Slides on basics of Global warming and how we can combat it.
Individually and as a Society
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The document provides information on climate change basics including definitions of key terms, causes and effects of climate change, greenhouse gases and their sources, impacts of climate change, and mitigation strategies. It defines climate change as a change in climate attributed to human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition. The key causes are emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation. The impacts include rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events that threaten ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, economies, and human health and security. Mitigation strategies discussed include reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon sequestration as well as engineering approaches like carbon capture and storage
[Challenge:Future] HELL ON EARTH (inspiring change)Challenge:Future
The document discusses climate change and global warming. It notes that the average surface temperature has increased 0.8°C in the last 100 years, with two-thirds of the increase in the last three decades. Models project further temperature increases of 1.5-6.1°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Impacts will include sea level rise, changing precipitation patterns, more extreme weather, and species extinctions. Responses proposed include mitigating emissions, adapting to impacts, and geoengineering methods like carbon removal. The main international agreement is the Kyoto Protocol.
Carbon sequestration: conflicts and benefits. Harper PiarnJoanna Hicks
Land-based carbon sequestration can contribute significantly to restoring carbon balance through planting trees and improving soil carbon, as well as replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy. However, large-scale carbon investment in these areas also presents challenges and trade-offs regarding food and water security, biodiversity, and local communities. While afforestation and reforestation can provide environmental co-benefits, they may compete with agricultural land and water usage. Deforestation reductions also benefit the environment but conversion of forest land to agriculture raises issues around future global food supply and local economic development. Effective policy needs to consider all costs and benefits through economic, energy, carbon, food, water, and social lenses to design sustainable land-use
This document is from an environmental science textbook chapter about climate change as a 21st century issue. It provides outlines of the chapter sections which discuss key topics like the greenhouse effect, evidence of past climate change, current understanding of global warming and climate change from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It also summarizes potential consequences of climate change like disruption to the hydrologic cycle and greater vulnerability for poorer nations. The document uses figures and data to illustrate concepts like increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature over time.
Coastal Blue Carbon in Indonesia’s Low Carbon Development Agenda 2045CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Prof. Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist CIFOR-ICRAF at "Webinar how can the low-carbon transition goal be a part of COVID-19 recovery?" on 1 September 2021
The document provides an overview of climate change, including its causes and impacts. It discusses key topics such as the greenhouse effect, global warming trends, and how climate change will affect different sectors in the Philippines. The climate is projected to get warmer with more extreme weather. This will significantly impact areas like coastal zones, agriculture, and public health. The Philippines is also highly vulnerable to climate change risks due to its geography as an archipelago located in the typhoon belt near the equator. Responding to these challenges will require mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and national/local adaptation efforts.
The document provides information on climate change basics including definitions of key terms, causes and effects of climate change, greenhouse gases and their sources, impacts of climate change, and mitigation strategies. It defines climate change as a change in climate attributed to human activity that alters the atmosphere's composition. The key causes are emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation. The impacts include rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events that threaten ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, economies, and human health and security. Mitigation strategies discussed include reducing emissions through renewable energy and carbon sequestration as well as engineering approaches like carbon capture and storage
[Challenge:Future] HELL ON EARTH (inspiring change)Challenge:Future
The document discusses climate change and global warming. It notes that the average surface temperature has increased 0.8°C in the last 100 years, with two-thirds of the increase in the last three decades. Models project further temperature increases of 1.5-6.1°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Impacts will include sea level rise, changing precipitation patterns, more extreme weather, and species extinctions. Responses proposed include mitigating emissions, adapting to impacts, and geoengineering methods like carbon removal. The main international agreement is the Kyoto Protocol.
Carbon sequestration: conflicts and benefits. Harper PiarnJoanna Hicks
Land-based carbon sequestration can contribute significantly to restoring carbon balance through planting trees and improving soil carbon, as well as replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy. However, large-scale carbon investment in these areas also presents challenges and trade-offs regarding food and water security, biodiversity, and local communities. While afforestation and reforestation can provide environmental co-benefits, they may compete with agricultural land and water usage. Deforestation reductions also benefit the environment but conversion of forest land to agriculture raises issues around future global food supply and local economic development. Effective policy needs to consider all costs and benefits through economic, energy, carbon, food, water, and social lenses to design sustainable land-use
This document is from an environmental science textbook chapter about climate change as a 21st century issue. It provides outlines of the chapter sections which discuss key topics like the greenhouse effect, evidence of past climate change, current understanding of global warming and climate change from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It also summarizes potential consequences of climate change like disruption to the hydrologic cycle and greater vulnerability for poorer nations. The document uses figures and data to illustrate concepts like increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature over time.
