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- 1. DIRECTAIRCARBON CAPTURE(DAC) A solutiontomitigatetheimpactof greenhousegas emissions and address theclimatechange.
- 2. •Introductiontoclimatechange Climate change referstothe long-term changesin the Earth'sclimate,includingchangesin, precipitationpatterns,andsealevels.The Earth's climate hasalwaysbeeninastate of ux,butthe currentchangesare happeningatamuchfaster pace thtemperatureaninthe past. The primarycause ofclimate change isthe increase ingreenhouse gases(GHGs)inthe atmosphere, especiallycarbondioxide (CO2)whichisreleasedby humanactivitiessuchasburningfossilfuelsfor energy,transportation,anddeforestation.These gasestrapheatinthe atmosphere,causingthe Earth'stemperature torise.
- 3. Climatechangehasmany potentialconsequences, includingmorefrequent andseverenatural disasterslikehurricanes,droughts,and oods. Risingsealevelsthreaten coastalcitiesand communities,whilewarmer temperaturescan leadto thespreadofdiseaseandincreasedrisk of heat-relatedillnesses. Addressingclimatechangerequiresaglobale ort to reduceGHG emissions,transition to cleaner sourcesofenergy,andadapt to thechangesthat arealready happening. TheUnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) andtheParisAgreement are internationale ortsto addressclimatechangeby settingtargetsandstrategiesfor reducing emissionsandbuildingresilienceto itsimpacts.
- 4. •Globalwarming Globalwarmingreferstothe long-term increase inthe average temperature ofthe Earth'ssurface andatmosphere,primarilydue tothe build-upofgreenhouse gases(suchas carbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxide)in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gasestrapheatfrom the sunin the Earth'satmosphere,andastheir concentrationincreases,theycause the Earth's temperature torise.Thisrise intemperaturecan have severe impactsonthe environmentand humansocieties,includingmore frequentand severe weatherevents,risingsealevels, meltingice capsandglaciers,anddamage to ecosystemsandbiodiversity.
- 5. Globalwarmingisprimarilycausedbyhuman activities,suchasburningfossilfuelsforenergy, deforestation,andindustrialprocesses,which release large amountsofgreenhouse gases intothe atmosphere.The e ectsofglobal warmingare becomingincreasinglyevident, andthere isagrowingconsensusamong scientistsandpolicymakersthaturgentaction isneededtomitigate the impactsofclimate change andtransitiontowardsamore sustainable andlow-carbonfuture.
- 6. •IntroductionToGreenhouseGases Greenhouse gases(GHGs)are gasesthattrap heatinthe Earth'satmosphere,contributingto the greenhouse e ectandultimatelycausing climate change.The mostcommonGHGsare carbondioxide (CO2),methane (CH4),nitrous oxide (N2O),and uorinatedgases. Carbondioxide isthe mostimportant greenhouse gas,accountingforabout80%of totalemissions.Itisproducedprimarilyby burningfossilfuelssuchascoal,oil,andnatural gas,aswellasthroughdeforestationandother land-use changes.
- 8. •CO2concentration AsofApril2023,the concentrationofcarbon dioxide (CO2)inthe Earth'satmosphere is approximately417partspermillion(ppm), accordingtothe latestmeasurementsbythe NationalOceanicandAtmospheric Administration(NOAA).Thisisasigni cant increase from pre-industriallevelsofaround 280ppm.The rise inCO2concentrationis primarilydue tohumanactivities,suchas burningfossilfuelsanddeforestation,which release large amountsofCO2intothe atmosphere.The increasedconcentrationof CO2iscontributingtoglobalwarmingand climate change.
- 9. •AmountofCO2emissons and absorptioneachyear Asof2021,the globalcarbondioxide (CO2) emissionsfrom humanactivitieswere estimatedtobe around36.8 billionmetrictons peryear.Thisincludesemissionsfrom burning fossilfuels,deforestation,andotherhuman activities. However,itisestimatedthatapproximately 50%ofthe CO2emittedbyhumanactivitiesis absorbedbythe naturalecosystem,primarily byplantsthroughphotosynthesis,andthe oceansthroughthe processofdissolution.
- 10. •Ways toremoveCO2fromatmosphere There are mainlytwowaystoremove excess CO2from the atmosphere anddecrease the concentrationofCO2tothe pre- industrializationlevels. 1.Naturalway 2.Engineeringway From tacklingthe problem ofclimate change, we have touse bothmethodstoremove the excessCO2from ouratmosphere.
