The document discusses global warming, detailing the greenhouse effect and its enhanced version caused by human activities that increase greenhouse gas concentrations. It highlights the consequences of climate change, such as rising temperatures, extreme weather, and impacts on ecosystems and human populations, particularly in South Asia. Additionally, it outlines the Indian government's actions, including various climate policies and international agreements, aimed at mitigating climate change through adaptation, emission reductions, and exploring geoengineering options.

1. GLOBAL WARMING: ARE WE READY TO COMBAT IT
SURBHI KAURA
SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW
M.P.T, M.I.A.P ,D.C.P.T.O.T , RYT
PHYSIOSURBHI28@GMAIL.COM
AIIMS , NEW DELHI

3. • GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT IS A NATURAL PROCESS THAT WARMS THE EARTH’S SURFACE. WHEN THE SUN’S ENERGY REACHES
THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE, SOME OF IT IS REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE AND THE REST IS ABSORBED AND RE-RADIATED BY
GREENHOUSE GASES.
• GREENHOUSE GASES INCLUDE WATER VAPOUR, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, OZONE AND SOME
ARTIFICIAL CHEMICALS SUCH AS CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCS).
• THE ABSORBED ENERGY WARMS THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. THIS PROCESS MAINTAINS THE
EARTH’S TEMPERATURE AT AROUND 33 DEGREES CELSIUS WARMER THEREBY, ALLOWING LIFE ON EARTH TO EXIST.
• ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• THE PROBLEM WE NOW FACE IS THAT HUMAN ACTIVITIES – PARTICULARLY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, OIL AND
NATURAL GAS), AGRICULTURE AND LAND CLEARING – ARE INCREASING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES.
THIS IS THE ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT, WHICH IS CONTRIBUTING TO WARMING OF THE EARTH.
• STEP 1: SOLAR RADIATION REACHES THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE - SOME OF THIS IS REFLECTED BACK INTO SPACE.
• STEP 2: THE REST OF THE SUN'S ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY THE LAND AND THE OCEANS, HEATING THE EARTH.
• STEP 3: HEAT RADIATES FROM EARTH TOWARDS SPACE.
• STEP 4: SOME OF THIS HEAT IS TRAPPED BY GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, KEEPING THE EARTH WARM
ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN LIFE.
• STEP 5: HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH AS BURNING FOSSIL FUELS, AGRICULTURE AND LAND CLEARING ARE INCREASING THE
AMOUNT OF GREENHOUSE GASES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• STEP 6: THIS IS TRAPPING EXTRA HEAT, AND CAUSING THE EARTH'S TEMPERATURE TO RISE.
• IN THE UNITED STATES, APPROXIMATELY 6.6 TONS (ALMOST 15,000 POUNDS CARBON EQUIVALENT) OF GREENHOUSE GASES
ARE EMITTED PER PERSON EVERY YEAR. AND EMISSIONS PER PERSON HAVE INCREASED ABOUT 3.4% BETWEEN 1990 AND
1997. MOST OF THESE EMISSIONS, ABOUT 82%, ARE FROM BURNING FOSSIL FUELS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY AND POWER
OUR CARS.

4. 4

5. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.THREE MAIN CAUSES OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT ARE: A) CLOUD
FORMATION B) OZONE LAYER DEPLETION C)PRODUCTION OF
GREENHOUSE GASES
2.IN ONE OF THE STUDIES ,STATISTICAL DATA SHOWS THAT THE AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE IN NEPAL IS INCREASED BY 0.06 °C EVERY YEAR. : THE
MAIN CAUSE OF INCREASE IN THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS:
A) DEFORESTATION AND UNMANAGED URBANIZATION IN CONTEXT TO
NEPAL
B) MELTING OF LARGE AMOUNT OF ICE IN THE UPPER HIMALAYAN REGION