Coastal Blue Carbon in Indonesia’s Low Carbon Development Agenda 2045CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Prof. Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist CIFOR-ICRAF at "Webinar how can the low-carbon transition goal be a part of COVID-19 recovery?" on 1 September 2021
The document provides an overview of climate change, including its causes and impacts. It discusses key topics such as the greenhouse effect, global warming trends, and how climate change will affect different sectors in the Philippines. The climate is projected to get warmer with more extreme weather. This will significantly impact areas like coastal zones, agriculture, and public health. The Philippines is also highly vulnerable to climate change risks due to its geography as an archipelago located in the typhoon belt near the equator. Responding to these challenges will require mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and national/local adaptation efforts.
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) ipcc-media
The document provides an introduction to the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). It notes that special reports address policy-relevant issues requiring input from multiple working groups. The SROCC will assess observed and projected changes to oceans and cryosphere and associated risks, impacts, and adaptation options. It will have 6 chapters covering high mountain areas, polar regions, sea level rise, marine ecosystems, extremes/abrupt changes, and links to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment working group. The report aims to inform climate policies and actions.
The document discusses climate change impacts on UK agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 7% of UK greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from methane and nitrous oxide. The Rural Climate Change Forum advises the government on reducing agricultural emissions through practices like improved fertilizer use and manure management. Climate change will impact UK agriculture through increased risks from pests, diseases and heat stress on livestock. Farmers need to both mitigate emissions and adapt to changes in climate and weather patterns.
This document discusses the history and causes of climate change. It explains that climate change refers to significant changes in measures like temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns over decades or longer. The key causes discussed are increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, population growth, and agricultural practices. The document provides details on major greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and their sources. It also explains the natural greenhouse effect and how increased human emissions disrupt the natural balance and lead to global warming.
The Key Final Results draws from and summarizes the methodology and key basin-wide results generated by the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lower Mekong Basin and updates the Key Initial Results document prepared in March 2013. This publication employs maps, charts, and graphics to provide a snapshot view of how projected climate changes in the Lower Mekong Basin would impact key livelihood sectors. Visit the website for more information: http://mekongarcc.net/resource/key-final-results.
Complete information on the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Study can be found in the full report and summary report (http://bit.ly/1dczzRP).
The document discusses climate change and its causes. It defines climate change according to the IPCC and UNFCCC as a change in weather patterns due to either natural variability or human activity. It identifies human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialization as amplifying emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which are accelerating climate change. It also discusses effects of climate change like rising global temperatures and sea levels, melting ice sheets, and ocean acidification.
Climate Change: Current Status, Impacts and Solutions by Mario MolinaWILD Foundation
Dr. Mario Molina, Nobel Laureate and Foundation of the Mario Molina Center, presented in the Friday (6 November) WILD9 Plenary on "Climate Change, Energy and Wilderness," specifically speaking on 'Climate Change: The Current Status, Potential Impacts and What we can do."
The document discusses climate change and what can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins with an overview of sustainable development goals and climate change topics like causes, impacts, and projections. It then explains how the pandemic demonstrates humanity's ability to make significant changes and that recovery efforts should focus on transitioning to renewable energy and more sustainable practices. Individual actions like reducing consumption and advocacy are important contributions to addressing climate change.
Estimating Carbon offset potential of renewable energy technologies vs trees NayanChoudhary6
The given following things are included:
1. Greenhouse effect and its impact
2. Carbon sinks and sources
3. Carbon cycle
4.Global forest cover and carbon emissions
5. Global energy consumption
6. Carbon offset potential of renewable sources estimation
7. Remedial and mitigation actions
8. Carbon sequestration
9. Enhanced oil recovery
10. Carbon capture and storage
11. What can we do from our end?
Controlling global warming through land use planningTareq Zarouni
The document discusses controlling global warming through land use planning. It provides background on global warming and its causes, including human activities that emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from fossil fuel use, deforestation, agriculture, and industrial processes. It recommends land use planning strategies like smart growth, transit-oriented development, and zoning to reduce emissions as well as transportation strategies like fuel taxes and distance-based fees. A case study of the UAE discusses its high per capita emissions from oil and gas development and recommendations it is taking like the Masdar Initiative to develop a zero-carbon city and reduce natural gas flaring.
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
For Climate Change Workshop by British Computer Society on 17-Sep-08.
Physics & Chemistry of Climate Change,
Effects and Costs of Climate Change,
Geographical Information and use of it,
Some International Meetings and Local Authority Measures,
Climate Change Bill 2008,
Carbon trading / offsetting,
Reducing Carbon Emissions – Websites & Actions.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document outlines notes on global climate change from an environmental science class. It covers topics like defining weather and climate, the composition and layers of the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect, evidence of global warming from temperature increases and IPCC reports, impacts on hurricanes and ocean currents, and potential solutions to address climate change through prevention and mitigation strategies. The notes provide context and discussion points for a PowerPoint on global climate change.