- 11. •Naturalways toremoveCO2 Thereareseveralnaturalwaysto removecarbon dioxide(CO2) from theatmosphere,including: 1. Photosynthesis: Plants,trees,andother vegetation absorbcarbon dioxidefrom theair through theprocessofphotosynthesis,usingit to createenergy andgrow. Increasingthe amount ofvegetation through reforestation or a orestation can helpto removeCO2from the aatmosphere 2. ocean uptake: TheoceansabsorbCO2from theatmosphere,primarily at thesurface,where it can beincorporatedinto marineorganismsor dissolvedin thewater. Thisprocessisknown as ocean uptakeandplaysacriticalrolein regulatingtheEarth'scarbon cycle.
- 12. 3.Soilcarbonsequestration:Certain agriculturalpractices,suchasconservation tillage andcovercropping,canhelpto sequestercarboninthe soil,removingitfrom the atmosphere.Whencarbonisstoredinsoil, italsoimprovessoilhealthandfertility, providingadditionalbene tsforagriculture andthe environment. 4.Carboncapture bynaturalecosystems: Naturalecosystems,suchaswetlands, grasslands,andforests,canalsocapture and store carbon,helpingtoremove itfrom the atmosphere.Thisprocessisknownascarbon sequestrationandplaysanimportantrole in regulatingthe Earth'scarboncycle.
- 13. •Limitations ofnaturalways Althoughnaturalmethodsofremovingcarbon dioxide (CO2)from the atmosphere are e ective,theyhave limitations.These include limitedcapacity,slowabsorption,vulnerability todisturbances,limitedapplicability,and inabilitytokeepupwithcurrentCO2emissions. Therefore,theycannotbe solelyrelieduponto mitigate climate change,andwe needto implementothermeasuressuchasreducing greenhouse gasemissionsanddevelopingnew technologiestoaddressthiscriticalissue.
- 14. •EngineeringwaytoremoveCO2 Engineeringmethodstoremove carbon dioxide (CO2)from the atmosphere include directaircapture,carboncapture andstorage, mineralcarbonation,andbioenergywith carboncapture andstorage.These methods have shownpotentialtoremove large amountsofCO2andcancomplementnatural methods.However,theyhave limitations,such ashighcostsandenergyrequirements.DACis stillunderdevelopment,while CCSisbeing usedinsome industries.Mineralcarbonation isexperimental,andBECCSisbeing developedforenergygeneration.
- 15. •IntroductiontoDirectAirCarbon Capture(DAC) DirectAirCapture (DAC)isapromising technologythatinvolvesremovingcarbon dioxide (CO2)directlyfrom the atmosphere usingspecialized lters.DACisseenasa potentialsolutiontoreduce atmosphericCO2 concentrationsandmitigate the e ectsof climate change.The technologyworksbyusing sorbentmaterialstocapture CO2from the air, whichisthenseparatedandstoredorusedfor industrialpurposes.Unlike othercarbon capture technologies,DACcanbe deployed anywhere,regardlessofthe source ofCO2 emissions,anddoesnotrequire high concentrationsofCO2fore ective capture.
- 16. •Howdoes itwork The workingprinciple ofDirectAirCapture (DAC)involvesseveralstages: 1.AirIntake:The processbeginswiththe intake ofatmosphericaircontainingcarbondioxide (CO2). 2.CarbonCapture:The airisthenpassed throughspecialized ltersthatcontainsorbent materials,whichselectivelycapture andbind withCO2molecules. 3.Separation:The capturedCO2isseparated from the sorbentmaterial,typicallyusingheat orpressure,leavingbehindcleanair.
- 17. 4.Puri cation:The capturedCO2isthen puri edtoremove anyimpuritiesor contaminantsthatmayhave beencaptured withit. 5.Storage orUtilization:The puri edCO2can be storedinundergroundreservoirsorusedfor industrialpurposes,suchasenhancedoil recoveryormanufacturingoffuel,chemicals, andbuildingmaterials. The processiscontinuous,andthe airis constantlybeingcirculatedthroughthe lters tocapture more CO2.While stillinthe developmentalstage,DAChasshown signi cantpotentialtobecome avitaltoolin the ghtagainstclimate change byreducing atmosphericCO2concentrations.
