this article will examine the damage to the German economy during the coronavirus pandemic. It analyses the measures taken by the government to support the economy, as well as the measures taken in cooperation with the federal states and with European and international partners to this end. After analyzing the harm caused by the coronavirus pandemic to the economy of Uzbekistan and the measures in place to prevent it, conclusions and suggestions will also be made. Khamdamova Gulmira "German Experience of Supporting Economy during the Coronavirus Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45182.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/45182/german-experience-of-supporting-economy-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic/khamdamova-gulmira
No to recessive economic adjustement of brazilian government of michel temerFernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopted a recessive economic policy seeking to limit government spending with its proposal for amendment to the Constitution (PEC 241-2016) sent to Brazilian Congress. The measures proposed in PEC 241-2016 define new “ceiling” for public spending which will limit the prior year spending adjusted for inflation and this fact will cause public health and education spending are frozen in real terms going to be just corrected by inflation. It should be noted that with low consumption (C), low investment (I) and low government spending (G), the economy tends to further deepen the recession and make it harder to return to economic growth. To combat the economic recession, the Michel Temer government should, in the short term, increase government spending to compensate the drastic reduction occurred in household consumption and private investment.
No to recessive economic adjustement of brazilian government of michel temerFernando Alcoforado
The Michel Temer government adopted a recessive economic policy seeking to limit government spending with its proposal for amendment to the Constitution (PEC 241-2016) sent to Brazilian Congress. The measures proposed in PEC 241-2016 define new “ceiling” for public spending which will limit the prior year spending adjusted for inflation and this fact will cause public health and education spending are frozen in real terms going to be just corrected by inflation. It should be noted that with low consumption (C), low investment (I) and low government spending (G), the economy tends to further deepen the recession and make it harder to return to economic growth. To combat the economic recession, the Michel Temer government should, in the short term, increase government spending to compensate the drastic reduction occurred in household consumption and private investment.
The economic characteristics of the COVID-19 crisis differ from those of previous crises. It is a combination of demand- and supply-side constraints which led to the formation of a monetary overhang that will be unfrozen once the pandemic ends. Monetary policy must take this effect into consideration, along with other pro-inflationary factors, in the post-pandemic era. It must also think in advance about how to avoid a policy trap coming from fiscal dominance.
This paper is organized as follows: Chapter 2 deals with the economic characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the effectiveness of the monetary policy response measures undertaken. In Chapter 3, we analyse the monetary policy decisions of the ECB (and other major CBs for comparison) and their effectiveness in achieving the declared policy goals in the short term. Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis of the policy challenges which may be faced by the ECB and other major CBs once the pandemic emergency comes to its end. Chapter 5 contains a summary and the conclusions of our analysis.
We are glad to share with you the Global M&A Partners' Industrial Insider our quarterly report on M&A transactions. Should you have any queries or M&A project, please contact your local Global M&A Partners industrial sector team member.
Global M&A Partners Industrial insider Q3 2018 focus on predictive maintenanceVeronique Zeid-Maurel
Happy to share with you our quarterly report on M&A activities in the industrial segment, there is a special focus on predictive maintenance. To know more, contact your local Global M&A Industrial sector team member. http://www.globalma.com/industry_sectors/industrials
This presentation was made by Ioana Burla, Romania, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-CESEE Senior Budget Officials held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on 28-29 June 2016
It is likely that the impending trade war will be limited to individual product groups. If so, growth will continue in Finland this and the next year. The economic recovery shows that Finland has not been endowed with the exceptionally serious structural problems as alleged. Because of spending cuts and other measures, the strong economic development will not improve the situation of all population groups equally. The growth of income inequality should be mitigated by updating basic social security, which would include index adjustments of benefits no later than 2019.
In the paper, the author analyses three years of the rule of the left-wing SYRIZA in Greece.
She discusses the basis of the party’s historical victory in the parliamentary elections in 2015.
In addition, she analyses the course of negotiations with Greek creditors regarding the third
economic adjustment programme for Greece. She also points out the necessity of gradual resignation from anti-austerity agenda and social reactions against introduced reforms. In the final
part, the author of the paper outlines the current challenges of the Greek government.