global warming solution, deposition of carbon in soils , why it is done , methods followed, steps in carbon sequestration,effects of excess carbon dioxide,carbon dating
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. It finds that human activity is extremely likely the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century. If greenhouse gas emissions continue, the report warns of consequences like more extreme weather, water shortages, displaced populations, and impacts on food production. However, the summary also finds that limiting global temperature rise to 2°C is possible with ambitious emissions reductions, though the window for action is closing rapidly.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect. It begins by explaining the natural greenhouse effect and how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere, maintaining the planet's temperature. It then discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels have enhanced the greenhouse effect, causing global warming. The document outlines the major causes of global warming like fossil fuel use, deforestation, farming, and industrialization. It also describes the effects of global warming on the environment, animals, humans, and climate patterns. Finally, it discusses approaches to mitigating global warming through measures like the Kyoto Protocol and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses strategies for mitigating the effects of rising sea levels in a coastal city. It recommends the following plan of action:
1. Implement adaptation strategies like building dikes and barriers to protect coastal areas from sea level rise, and help coastal populations relocate to higher ground.
2. Pursue mitigation efforts like improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy and public transport, and reducing emissions from buildings, transportation, waste, and land use to slow the rise in sea levels caused by climate change.
3. Educate the public about sustainable practices they can adopt to reduce their carbon footprint, like using less energy and materials, recycling and composting more, and opting for more sustainable transportation
Presentation global warming 1 by.. mary ann pupa navarroMary Ann Pupa
The document discusses various aspects of global warming and climate change including:
1) It provides definitions of global warming and climate change, noting that global warming refers to rising global temperatures while climate change includes broader changes like rainfall patterns and storms.
2) Weather balloon data shows Antarctica is warming faster than other parts of the world, with temperatures rising 0.9-1.3 degrees Fahrenheit per decade over the last 30 years.
3) Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and causing global average temperatures to rise.
a detailed compilation of global warming- definition, history of discovery, causes, proposed alternative causation theory, green house gases and their potential, current GHGs production rate of India, effects of Global warming, methods to prevent and international protocols applied for GHGs reduction.
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) ipcc-media
The document provides an introduction to the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC). It notes that special reports address policy-relevant issues requiring input from multiple working groups. The SROCC will assess observed and projected changes to oceans and cryosphere and associated risks, impacts, and adaptation options. It will have 6 chapters covering high mountain areas, polar regions, sea level rise, marine ecosystems, extremes/abrupt changes, and links to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment working group. The report aims to inform climate policies and actions.
The document discusses climate change impacts on UK agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 7% of UK greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from methane and nitrous oxide. The Rural Climate Change Forum advises the government on reducing agricultural emissions through practices like improved fertilizer use and manure management. Climate change will impact UK agriculture through increased risks from pests, diseases and heat stress on livestock. Farmers need to both mitigate emissions and adapt to changes in climate and weather patterns.
This document discusses the history and causes of climate change. It explains that climate change refers to significant changes in measures like temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns over decades or longer. The key causes discussed are increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, population growth, and agricultural practices. The document provides details on major greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and their sources. It also explains the natural greenhouse effect and how increased human emissions disrupt the natural balance and lead to global warming.
The Key Final Results draws from and summarizes the methodology and key basin-wide results generated by the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lower Mekong Basin and updates the Key Initial Results document prepared in March 2013. This publication employs maps, charts, and graphics to provide a snapshot view of how projected climate changes in the Lower Mekong Basin would impact key livelihood sectors. Visit the website for more information: http://mekongarcc.net/resource/key-final-results.
Complete information on the USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Study can be found in the full report and summary report (http://bit.ly/1dczzRP).
The document discusses climate change and its causes. It defines climate change according to the IPCC and UNFCCC as a change in weather patterns due to either natural variability or human activity. It identifies human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialization as amplifying emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which are accelerating climate change. It also discusses effects of climate change like rising global temperatures and sea levels, melting ice sheets, and ocean acidification.
Climate Change: Current Status, Impacts and Solutions by Mario MolinaWILD Foundation
Dr. Mario Molina, Nobel Laureate and Foundation of the Mario Molina Center, presented in the Friday (6 November) WILD9 Plenary on "Climate Change, Energy and Wilderness," specifically speaking on 'Climate Change: The Current Status, Potential Impacts and What we can do."
The document discusses climate change and what can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins with an overview of sustainable development goals and climate change topics like causes, impacts, and projections. It then explains how the pandemic demonstrates humanity's ability to make significant changes and that recovery efforts should focus on transitioning to renewable energy and more sustainable practices. Individual actions like reducing consumption and advocacy are important contributions to addressing climate change.
Estimating Carbon offset potential of renewable energy technologies vs trees NayanChoudhary6
The given following things are included:
1. Greenhouse effect and its impact
2. Carbon sinks and sources
3. Carbon cycle
4.Global forest cover and carbon emissions
5. Global energy consumption
6. Carbon offset potential of renewable sources estimation
7. Remedial and mitigation actions
8. Carbon sequestration
9. Enhanced oil recovery
10. Carbon capture and storage
11. What can we do from our end?
Controlling global warming through land use planningTareq Zarouni
The document discusses controlling global warming through land use planning. It provides background on global warming and its causes, including human activities that emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide from fossil fuel use, deforestation, agriculture, and industrial processes. It recommends land use planning strategies like smart growth, transit-oriented development, and zoning to reduce emissions as well as transportation strategies like fuel taxes and distance-based fees. A case study of the UAE discusses its high per capita emissions from oil and gas development and recommendations it is taking like the Masdar Initiative to develop a zero-carbon city and reduce natural gas flaring.