6. INCREASE IN GHG EMISSIONS
• CARBON DIOXIDE
• COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTE, FOSSIL FUELS (OIL, NATURAL GAS, AND COAL),
AND WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
• METHANE :
• PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT OF COAL, NATURAL GAS, AND OIL. METHANE
EMISSIONS ALSO RESULT FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC WASTES IN
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS, AND THE RAISING OF LIVESTOCK.
• NITROUS OXIDE
• AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES, AS WELL AS DURING COMBUSTION
OF SOLID WASTE AND FOSSIL FUELS.
• HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCS), PERFLUOROCARBONS (PFCS), AND SULFUR
HEXAFLUORIDE (SF6),
• INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
• SINCE PRE-INDUSTRIAL TIMES ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF CO2, CH4 AND N2O
HAVE CLIMBED BY OVER 31%, 151% AND 17%, RESPECTIVELY. SCIENTISTS HAVE
CONFIRMED THIS IS PRIMARILY DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITY. BURNING COAL, OIL AND
GAS, AND CUTTING DOWN FORESTS ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE.
• GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) IS THE HEAT ABSORBED BY ANY
GREENHOUSE GAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AS A MULTIPLE OF THE
HEAT THAT WOULD BE ABSORBED BY THE SAME MASS OF CARBON
DIOXIDE (CO2). GWP IS 1 FOR CO2. FOR OTHER GASES IT DEPENDS ON

7. GLOBAL WARMING
POTENTIAL
7
Gas GWP years
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1
Methane (CH4)* 21
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 310
HFC-23 11,700
HFC-125 2,800
HFC-134a 1,300
HFC-143a 3,800
HFC-152a 140
HFC-227ea 2,900
HFC-236fa 6,300
HFC-4310mee 1,300
CF4 6,500
C2F6 9,200
C4F10 7,000
C6F14 7,400
SF6 23,900

8. EMISSIONS BY SECTOR
EGEE 102 - Pisupati

9. CONSEQUENCES
• AS A RESULT CHANGE OF CLIMATE HAS OCCURRED WHICH THREATS THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF LIFE. THE CONSEQUENCES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
 MELTING OF POLAR ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS ALONG WITH THERMAL
EXPANSION OF WATER.
 MORE DROUGHTS AND FLOODS.
 MORE TERRIBLE STORMS.
 MANY MORE HOT DAYS.
 MORE DISEASES LIKE MALARIA AND DENGUE
 IMPACTS OF ECOSYSTEM WOULD CHANGE THE CROP PRODUCTION
POTENTIAL OF A REGION SPECIALLY ASIA, AFRICA, SOUTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA.
 FORESTS MAY DISAPPEAR AND REDUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY.
 BILLIONS OF PEOPLE WILL BE AFFECTED BY PROBLEMS OF DRINKING WATER
SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND DROUGHT.
 PROJECTED RISE OF SEA LEVEL IS BETWEEN 9 CM TO 29 CM BY 2029 AND 96
CM BY 2090. THE SOUTH ASIAN REGION WITH ⅙ OF THE WORLD POPULATION
WILL SUFFER GREATLY.
 INCREASE IN HEAT STRESS MORTALITY AND DISEASES.

10. HOLISTIC APPROACH
• HEALTH
• WATER RESOURCES
• POLAR REGIONS
• MOUNTAINS
• FORESTS
• RANGELANDS
• DESERTS
• COASTAL ZONES
• AGRICULTURE
• EDUCATION

12. INDIVIDUAL SOLUTION
• Reduce global warming 10simple steps
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
• Use less heat and Air conditioning
• Change a light bulb by CFL
• Drive less and Drive smart
• Buy energy – Efficient products
• Use less hot water
• Use the off switch
• Cut your utility bills by purchasing energy-
efficient appliances, fixtures, and other home
equipment and products.
• The average house is responsible for more air
pollution and carbon dioxide emissions than is
the average car.

15. RESPONSE TO GLOBAL WARMING
• ACCORDING TO AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
• THREE PROACTIVE STRATEGIES COULD REDUCE THE RISKS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE:
1) ADAPTATION: MODERATING CLIMATE IMPACTS BY INCREASING OUR
CAPACITY TO COPE WITH THEM;
2) MITIGATION: REDUCING EMISSIONS;
3) GEOENGINEERING: DELIBERATELY MANIPULATING PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,
OR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EARTH
ADAPTATION – ADAPTING TO LIFE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE – INVOLVES
ADJUSTING TO ACTUAL OR EXPECTED FUTURE CLIMATE. THE GOAL IS TO
REDUCE OUR VULNERABILITY TO THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE (LIKE SEA-LEVEL ENCROACHMENT, MORE INTENSE EXTREME
WEATHER EVENTS OR FOOD INSECURITY). IT ALSO ENCOMPASSES MAKING
THE MOST OF ANY POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED
WITH CLIMATE CHANGE (FOR EXAMPLE, LONGER GROWING SEASONS OR
INCREASED YIELDS IN SOME REGIONS).

