The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) is the most important and influential ministry in the Italian government. Through reforms in the late 1990s and 2001, the MEF absorbed responsibilities from other economic ministries, becoming responsible for treasury, budget, taxation, financial markets, and regional development. During economic crises in 2009 and 2011, the MEF gained veto power over other ministries and prioritized austerity, often undermining their autonomy. Later ministers sought to balance fiscal discipline with growth policies through renewed dialogue between ministries.