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2)[1] and may refer specifically to:
"The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering.
Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs.
Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.
For Climate Change Workshop by British Computer Society on 17-Sep-08.
Physics & Chemistry of Climate Change,
Effects and Costs of Climate Change,
Geographical Information and use of it,
Some International Meetings and Local Authority Measures,
Climate Change Bill 2008,
Carbon trading / offsetting,
Reducing Carbon Emissions – Websites & Actions.
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
This document outlines notes on global climate change from an environmental science class. It covers topics like defining weather and climate, the composition and layers of the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect, evidence of global warming from temperature increases and IPCC reports, impacts on hurricanes and ocean currents, and potential solutions to address climate change through prevention and mitigation strategies. The notes provide context and discussion points for a PowerPoint on global climate change.
global warming solution, deposition of carbon in soils , why it is done , methods followed, steps in carbon sequestration,effects of excess carbon dioxide,carbon dating
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. It finds that human activity is extremely likely the dominant cause of global warming since the mid-20th century. If greenhouse gas emissions continue, the report warns of consequences like more extreme weather, water shortages, displaced populations, and impacts on food production. However, the summary also finds that limiting global temperature rise to 2°C is possible with ambitious emissions reductions, though the window for action is closing rapidly.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect. It begins by explaining the natural greenhouse effect and how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere, maintaining the planet's temperature. It then discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels have enhanced the greenhouse effect, causing global warming. The document outlines the major causes of global warming like fossil fuel use, deforestation, farming, and industrialization. It also describes the effects of global warming on the environment, animals, humans, and climate patterns. Finally, it discusses approaches to mitigating global warming through measures like the Kyoto Protocol and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses strategies for mitigating the effects of rising sea levels in a coastal city. It recommends the following plan of action:
1. Implement adaptation strategies like building dikes and barriers to protect coastal areas from sea level rise, and help coastal populations relocate to higher ground.
2. Pursue mitigation efforts like improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy and public transport, and reducing emissions from buildings, transportation, waste, and land use to slow the rise in sea levels caused by climate change.
3. Educate the public about sustainable practices they can adopt to reduce their carbon footprint, like using less energy and materials, recycling and composting more, and opting for more sustainable transportation
Presentation global warming 1 by.. mary ann pupa navarroMary Ann Pupa
The document discusses various aspects of global warming and climate change including:
1) It provides definitions of global warming and climate change, noting that global warming refers to rising global temperatures while climate change includes broader changes like rainfall patterns and storms.
2) Weather balloon data shows Antarctica is warming faster than other parts of the world, with temperatures rising 0.9-1.3 degrees Fahrenheit per decade over the last 30 years.
3) Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and causing global average temperatures to rise.
a detailed compilation of global warming- definition, history of discovery, causes, proposed alternative causation theory, green house gases and their potential, current GHGs production rate of India, effects of Global warming, methods to prevent and international protocols applied for GHGs reduction.
The document discusses greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change. It defines each term and discusses their causes, effects, and possible solutions. Greenhouse effect refers to gases like CO2 that trap heat in the atmosphere, causing a natural warming of the planet. Global warming describes the increase in average temperatures due to rising levels of greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Climate change encompasses broader changes in weather patterns and temperatures over time. The document outlines human and natural causes of increased greenhouse gases and climate change, as well as effects like rising sea levels and more extreme weather events. It suggests solutions like using renewable energy and reducing emissions to address global warming and climate change.
The document discusses the context around climate change and potential solutions. It notes that scientists agree carbon emissions are causing global warming, which is having widespread environmental and economic impacts. If unchecked, climate change could result in global GDP losses of 7.22% by 2100 due to issues like extreme weather events. Nations have come together through agreements like the Paris Accords to pursue solutions to limit global warming.
This document provides an overview of climate change, its causes, impacts, and mitigation efforts. It discusses how both natural phenomena and human activities contribute to climate change by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Major effects of climate change include rising global temperatures, sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruption of ecosystems. The presentation outlines international cooperation to reduce emissions through agreements like the UNFCCC, as well as domestic mitigation strategies such as shifting to renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture and land use practices. Overall, the document aims to educate about climate science and mitigation measures being taken globally and nationally to address anthropogenic climate change.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and climate change. It begins by defining greenhouse gases and explaining how their concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing due to human activities like burning fossil fuels. It then discusses different greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. It explains factors driving emissions and concentrations of these gases. The document also discusses the Kyoto Protocol, carbon trading, and the Clean Development Mechanism as global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It concludes by mentioning the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite, which monitors greenhouse gases from space.