16. UNFCC (United nations framework convention on
climate change)

18. WHAT MEASURES HAS THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT TAKEN TO ADDRESS
CLIMATE CHANGE? WHAT FURTHER ROLE CAN INDIA PLAY IN THE GLOBAL
EFFORTS TOWARDS MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE?
 INDIA HAS PURSUED POLICIES AND PUBLICLY FUNDED PROGRAMS FOCUSED ON ENERGY
CONSERVATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES TO FIGHT
CLIMATE CHANGE. THIS HAS BEEN BACKED BY LEGISLATION, REGULATION AND TARIFFS
ARRANGEMENTS:-
• INDIA RATIFIED THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(UNFCCC) IN 1993 AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL IN 2002. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at
stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a “ dangerous anthropogenic interference”. As
of November 2009, 187 states had signed and ratified the protocol.
• INDIA ANNOUNCED ITS NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE (NAPCC). THE
ACTION PLAN EFFECTIVELY PULLS TOGETHER A NUMBER OF THE GOVERNMENT’S
EXISTING NATIONAL PLANS ON WATER, RENEWABLE ENERGY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY,
AGRICULTURE AND OTHERS – BUNDLED WITH ADDITIONAL ONES – INTO A SET OF EIGHT
MISSIONS.
• UNDER THE 2015 PARIS AGREEMENT, INDIA SET THREE MAJOR GOALS TO BE ACHIEVED
FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN 2020 AND 2030—
1. INCREASE THE SHARE OF NON-FOSSIL FUELS TO 40% OF THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY
GENERATION CAPACITY,
2. TO REDUCE THE EMISSION INTENSITY OF THE ECONOMY BY 33 TO 35% BY 2030 FROM
2005 LEVELS, AND
3. TO CREATE ADDITIONAL CARBON SINK OF 2.5 -3 BILLION TONS OF CO2 EQUIVALENT

19. RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING
• AFTER ADOPTING ITS NATIONAL ELECTRICITY PLAN (NEP) IN
2018, INDIA REMAINS ON TRACK TO OVERACHIEVE ITS “2˚C
COMPATIBLE” RATED PARIS AGREEMENT CLIMATE ACTION
TARGETS.
• THE GOVERNMENT IS ALSO ATTEMPTING TO HARNESS THE
POTENTIAL OF OFF-GRID SOLAR PV PUMPS TO PROVIDE RELIABLE
ELECTRICITY.
• MITIGATION – REDUCING CLIMATE CHANGE – INVOLVES
REDUCING THE FLOW OF HEAT-TRAPPING GREENHOUSE GASES
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, EITHER BY REDUCING SOURCES OF
THESE GASES (FOR EXAMPLE, THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR
ELECTRICITY, HEAT OR TRANSPORT)

20. MITIGATION BY ENHANCING THE “SINKS” THAT ACCUMULATE AND STORE THESE GASES (SUCH
AS THE OCEANS, FORESTS AND SOIL). THE GOAL OF MITIGATION IS TO AVOID
SIGNIFICANT HUMAN INTERFERENCE WITH THE CLIMATE SYSTEM, AND
“STABILIZE GREENHOUSE GAS LEVELS IN A TIMEFRAME SUFFICIENT TO ALLOW ECOSYSTEMS TO
ADAPT NATURALLY TO CLIMATE CHANGE, ENSURE THAT FOOD PRODUCTION IS NOT
THREATENED AND TO ENABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO PROCEED IN A SUSTAINABLE
MANNER” (FROM THE 2014 REPORT ON MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FROM THE UNITED
NATIONS INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE)

21. 3. GEOENGINEERING SCHEMES ARE PROJECTS DESIGNED TO
TACKLE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DIRECTLY, USUALLY
BY REMOVING CO2 FROM THE AIR OR LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF
SUNLIGHT REACHING THE PLANET'S SURFACE
• EXAMPLES OF THIS APPROACH INCLUDE:
• SPRAYING SEAWATER THOUSANDS OF METERS INTO THE AIR TO
SEED THE FORMATION OF STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS THAT
WILL DEFLECT SUNLIGHT; INSTALLING SUN-SHIELDS
• MIRRORS IN SPACE TO REFLECT THE SUN;
• INJECTING SUN-BLOCKING PARTICULATES INTO SPACE.