The economic characteristics of the COVID-19 crisis differ from those of previous crises. It is a combination of demand- and supply-side constraints which led to the formation of a monetary overhang that will be unfrozen once the pandemic ends. Monetary policy must take this effect into consideration, along with other pro-inflationary factors, in the post-pandemic era. It must also think in advance about how to avoid a policy trap coming from fiscal dominance.
This paper is organized as follows: Chapter 2 deals with the economic characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the effectiveness of the monetary policy response measures undertaken. In Chapter 3, we analyse the monetary policy decisions of the ECB (and other major CBs for comparison) and their effectiveness in achieving the declared policy goals in the short term. Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis of the policy challenges which may be faced by the ECB and other major CBs once the pandemic emergency comes to its end. Chapter 5 contains a summary and the conclusions of our analysis.
We are glad to share with you the Global M&A Partners' Industrial Insider our quarterly report on M&A transactions. Should you have any queries or M&A project, please contact your local Global M&A Partners industrial sector team member.
Global M&A Partners Industrial insider Q3 2018 focus on predictive maintenanceVeronique Zeid-Maurel
Happy to share with you our quarterly report on M&A activities in the industrial segment, there is a special focus on predictive maintenance. To know more, contact your local Global M&A Industrial sector team member. http://www.globalma.com/industry_sectors/industrials
This presentation was made by Ioana Burla, Romania, at the 12th Annual Meeting of OECD-CESEE Senior Budget Officials held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on 28-29 June 2016
It is likely that the impending trade war will be limited to individual product groups. If so, growth will continue in Finland this and the next year. The economic recovery shows that Finland has not been endowed with the exceptionally serious structural problems as alleged. Because of spending cuts and other measures, the strong economic development will not improve the situation of all population groups equally. The growth of income inequality should be mitigated by updating basic social security, which would include index adjustments of benefits no later than 2019.
In the paper, the author analyses three years of the rule of the left-wing SYRIZA in Greece.
She discusses the basis of the party’s historical victory in the parliamentary elections in 2015.
In addition, she analyses the course of negotiations with Greek creditors regarding the third
economic adjustment programme for Greece. She also points out the necessity of gradual resignation from anti-austerity agenda and social reactions against introduced reforms. In the final
part, the author of the paper outlines the current challenges of the Greek government.
FDI GermanyName ID no. Unit code and name Lectur.docxssuser454af01
FDI Germany
Name:
ID no.
Unit code and name:
Lecturer name:
Assignment #
Due Date:
Executive Summary
Germany is an established European democracy that has a history of free and fair elections. Germany ranks higher than the United Kingdom with regard to accountability and voice. The labour market in the country is also quite flexible even despite the 2009 financial crisis. Nevertheless, the aging German population places a considerable weight on the healthcare system and the economy. Although the technical workforce in the country may be declining the SMEs in the country are quite innovative. The legal structure in Germany is very comprehensive. However, the country is still plagued by tax evasion. Considering the economic and political might of the country in the Eurozone and the world at large, Germany offers an attractive opportunity for foreign direct investment.
1.0 Introduction
Germany provides foreign investors with exciting international and national business and marketing perspectives. However, the costs are comparatively high. Costs include employment costs as measured using wage rates and social security charges. Therefore, successful foreign direct investment in Germany requires proper planning and sophisticated operation. The German economy represents almost all industries. Like other countries with highly skilled populations, high costs of employment and high-educated workers the best prospects come from providers of commercial, financial and technical services. The industries in Germany are dynamic and firms can expect room for growth. The country provides an equal opportunity to both domestic and foreign companies. It is important to note that the state provides substantial support in form of subsidies in research and development in order to spur the creation of new products. This report aims at presenting the benefits, risks and cost of investing in Germany (Germany Country Profile, 2013).
2.0 Outline
Analysis
Benefits
Risks
Costs
Political system
A strong democracy
A robust federal system
Right-wing extremism
Strained relationship with France
Formulation of EU banking Union
Corruption
Economic system
Highly competitive economy
Flexible labour market
Exposure from the Eurozone debt
Bank failure in the region
Slow foreign trade
Low local consumption
Legal system
Comprehensive legal and regulatory framework
Formal openness to FDI.
Overregulated service sector.
The country’s licensing and permit process is quite cumbersome
The taxation wedge is high.