The document discusses various environmental concerns related to different energy sources like fossil fuels, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric energy. For fossil fuels, it outlines climate impacts like ocean acidification, extreme weather, sea level rise and environmental impacts such as air pollution, water pollution, plastic pollution, and oil spills. For geothermal energy, it discusses addressing concerns around land disruption, water usage, greenhouse gas emissions, protecting fluids/chemicals, and stakeholder engagement. For hydroelectric energy, it covers mitigating impacts to aquatic ecosystems, habitat loss, and methane emissions.
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptxNaveen Prasath
Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Indicators
Global Green House Gas emission
Atmospheric concentration of green house gases
Change in Temperature pattern
Change in precipitation pattern
Heat related deaths
Melting of Ice
Rise in sea level
Affecting crop production
Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc
According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years.
Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.
This document discusses global warming and the greenhouse effect from Ms. Kopchick's Earth Science class. It defines the greenhouse effect and how an increase in greenhouse gases leads to global warming. It outlines the major greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide and their sources. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, more extreme weather, habitat damage, and species extinction. The document discusses potential solutions to slow global warming like transitioning to renewable energy, reducing deforestation, and individual actions like using energy efficient appliances and compact fluorescent light bulbs.
Climate change is caused by both natural factors like sunlight as well as human activities that increase greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. Some effects of climate change include more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, species extinction, risks to food production and human health. International agreements like the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Individual actions like reducing energy use, switching to renewables, recycling, and environmental protection can also help address the problem.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change and strategies to address it. It notes that climate change is a global problem requiring international cooperation. The main greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change are identified. The document then discusses climate change scenarios and models, and the uncertainty inherent in projecting future climate conditions. It defines adaptation and mitigation strategies. Finally, specific actions that individuals and communities can take to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts are proposed. These include promoting cleaner fuels, reducing noise and air pollution, improving transportation systems, boosting energy efficiency, and changing behaviors.
The document summarizes MIT's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and goals to reduce emissions. It discusses that MIT measures direct Scope 1 emissions, indirect Scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity/steam, and some Scope 3 emissions. Emissions are categorized as Buildings, Fugitive Gases, and Campus Vehicles. The inventory includes most MIT buildings and properties but excludes some off-campus facilities. The document outlines the challenges in achieving MIT's goal of reducing emissions 32% below 2014 levels by 2030.
The document summarizes MIT's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and climate action plan. It discusses that MIT measures its direct and indirect GHG emissions according to the GHG Protocol's three scopes. Scope 1 includes direct emissions, Scope 2 includes indirect emissions from purchased electricity, and Scope 3 includes other indirect emissions. For public reporting, MIT categorizes its emissions into Buildings, Fugitive Gases, and Campus Vehicles. The inventory includes on-campus buildings but excludes several off-campus research facilities. The document also outlines the challenges of keeping global temperature increases below 2 degrees Celsius.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Environmental studies. BE engineering first year student very good power poin...jr2710
Environmental studies in the main effects like global warming effects and green house effects, ozone depletion ect. This subject is most useful to control pollution and musion. So the environmental studies subject is very helpful for be first year students...
This document discusses the role of chemical engineers in reducing the carbon footprint. It begins with an introduction to global warming and the carbon footprint. It then discusses how chemical engineers are developing technologies like catalytic converters, coal gasification, carbon capture and storage, and biomass energy to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuels and industrial processes. The document emphasizes that chemical engineering innovations are crucial to mitigating climate change by controlling greenhouse gas emissions.
This document discusses the role of chemical engineers in reducing the carbon footprint. It begins with an introduction to global warming and the carbon menace. It then explains how complex calculating an individual or large-scale carbon footprint can be. Finally, it focuses on the efforts of chemical engineers to curb global warming through technologies like carbon offsetting alternatives, catalytic converters, coal gasification, and carbon capture and storage.
2,3 Greenhouse gases, global scenario, green house effectt and global warming...Neeraj Ojha
As far as Nepalese people are concerned, they are very bad in their food habits. Disease like ulcer and diabetes are rampant along Nepalese people. Moreover, there are areas in the country where there is a severe malnutrition.
Factors influencing food habits
•Individual Preferences
Every individual has unique likes and dislikes concerning foods.
•Cultural Influences
A cultural group provides guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food combinations, eating patterns, and eating behaviors.
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1. GLOBAL WARMING: ARE WE READY TO COMBAT IT
SURBHI KAURA
SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW
M.P.T, M.I.A.P ,D.C.P.T.O.T , RYT
PHYSIOSURBHI28@GMAIL.COM
AIIMS , NEW DELHI
2.
3. • GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS A NATURAL PROCESS THAT WARMS THE EARTH’S SURFACE. WHEN THE SUN’S ENERGY REACHES
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE, SOME OF IT IS REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE AND THE REST IS ABSORBED AND RE-RADIATED BY
GREENHOUSE GASES.
