us evaluate the rationality
and acceptability of public
policies formulated to address
social problems or market
imperfections that arise in
cyberspace.
11. must strive to promote
outcomes that are good
for society
must be transparent about
the choices embodied in
their work.
12. Five ethical principles
INTEGRITY
When people act with integrity, they are
directed by an internal moral compass.
They strive to do the right thing in any
given situation and to achieve consistency
in their intentions and actions across
contexts.
13. People display integrity when they follow
high standards of honesty and when they
show commitment to the values of justice
and fairness.
People of integrity do not seek selfish,
short-term gains through opportunistic
actions that harm others.
14. Competence
A strong relationship exists
between competence and ethical
behaviour. When you talk or act as if you
can do something, then the qualities of
honesty and integrity dictate that you can
actually do it. It is dishonest for anyone to
say they can do something when they
cannot. Most professionals have
specialised knowledge and skills, making
them highly competent in a narrow set of
areas.
15. Respect
means being considerate and appreciative
of others. It means treating others as you
would like to be treated (Plante 2004)
The tough part of respect is looking for the
humanity, the good, and the
reasonableness in people who our gut
instincts lead us to despise
16. Responsibility
Taking responsibility means
acknowledging the part you play in
contributing to expected or observed
outcomes. It is commonplace for people to
willingly accept the credit when good
outcomes occur but to deflect blame for
poor outcomes.
17. Concern
Concern means caring about,
showing an interest in, and being involved
in the lives of others. When people devote
their lives to working with and advancing
the interests of the poor, they demonstrate
exceptional levels of concern for others.
Without making that level of sacrifice,
many people – through their work, their
philanthropy, and their acts of altruism –
do an enormous amount to help others to
live better lives.
18. Ethical Analysis Format
1. State The Moral Issues
2. Apply Ethical Principles
3. Identify Options
4. Make A Recommendations/Decisions
19. Ethical Construction of
Alternatives
we should treat our analysis as a
vehicle for facilitating discussion of
additional alternatives
the construction of alternatives offers
an opportunity for policy analysts to
broaden policy discussions
the set of alternatives should be
constructed taking account of the
broader financial context
we should include alternatives that
appear most relevant, given the
problem and discussions surrounding it
20. Ethical Problem
identify relevant
stakeholder
groups and
learn how
members of
those groups
see the problem
and how they
would like it to
be addressed.
assess their
findings
and identify
the key
lines of
disagreem
ent
21. Ethical Decision Making
It is important to develop a logical approach
to ethical decision making. Here are some
steps:
Get the facts.
Identify the stakeholders and their
positions.
Consider the consequences of your
decision.
Weigh various guidelines and principles
(Virtue,Utilitarian, Fairness, Common
Good).
22. Ethical Decision Making
Develop and evaluate options.
Review your decision.
Evaluate the results of your decision.