3.0 Political system
3.1 Benefits
Germany is a stable democracy that has a constitution that stipulates the roles of the legislature, executive and judiciary. The federal government is the top most source of political authority despite that Germany has municipalities and states. The strong federal system has enabled the country to have a centralized rule for the formulation of fiscal, defence, monetary, internal security and legal policies. ...
IMF Fiscal Monitor: Policies to support people during the COVID-19 pandemicTatianaApostolovich
The COVID-19 pandemic has struck against the backdrop of a preexisting sluggish global growth outlook, with low inflation and nominal interest rates. The pandemic has elevated the need for fiscal policy action to an unprecedented level. This issue of the Fiscal Monitor discusses the role of fiscal policy to save lives, protect the most-affected people and firms from income losses, unemployment, and bankruptcies, and reduce the likelihood that the pandemic results in a deep, long-lasting slump.
Economies across the world have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and St. Maarten is no exception. The necessary measures of closing the borders in order to control the spread of the virus has resulted in a practical halt of all economic activities on the island. The foremost effected are all economic activities that are directly related to tourism; the so called frontline or first tier. Depending on the source and what is considered “directly related, indirect and induced”, tourism accounts for 50 - 80 % of the GDP of St. Maarten. This further cements the need for substantial financial injection considering the current dilemma.
The severity of the economic and social impact can be considered even more profound than others in the region or internationally as the country finds itself in the recovery phase after Hurricanes Irma and Maria, which devasted the island in September 2017. There is already a high level of uncertainty, which is further exacerbated by not knowing how long this pandemic will last and how long it will take the global tourism sector to start recovering. This coupled with St. Maarten heading into its low season and hurricane season, puts the island in a vulnerable position.
The government acknowledges that it is imperative that adequate measures are taken to absorb the economic and social impact of this new shock and to achieve a rapid recovery of the economy. Businesses that are severely affected will need financial assistance and for those who risk losing their jobs, the creation of a social safety net is essential. These measures are presented and outlined in more detail below.
The Government of St. Maarten has put much effort into following the guidelines set forth by CFT for the budget 2020, but it is clear that the budget cannot finance the measures necessary to safeguard the health of the population, avoid social unrest and disruption of the already fragile economy. St. Maarten has implemented all measures in their power up until this point, however we need the support of The Netherlands.
Monetary Measures by European Central Bank under Covid PeriodsDr. Amarjeet Singh
To run the euro-region economy easily (saving from the awful impacts of crown), the European Central Bank (ECB) has reported countless measures since the start of the COVID-19 emergency. This reaction has set off apprehensions of a future expansion in swelling. We presume that the measures presented by the ECB during the emergency and the subsequent expansion in the size of its asset report, regardless of whether it were to be lasting, may prompt inflation. Central banks have found a way to keep their economies above water during the COVID-19 lockdowns. In the euro region, the European Central Bank (ECB) has facilitated essentially the states of its renegotiating activities and has reported another resource buy program to guarantee that its financial approach keeps on being very much communicated to all nations of the money related association. The European Central Bank worked by making cash and proficiently supplanting the credit framework by subbing cash for credit which may get terrible impacts the since quite a while ago run.
This study aims to explain the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of changes in indirect taxes brought about in response to COVID-19. We study whether the tax relief provided for in the federal budget for fiscal year 2020-21 was effective in providing relief to private enterprises and the trade sector. We also study whether production subsidies granted during the first wave of COVID-19 were effectively able to support firms in the agricultural sector. This assessment allows us to draw lessons that may be useful for designing tax benefit policies amid future waves of the pandemic or during other emergency times.
Every month, Atradius brings you an up to the minute snapshot report on a range of export markets and key trade sectors. Our underwriters have a specialist view of the world economy – and the industries that make that economy tick - that you won’t find in the general press coverage of events.
Even more importantly, our underwriters use their expertise and experience to look to the future. In each edition of Atradius Market Monitor you’ll find our outlook for a number of key market economies.
In this issue…
…we feature the following markets:
The Netherlands – with a spotlight on construction and transport industry sectors
Spain – with a spotlight on construction and automotive industry sectors
United States of America
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Poland
Indonesia
As the global financial crisis entered its most dramatic phase, in the second half of 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), many governments and several distinguished scholars advocated expansionary fiscal olicy as the second most effective tool (after monetary stimulus) to fight deep recession and deflation. Now, more than a year later, the previous excitement surrounding the supposed power of fiscal stimulus largely disappeared and instead has been replaced by ising concerns over the sustainability of public finances in many countries. Unfortunately, the previous enthusiasts of the active counter‐cyclical fiscal policy have not always realized the causality between the two.