• GREENHOUSE GASES INCLUDE WATER VAPOUR, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, OZONE AND SOME
ARTIFICIAL CHEMICALS SUCH AS CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS).
• THE ABSORBED ENERGY WARMS THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. THIS PROCESS MAINTAINS THE
EARTH’S TEMPERATURE AT AROUND 33 DEGREES CELSIUS WARMER THEREBY, ALLOWING LIFE ON EARTH TO EXIST.
• ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE PROBLEM WE NOW FACE IS THAT HUMAN ACTIVITIES – PARTICULARLY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, OIL AND
NATURAL GAS), AGRICULTURE AND LAND CLEARING – ARE INCREASING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES.
THIS IS THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT, WHICH IS CONTRIBUTING TO WARMING OF THE EARTH.
• STEP 1: SOLAR RADIATION REACHES THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE - SOME OF THIS IS REFLECTED BACK INTO SPACE.
• STEP 2: THE REST OF THE SUN'S ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY THE LAND AND THE OCEANS, HEATING THE EARTH.
• STEP 3: HEAT RADIATES FROM EARTH TOWARDS SPACE.
• STEP 4: SOME OF THIS HEAT IS TRAPPED BY GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, KEEPING THE EARTH WARM
ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE.
• STEP 5: HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH AS BURNING FOSSIL FUELS, AGRICULTURE AND LAND CLEARING ARE INCREASING THE
AMOUNT OF GREENHOUSE GASES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• STEP 6: THIS IS TRAPPING EXTRA HEAT, AND CAUSING THE EARTH'S TEMPERATURE TO RISE.
• IN THE UNITED STATES, APPROXIMATELY 6.6 TONS (ALMOST 15,000 POUNDS CARBON EQUIVALENT) OF GREENHOUSE GASES
ARE EMITTED PER PERSON EVERY YEAR. AND EMISSIONS PER PERSON HAVE INCREASED ABOUT 3.4% BETWEEN 1990 AND
1997. MOST OF THESE EMISSIONS, ABOUT 82%, ARE FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY AND POWER
OUR CARS.
5. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.THREE MAIN CAUSES OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT ARE: A) CLOUD
FORMATION B) OZONE LAYER DEPLETION C)PRODUCTION OF
GREENHOUSE GASES
2.IN ONE OF THE STUDIES ,STATISTICAL DATA SHOWS THAT THE AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE IN NEPAL IS INCREASED BY 0.06 °C EVERY YEAR. : THE
MAIN CAUSE OF INCREASE IN THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS:
A) DEFORESTATION AND UNMANAGED URBANIZATION IN CONTEXT TO
NEPAL
B) MELTING OF LARGE AMOUNT OF ICE IN THE UPPER HIMALAYAN REGION
6. INCREASE IN GHG EMISSIONS
• CARBON DIOXIDE
• COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTE, FOSSIL FUELS (OIL, NATURAL GAS, AND COAL),
AND WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
• METHANE :
• PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF COAL, NATURAL GAS, AND OIL. METHANE
EMISSIONS ALSO RESULT FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC WASTES IN
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS, AND THE RAISING OF LIVESTOCK.
• NITROUS OXIDE
• AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES, AS WELL AS DURING COMBUSTION
OF SOLID WASTE AND FOSSIL FUELS.
• HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCS), PERFLUOROCARBONS (PFCS), AND SULFUR
HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6),
• INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
• SINCE PRE-INDUSTRIAL TIMES ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2, CH4 AND N2O
HAVE CLIMBED BY OVER 31%, 151% AND 17%, RESPECTIVELY. SCIENTISTS HAVE
CONFIRMED THIS IS PRIMARILY DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY. BURNING COAL, OIL AND
GAS, AND CUTTING DOWN FORESTS ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE.
• GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) IS THE HEAT ABSORBED BY ANY
GREENHOUSE GAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AS A MULTIPLE OF THE
HEAT THAT WOULD BE ABSORBED BY THE SAME MASS OF CARBON
DIOXIDE (CO2). GWP IS 1 FOR CO2. FOR OTHER GASES IT DEPENDS ON
9. CONSEQUENCES
• AS A RESULT CHANGE OF CLIMATE HAS OCCURRED WHICH THREATS THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF LIFE. THE CONSEQUENCES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
MELTING OF POLAR ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS ALONG WITH THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WATER.
MORE DROUGHTS AND FLOODS.
MORE TERRIBLE STORMS.
MANY MORE HOT DAYS.
MORE DISEASES LIKE MALARIA AND DENGUE
IMPACTS OF ECOSYSTEM WOULD CHANGE THE CROP PRODUCTION
POTENTIAL OF A REGION SPECIALLY ASIA, AFRICA, SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA.
FORESTS MAY DISAPPEAR AND REDUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY.
BILLIONS OF PEOPLE WILL BE AFFECTED BY PROBLEMS OF DRINKING WATER
SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND DROUGHT.