- 19. •Advantages ofDAC DirectAirCapture (DAC)technologyhas severaladvantages: 1.Flexibility:DACcanbe deployedanywhere, regardlessofthe source ofCO2emissions.It doesnotrequire ahighconcentrationofCO2 fore ective capture,makingitsuitable for capturingemissionsfrom dispersedsources suchastransportationorbuildings. 2.Scale:DACcanpotentiallycapture large amountsofCO2from the atmosphere,making itapromisingsolutiontoreduce atmospheric CO2concentrations. 3.CarbonNegative:DACcanpotentiallybe coupledwithcarbonstorage orutilization
- 20. technologies,makingitacarbonnegative solutionthatremovesmore CO2from the atmosphere thanitemits. 4.Complementarity:DACcancomplement naturalcarbonsinks,suchasforestsand oceans,toreduce atmosphericCO2 concentrationsandmitigate the e ectsof climate change. 5.Reliability:Unlike naturalcarbonsinks,DAC providesareliable andpredictable wayof removingCO2from the atmosphere,makingit avaluable toolformeetingclimate change mitigationtargets. While stillinthe developmentalstage,DAChas shownsigni cantpotentialtobecome avital toolinthe ghtagainstclimate change
- 21. •Challanges ofDAC 1.EnergyRequirements:DACCsystemsrequire asigni cantamountofenergytooperate.This energycancome from renewable sources,such aswindorsolar,butitcanalsocome from fossil fuels.The energyrequirementsofDACC systemsmayreduce theire ectivenessin reducingoverallgreenhouse gasemissions. 2.HighCost:DACCsystemsare currentlyvery expensive comparedtoothercarboncapture technologies.The costofDACCsystemsis largelydrivenbythe energyrequirementsof the processandthe costofthe materials neededtocapture andstore CO2. 3.Scale:DACCsystemsare notcurrently capable ofcapturingenoughCO2tomake a
- 22. signi cantimpactonglobalemissions.Tohave ameaningfulimpactonclimate change,DACC systemswouldneedtobe scaledup signi cantly,whichwouldrequire signi cant investmentandtechnologicaladvancements. 4.Storage andUse:Once CO2iscaptured,it mustbe storedorutilizedinawaythat preventsitfrom beingreleasedbackintothe atmosphere.Thisrequiresinfrastructure for transportingandstoringCO2,aswellas marketsforCO2utilization.The lackof infrastructure andmarketsforCO2utilization canbe asigni cantbarriertothe widespread adoptionofDACC.
- 23. •Howcanweimprovethis technology Here are some waystoimprove DACC technology: 1.Improve the e ciencyofCO2capture:One of the mainchallengesofDACCtechnologyis capturingCO2e ciently.Researchersare currentlyexploringnewmaterialsand technologiesthatcanmore e ectivelycapture CO2from the air. 2.Reduce energyconsumption:DACC technologyrequiresalotofenergytooperate, whichcanlimititsscalabilityandcost- e ectiveness.Toaddressthis,researchersare developingnewprocessesandmaterialsthat require lessenergytocapture andrelease CO2.
- 24. 3.Increase the scalability:The currentscale of DACCtechnologyisrelativelysmall,andit needstobe scaleduptohave ameaningful impactonclimate change.Researchersare exploringwaystoincrease the capacityof DACCplantsandreduce theircost. 4.Explore newusesforcapturedCO2: CapturedCO2canbe usedinavarietyofways, suchasinthe productionoffuels,chemicals, andbuildingmaterials.Researchersare exploringnewwaystouse capturedCO2to create value-addedproducts,whichcanhelp o setthe costofDACCtechnology.
- 25. •ApplicationofDACC DAC(Direct Air Capture) isatechnology that can beusedto removecarbon dioxide(CO2) from theatmosphere. ThecapturedCO2can be usedin variousapplications,including: 1. Carbon utilization: ThecapturedCO2can be usedto createnewproductssuch assynthetic fuels,buildingmaterials,andchemicals. This approach not only reducesthecarbon footprint oftheseproductsbut also createsvaluefrom capturedCO2. 2. Carbon storage: ThecapturedCO2can be storedundergroundin geologic formationsor in depletedoilandgasreservoirs. Thisapproach is calledcarbon captureandstorage(CCS) &can helpreduceamount ofCO2in theatmosphere.