Authored by: Marek Dąbrowski
Published in 2009
How to avoid the collapse of the brazilian economy with the new coronavirus a...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that there is a solution to avoid the collapse of the Brazilian economy as a result of the new Coronavirus and how to resume economic growth in Brazil after the spread of the virus. This article also shows why the Bolsonaro government does not adopt the strategies proposed in this article, which is explained by the fact that its economy minister is not competent enough to face the biggest economic crisis in the history of Brazil and for being a fundamentalist of neoliberalism for not to admit government intervention in the economy.
Covid-19 Following Up On The Immediate Economic Responseaakash malhotra
With india going under a complete lockdown for over a month now, industries and government needs to brace themselves in order to fight against the consequences of covid-19. Right from protecting jobs to supporting different sectors to minimise the impact, there are a lot of preparatory measures that are already under process.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1857
increase of 480,000 compared to 2019, while the number of part-time workers increased by 363,0002
.
The German Government is taking all necessary measures with economic and fiscal policy to quickly stabilize
the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. In order to ensure economic growth and employment
during the pandemic, Federal Ministers Scholz and Altmaier considered measures to increase the liquidity of
firms and enterprises. The German Government is taking clear and urgent emergency measures in response to
the challenges posed by the coronavirus to get the economy back on track. This is being done in close
coordination with the federal states, as well as with European and International partners of Germany.
The German government is quickly and decisively taking all necessary measures for workers and companies that
have been affected in order to be prepared for all the economic consequences of the coronavirus crisis.
Compensation for reduced working (Kurzarbeit)3
The German Government is expanding its short-time work (Kurzarbeit) schedule. Compensation for short-time
work is paid to workers by official employment agencies as a partial compensation for wages lost due to labor
shortages during a pandemic. As a result, it reduces employers’ wage costs and allows them to employ their
employees even in times of labor shortage.
Workers receive 60% of their net income for 1-3 months (67% for workers with children), 70% from 4 months
(77% for workers with children), and up to 80% from 7 months (87% for workers with children), as
compensation for short-time work. In this way, German short-time work schedule allows workers to avoid
layoffs due to labor shortages during a pandemic. This opportunityis especially important for medium and small
engineering companies, which are very specific to the German economy. Applications for the short-tirm work
schedule are submitted by companies, not their employees. This privilege is available from March 1, 2020. In
this regard, the following simplified conditions have been introduced for the use of compensation benefits for
short-time work:
In order for workers to claim compensation for short-time work, a job shortage in a company must affect 10
percent of employees (instead of the usual 33 percent).
This benefit lasts for a maximum of 24 months.
When using a short-time work scheme, the social insurance contributions paid by employers are fully
reimbursed by the Federal Employment Agency.
This opportunity is also provided for temporary agency employees. Temporary work agencies can report
work shortages to the government immediately.
In Germany, the second wave of COVID-19 began in late October, 2020, and in order to support enterprises in
such a situation, the implementation of the short-time work program was extended until 31 December, 2021.
Table № 1 The share of firms in each sector operating in Germany under the short-timework
program (Kurzarbeit) by December 20204
Gastronomy
Accommodation
Motorvehicles
Aviation
Travel
agencies,
touroperators
Personnelrecruitment
Clothingmanafacturing
Creative,
artists,
entertainmentmaskanlari
Furnituremanufacturing
Metal
production
and
processing
Education
and
teaching
Shipping
Publishing
Retail
99% 97% 94% 91% 90% 83% 82% 82% 80% 73% 64% 63% 63% 62%
Source: Institute for Economic research
2
https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/deutschland-corona-arbeitslose-101.html
3
Corona und Kurzarbeit: Was ArbeitnehmerInnen und Betriebsräte wissen müssen.