PROJECTED RISE OF SEA LEVEL IS BETWEEN 9 CM TO 29 CM BY 2029 AND 96
CM BY 2090. THE SOUTH ASIAN REGION WITH ⅙ OF THE WORLD POPULATION
WILL SUFFER GREATLY.
INCREASE IN HEAT STRESS MORTALITY AND DISEASES.
10. HOLISTIC APPROACH
• HEALTH
• WATER RESOURCES
• POLAR REGIONS
• MOUNTAINS
• FORESTS
• RANGELANDS
• DESERTS
• COASTAL ZONES
• AGRICULTURE
• EDUCATION
11.
12. INDIVIDUAL SOLUTION
• Reduce global warming 10simple steps
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Use less heat and Air conditioning
• Change a light bulb by CFL
• Drive less and Drive smart
• Buy energy – Efficient products
• Use less hot water
• Use the off switch
• Cut your utility bills by purchasing energy-
efficient appliances, fixtures, and other home
equipment and products.
• The average house is responsible for more air
pollution and carbon dioxide emissions than is
the average car.
13.
14.
15. RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING
• ACCORDING TO AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
• THREE PROACTIVE STRATEGIES COULD REDUCE THE RISKS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE:
1) ADAPTATION: MODERATING CLIMATE IMPACTS BY INCREASING OUR
CAPACITY TO COPE WITH THEM;
2) MITIGATION: REDUCING EMISSIONS;
3) GEOENGINEERING: DELIBERATELY MANIPULATING PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,
OR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EARTH
ADAPTATION – ADAPTING TO LIFE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE – INVOLVES
ADJUSTING TO ACTUAL OR EXPECTED FUTURE CLIMATE. THE GOAL IS TO
REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITY TO THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE (LIKE SEA-LEVEL ENCROACHMENT, MORE INTENSE EXTREME
WEATHER EVENTS OR FOOD INSECURITY). IT ALSO ENCOMPASSES MAKING
THE MOST OF ANY POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH CLIMATE CHANGE (FOR EXAMPLE, LONGER GROWING SEASONS OR
INCREASED YIELDS IN SOME REGIONS).
18. WHAT MEASURES HAS THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKEN TO ADDRESS
CLIMATE CHANGE? WHAT FURTHER ROLE CAN INDIA PLAY IN THE GLOBAL
EFFORTS TOWARDS MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE?
INDIA HAS PURSUED POLICIES AND PUBLICLY FUNDED PROGRAMS FOCUSED ON ENERGY
CONSERVATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES TO FIGHT
CLIMATE CHANGE. THIS HAS BEEN BACKED BY LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND TARIFFS
ARRANGEMENTS:-
• INDIA RATIFIED THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(UNFCCC) IN 1993 AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL IN 2002. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at
stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a “ dangerous anthropogenic interference”. As
of November 2009, 187 states had signed and ratified the protocol.
• INDIA ANNOUNCED ITS NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (NAPCC). THE
ACTION PLAN EFFECTIVELY PULLS TOGETHER A NUMBER OF THE GOVERNMENT’S
EXISTING NATIONAL PLANS ON WATER, RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY,
AGRICULTURE AND OTHERS – BUNDLED WITH ADDITIONAL ONES – INTO A SET OF EIGHT
MISSIONS.
• UNDER THE 2015 PARIS AGREEMENT, INDIA SET THREE MAJOR GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED
FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN 2020 AND 2030—
1. INCREASE THE SHARE OF NON-FOSSIL FUELS TO 40% OF THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY
GENERATION CAPACITY,
2. TO REDUCE THE EMISSION INTENSITY OF THE ECONOMY BY 33 TO 35% BY 2030 FROM
2005 LEVELS, AND
3. TO CREATE ADDITIONAL CARBON SINK OF 2.5 -3 BILLION TONS OF CO2 EQUIVALENT
19. RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING
• AFTER ADOPTING ITS NATIONAL ELECTRICITY PLAN (NEP) IN
2018, INDIA REMAINS ON TRACK TO OVERACHIEVE ITS “2˚C
COMPATIBLE” RATED PARIS AGREEMENT CLIMATE ACTION
TARGETS.
• THE GOVERNMENT IS ALSO ATTEMPTING TO HARNESS THE
POTENTIAL OF OFF-GRID SOLAR PV PUMPS TO PROVIDE RELIABLE
ELECTRICITY.