- 26. 3.Enhancedoilrecovery:CO2canbe usedto enhance oilrecoveryfrom existingoil elds. Wheninjectedintothe reservoir,the CO2can helppushthe oiltothe surface,makingiteasier toextract.Thisapproachcanhelpreduce the costofoilproductionandincrease the amount ofoilthatcanbe recoveredfrom areservoir. 4.Carbono setting:Companiescanuse DAC technologytoo settheircarbonemissionsby capturinganequivalentamountofCO2from the atmosphere.Thisapproachcanhelp companiesmeettheirsustainabilitygoalsand reduce theircarbonfootprint. Overall,DACtechnologyhasthe potentialto playanimportantrole inmitigatingclimate.
- 27. •Currentandfuturedevelopments DirectAirCarbonCapture (DACC)technologyis stillinthe earlystagesofdevelopment,and there are ongoinge ortstoimprove its e ciencyande ectiveness.Some companies andresearchinstitutionsare currentlyworking ondevelopingandscalingupDACCsystems. One ofthe majorchallengesinthe developmentofDACCtechnologyisreducing the highcostsassociatedwithcapturingand storingcarbondioxide from the air.Researchers are exploringwaystoreduce these costs throughthe use ofmore e cientmaterials, improvedmanufacturingtechniques,and economiesofscale.
- 28. Anotherareaofdevelopmentisimprovingthe energye ciencyofDACCsystems.Currently, DACCrequiresasigni cantamountofenergy tocapture andstore carbondioxide,and reducingthisenergydemandiscriticalto makingthe technologymore cost-e ective and sustainable. Inaddition,researchersare exploringthe potentialofcombiningDACCwithothercarbon capture technologiestocreate more comprehensive carboncapture systems.For example,DACCcanbe usedalongside carbon capture andstorage (CCS)systemstocapture carbonfrom industrialprocessesandpower plants.
- 30. •Majorcompanies workingonDACC Severalcompaniesandresearch institutionsare currently workingon developingDirect Air Carbon Capture(DACC) technology. Hereare someofthemajor companiesworkingon DACC: 1. Carbon Engineering-Carbon Engineeringisa Canadian company that hasdevelopedaDACC technology that capturesCO2directly from the air. ThecapturedCO2can beusedin arangeof applications,includingtheproduction of synthetic fuelsandmaterials,aswellasbeing storedunderground. 2. Climeworks-ClimeworksisaSwisscompany that hasdevelopedaDACCtechnology that capturesCO2from theair
- 31. usingspecially designed lters. Thecaptured CO2isthen either soldto customersfor usein variousapplicationsor storedunderground. 3. GlobalThermostat -GlobalThermostat isaUS -basedcompany that hasdevelopedaDACC technology that usesaproprietary processto captureCO2from theair. ThecapturedCO2can beusedin arangeofapplications,includingthe production ofrenewablefuelsandchemicals. 4. Carbon Clean Solutions-Carbon Clean SolutionsisaUK-basedcompany that has developedarangeofcarbon capture technologies,includingaDACCtechnology that capturesCO2from theair. ThecapturedCO2can beusedin arangeofapplications,includingthe production ofrenewablefuelsandchemicals.
- 32. •Carbon engineering Presently,Carbon Engineering’sDirectAir Capturesystem can removeaton of CO2 from theairforabout $100. Forthenextstep, Carbon Engineering’s Airto Fuel technology producessynthetic, liquidtransportation fuels,such asgasoline, diesel,andJet-A.
- 33. •Conclusion Inconclusion,DirectAirCarbonCapture (DACC) isapromisingtechnologythathasthe potential toplayacriticalrole inthe globale ortto reduce greenhouse gasemissionsandmitigate the impactsofclimate change.DACC technologycapturescarbondioxide directly from the airandcanbe usedinarange of applications,includingthe productionof renewable fuelsandmaterials. While DACCtechnologyisstillinthe early stagesofdevelopment,there are several companiesandresearchinstitutionsworkingto improve itse ciencyande ectiveness.These e ortsinclude reducingthe highcosts associatedwithcarboncapture,improvingthe
- 34. energye ciencyofDACCsystems,and exploringthe potentialofcombiningDACCwith othercarboncapture technologies. Asthe urgencyofthe climate crisisgrows,the developmentofDACCtechnologyisexpected tocontinue,withincreasinginvestmentand supportfrom governmentsandbusinesses aroundthe world.Ultimately,DACChasthe potentialtobe anessentialcomponentofa comprehensive strategyforachievingnet-zero emissionsandcreatingamore sustainable future forgenerationstocome.