URL: https://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++a94a239e-6a99-11ea-bab2-52540088cada
4
https://www.dw.com/en/why-germanys-reduced-hours-scheme-wont-work-long-term/a-53377212
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1858
Table № 2 The number of workers employed in Germany under a short-time work program for the
period from March 2020 to January 20215
March
(2020)
April
(2020)
May
(2020)
June
(2020)
July
(2020)
August
(2020)
September
(2020)
October
(2020)
November(2020)
December
(2020)
January
(2021)
2.834.310
6.006.765
5.726.323
4.464.299
3.318.830
2.550.769
2.046.612
1.801.791
1.981.805
2.200.000
2.600.000
Source: Federal Employment Agency; ifo Institute
In order to increase the liquidity of enterprises during the coronavirus pandemic, it was planned to give tax-
related assistance. In agreement with the high-income authorities of the German Federal States, the Federal
Ministry of Finance has taken tax reduction measures to support the affected taxpayers.
Tax Delay: If businesses are unable to pay the taxes of 2020 as a result of the economic impact of the
coronavirus pandemic, they may apply for a temporary interest-free delay in those payments. Businesses can
submit applications to the relevant tax authorities by 31 December, 2020.
Confirmation of delays is not subject to strict conditions. Businesses are required to explain that the pandemic
has a direct impact, but they do not have to document the amount of economic damage in detail. This supports
the liquidity of taxpayers as the deadline for payment of taxes is delayed. This measure applies to income tax,
corporate tax and VAT.
Tax prepayments: Companies, sole proprietors and freelancers can also make adjustments to the amount of their
income tax and corporate taxes prepayments. The same applies to the amount of base tax used to determine
prepayments for sales tax. They can do this by filing an application with the relevant tax authorities. As soon as
it becomes clear that taxpayer income will be lower than expected before the coronavirus pandemic this year, tax
prepayment will be reduced quickly and simply. This increases their liquidity.
Suspension of Compulsory Measures: Measures to enforce the payment of overdue taxes have been repealed
until the end of 2020. Fines for deferred payments were also abolished during this period in accordance with the
legislation. This applies to income tax, corporate tax and VAT.
The customs administration, which administers import VAT, energy duties and aviation taxes, has offered a
similar exemption. This exemption also applies to insurance taxes and VAT administered by the Federal Tax
Administration.
Facilitate the production of disinfectants: Demand for disinfectants has increased dramatically since the onset of
the coronavirus pandemic. The Federal Ministry of Finance has now taken steps to exempt pharmacies from the
alcohol tax for the production of disinfectants.
The German Government is taking decisive and targeted measures to support the economy during the pandemic.
In the emergency meeting,the largest aid money in its history was planned. In this way, the government is
creating a protective shield for workers, individual entrepreneurs and businesses.
Additional budgets for overcoming the economic crisis: The German Federal government has adopted two
additional budgets to address the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and to finance appropriate measures:
156 billion euros in March 2020 (4.9% of GDP) and 130 billion euros (4% of GDP) in June 2020.
These additional budgets have been funded to boost the country’s economic recovery by stimulating
consumption as well as private and public investment, especially green and digital technologies. Investment
grants from these additional budgetsare provided to financially support the creation of an environmentally
friendly industrial program - the production of electric cars, electric buses and electric trucks, environmentally
friendly sources of energy and fuel for shipbuilding and aviation.
5
https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/2603/umfrage/entwicklung-des-bestands-an-kurzarbeitern/
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1859
Immediate assistance program (Soforthilfe) for small businesses, self-employed individuals and freelancers6
:
The Federation is setting up a €50 billion immediate assistance program (Soforthilfe) to support small
businesses, freelancers, and the self-employed. These funds will be used to provide one-time grants to cover
operating costs for three months. The grants do not have to be paid back and are designed to involve as little red
tape as possible. This federal program supplements other program that have already been adopted by the Länder.
For this reason, Länder authorities will be responsible for handling all applications in order to ensure uniform
procedures. The Länder will soon announce which specific authorities are responsible for processing
applications in each respective Land. The immediate assistance program provides for the following grants:
Self-employed persons and businesses with up to five employees will receive up to 9,000 euros
Self-employed persons and businesses with up to 10 employees will receive up to 15,000 euros
Requirements: All firms and sole proprietors must prove that they did not face economic hardships before the
coronavirus pandemic and that they faced problems only after 11 March, 2020. The Government, of course, does
not want to artificially extend the life of non-competitive firms at the expense of taxpayers. Up to 3 million small
businesses were expected to benefit from this type of assistance.