• MITIGATION – REDUCING CLIMATE CHANGE – INVOLVES
REDUCING THE FLOW OF HEAT-TRAPPING GREENHOUSE GASES
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, EITHER BY REDUCING SOURCES OF
THESE GASES (FOR EXAMPLE, THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR
ELECTRICITY, HEAT OR TRANSPORT)
20. MITIGATION BY ENHANCING THE “SINKS” THAT ACCUMULATE AND STORE THESE GASES (SUCH
AS THE OCEANS, FORESTS AND SOIL). THE GOAL OF MITIGATION IS TO AVOID
SIGNIFICANT HUMAN INTERFERENCE WITH THE CLIMATE SYSTEM, AND
“STABILIZE GREENHOUSE GAS LEVELS IN A TIMEFRAME SUFFICIENT TO ALLOW ECOSYSTEMS TO
ADAPT NATURALLY TO CLIMATE CHANGE, ENSURE THAT FOOD PRODUCTION IS NOT
THREATENED AND TO ENABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO PROCEED IN A SUSTAINABLE
MANNER” (FROM THE 2014 REPORT ON MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FROM THE UNITED
NATIONS INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE)
21. 3. GEOENGINEERING SCHEMES ARE PROJECTS DESIGNED TO
TACKLE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DIRECTLY, USUALLY
BY REMOVING CO2 FROM THE AIR OR LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF
SUNLIGHT REACHING THE PLANET'S SURFACE
• EXAMPLES OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
• SPRAYING SEAWATER THOUSANDS OF METERS INTO THE AIR TO
SEED THE FORMATION OF STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS THAT
WILL DEFLECT SUNLIGHT; INSTALLING SUN-SHIELDS
• MIRRORS IN SPACE TO REFLECT THE SUN;
• INJECTING SUN-BLOCKING PARTICULATES INTO SPACE.
22. • GEOENGINEERING PROPOSALS FALL INTO AT LEAST THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
• 1) REDUCING THE LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GASES THROUGH
LARGE-SCALE MANIPULATIONS (E.G., OCEAN FERTILIZATION OR AFFORESTATION
USING NON-NATIVE SPECIES);
• 2) EXERTING A COOLING INFLUENCE ON EARTH BY REFLECTING SUNLIGHT (E.G.,
PUTTING REFLECTIVE PARTICLES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, PUTTING MIRRORS IN
SPACE, INCREASING SURFACE REFLECTIVITY, OR ALTERING THE AMOUNT OR
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUDS); AND
• 3) OTHER LARGE-SCALE MANIPULATIONS DESIGNED TO DIMINISH CLIMATE
CHANGE OR ITS IMPACTS (E.G., CONSTRUCTING VERTICAL PIPES IN THE OCEAN
THAT WOULD INCREASE DOWNWARD HEAT TRANSPORT).
• GEOENGINEERING WILL NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR EITHER AGGRESSIVE MITIGATION
OR PROACTIVE ADAPTATION, BUT IT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO A COMPREHENSIVE
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO SLOW CLIMATE CHANGE AND ALLEVIATE
SOME OF ITS NEGATIVE IMPACTS. THE POTENTIAL TO HELP SOCIETY COPE WITH
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RISKS OF ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES IMPLY A NEED
FOR ADEQUATE RESEARCH, APPROPRIATE REGULATION, AND TRANSPARENT
DELIBERATION.
23. GEOENGINEERING COMES IN TWO FLAVOURS
1. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT (SRM) –
REFLECTING A SMALL FRACTION OF THE SUN’S HEAT BACK INTO SPACE
2. CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) –
REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT
MIRRORS IN SPACE
STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS
CLOUD WHITENING
SURFACE ALBEDO
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL :
AIR CAPTURE (ARTIFICIAL TREES)
OCEAN FERTILISATION
BIOCHAR
AFFORESTATION
ENHANCED WEATHERING SRM VS CDR
1. SRM – QUICK, CHEAP, INCOMPLETE, RISKIER
2. CDR – SLOW, EXPENSIVE, COMPLETE, SAFER
24. ONE OF THE BEST-KNOWN TECHNIQUES
IS CLOUD SEEDING, A PROCESS THAT
ATTEMPTS TO BRING RAIN TO PARCHED
FARMLAND BY DISPERSING PARTICLES
OF SILVER IODIDE OR SOLID CARBON
DIOXIDE INTO RAIN-BEARING CLOUDS.
CLOUD SEEDING HAS ALSO BEEN USED
IN ATTEMPTS TO WEAKEN TROPICAL
STORMS.
THE REFLECTANCE OF INCOMING SOLAR
RADIATION INCLUDE RAISING GROUND-LEVEL ALBEDO,
INJECTING SULFUR PARTICLES INTO
THE STRATOSPHERE, WHITENING MARINE CLOUDS, AND
DELIVERING MILLIONS OF TINY ORBITAL MIRRORS OR
SUNSHADES INTO SPACE.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT A GREAT
DEAL OF DEBATE SURROUNDS EACH OF THESE
SCHEMES, AND THE FEASIBILITY OF EACH IS
DIFFICULT TO ASCERTAIN. CLEARLY, THEIR
DEPLOYMENT AT GLOBAL SCALES WOULD BE
DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE, AND SMALL-SCALE
TRIALS WOULD REVEAL LITTLE ABOUT THEIR
POTENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS.
25. MAN DID NOT WEAVE THE WEB OF LIFE- HE
IS MERELY A STRAND IN IT. WHATEVER HE
DOES TO THE WEB HE DOES TO HIMSELF.
CHIEF SEATTLE,1854
THANK YOU