22. • GEOENGINEERING PROPOSALS FALL INTO AT LEAST THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
• 1) REDUCING THE LEVELS OF ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GASES THROUGH
LARGE-SCALE MANIPULATIONS (E.G., OCEAN FERTILIZATION OR AFFORESTATION
USING NON-NATIVE SPECIES);
• 2) EXERTING A COOLING INFLUENCE ON EARTH BY REFLECTING SUNLIGHT (E.G.,
PUTTING REFLECTIVE PARTICLES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, PUTTING MIRRORS IN
SPACE, INCREASING SURFACE REFLECTIVITY, OR ALTERING THE AMOUNT OR
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUDS); AND
• 3) OTHER LARGE-SCALE MANIPULATIONS DESIGNED TO DIMINISH CLIMATE
CHANGE OR ITS IMPACTS (E.G., CONSTRUCTING VERTICAL PIPES IN THE OCEAN
THAT WOULD INCREASE DOWNWARD HEAT TRANSPORT).
• GEOENGINEERING WILL NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR EITHER AGGRESSIVE MITIGATION
OR PROACTIVE ADAPTATION, BUT IT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO A COMPREHENSIVE
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGY TO SLOW CLIMATE CHANGE AND ALLEVIATE
SOME OF ITS NEGATIVE IMPACTS. THE POTENTIAL TO HELP SOCIETY COPE WITH
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RISKS OF ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES IMPLY A NEED
FOR ADEQUATE RESEARCH, APPROPRIATE REGULATION, AND TRANSPARENT
DELIBERATION.

23. GEOENGINEERING COMES IN TWO FLAVOURS
1. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT (SRM) –
REFLECTING A SMALL FRACTION OF THE SUN’S HEAT BACK INTO SPACE
2. CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) –
REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT
MIRRORS IN SPACE
STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS
CLOUD WHITENING
SURFACE ALBEDO
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL :
AIR CAPTURE (ARTIFICIAL TREES)
OCEAN FERTILISATION
BIOCHAR
AFFORESTATION
ENHANCED WEATHERING SRM VS CDR
1. SRM – QUICK, CHEAP, INCOMPLETE, RISKIER
2. CDR – SLOW, EXPENSIVE, COMPLETE, SAFER

24. ONE OF THE BEST-KNOWN TECHNIQUES
IS CLOUD SEEDING, A PROCESS THAT
ATTEMPTS TO BRING RAIN TO PARCHED
FARMLAND BY DISPERSING PARTICLES
OF SILVER IODIDE OR SOLID CARBON
DIOXIDE INTO RAIN-BEARING CLOUDS.
CLOUD SEEDING HAS ALSO BEEN USED
IN ATTEMPTS TO WEAKEN TROPICAL
STORMS.
THE REFLECTANCE OF INCOMING SOLAR
RADIATION INCLUDE RAISING GROUND-LEVEL ALBEDO,
INJECTING SULFUR PARTICLES INTO
THE STRATOSPHERE, WHITENING MARINE CLOUDS, AND
DELIVERING MILLIONS OF TINY ORBITAL MIRRORS OR
SUNSHADES INTO SPACE.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT A GREAT
DEAL OF DEBATE SURROUNDS EACH OF THESE
SCHEMES, AND THE FEASIBILITY OF EACH IS
DIFFICULT TO ASCERTAIN. CLEARLY, THEIR
DEPLOYMENT AT GLOBAL SCALES WOULD BE
DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE, AND SMALL-SCALE
TRIALS WOULD REVEAL LITTLE ABOUT THEIR
POTENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS.

25. MAN DID NOT WEAVE THE WEB OF LIFE- HE
IS MERELY A STRAND IN IT. WHATEVER HE
DOES TO THE WEB HE DOES TO HIMSELF.
CHIEF SEATTLE,1854
THANK YOU