Comprehensive measures to support the real economy: protecting businesses, employees and jobs: The German
government is establishing an Economic Stabilization Fund that is targeted in particular towards large companies
and that will be equipped to provide large-scale assistance. The fund supplements the liquidity assistance
programs that have already been adopted as part of KfW’s special programs. The fund encompasses:
€100 billion for equity measures
€400 billion for guarantees
Up to €100 billion to refinance existing KfW special programes
A multibillion-euro assistance program will be set up at KfW, a government-owned promotional bank, for
the purpose of providing businesses, self-employed people and freelancers with liquidity. To this end, KfW
is making an unlimited volume of credit available through various loan program. This will ease the situation
particularly for small and medium-sized firms that are experiencing financial difficulties through no fault of
their own. Affected companies can access KfW loans via their primary bank. If necessary, they can also
access guarantee instruments via their primary bank.
Measures of Federal states to support small and medium enterprises7
: North Rhine-Westphalia's largest federal
state by population has decided to pay up to 25,000 euros to companies with up to 50 employees in addition to
the program of the German Government. To take advantage of such a benefit, the revenue of a company must
have been reduced by at least 50 percent or temporarily closed due to pandemic measures.
The lands of Baden-Württemberg are also ready to pay a one-time fee of up to 30 thousand euros to enterprises
of this size. In Bavaria, a similar amount can be demanded by firms with up to 250 employees. The state of
Brandenburg has decided to provide 60,000 euros to companies with up to 100,000 employees. It is also planned
to provide small and medium business owners in all states with various temporary tax incentives.
Table № 3 Billions of euros in aid programs for businesses and companies
Programs
Additional
budgets8
Immediate
assistanceprogram
(Soforthilfe)
EconomicStabilization
Fund (WSF)9 All federalstates
Allocated
funds
156 billioneuros
50 billioneuros 600 billioneuros 200 billioneuros
130 billioneuros
Forms
Total Government
spending
Grants
(worth 9000 and
15000 euros)
Credit Guarantees, Capital
Measures, KFW programs
Grants and
guarantees
Source: Formed by the author
6
Soforthilfen für kleine Betriebe und Selbstständige–50 Milliarden Euro auf den Weg gebracht. März 2020.
https://www.e-commerce-magazin.de/soforthilfen-fuer-kleine-unternehmen-und-selbststaendige-50-milliarden-euro-
auf-den-weg-gebracht/
7
URL: https://www.techfounders.com/wp-content/uploads/State_measures_Financial_Aid.pdf
8
«Социальная политика в зарубежных странах в условиях пандемии» В.Трубин, Н.Николаева, Т.Санишвили,
В.Тарасова. 2020г. Aналитический центр при правительстве Pоссийской Федерации.
9
BundesministeriumfürWirtschaftundEnergie. Wirtschaftsstabilisierungsfonds. April 2020 .
https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Artikel/Wirtschaft/Corona-Virus/unterstuetzungsmassnahmen-faq-08.html
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1860
Also in the second wave of the coronavirus pandemic, Merkel promised economic support to companies affected
by the new quarantine measures. 75% of the income of companies with up to 50 employees and individual
entrepreneurs was supported by the state. Large companies have also relied on an EU-level financial assistance
mechanism10
.
Joint European Crisis Management. National protection measures during the pandemic in many EU member
states have led to some restrictions and economic damage. The German Government supports multilateral
cooperation at the European level in order to ensure the internal market within the European Union, free
movement in the Schengen area, as well as transport and logistics infrastructure as much as possible. Such
cooperation brings relief to all countries in the European Union during a pandemic.
In order to jointly protect the European Economy, the Finance Ministers of the 27 member states have agreed on
a 540 billion euros “Support package”11
to support member states that have suffered the most economic damage
during the coronavirus pandemic. The agreement will make an important contribution to the solidarity-based
overall response of Europe to coronavirus pandemic.
Table № 3 EU Support package
Fund allocator Allocated funds Users
European Stability Mechanism
(ESM).
As a precaution
240 billion euros.
EU member states
European Investment Bank (EIB)
To increase liquidity
200 billion euros.
Small and medium business
Support to mitigate Unemployment
Risks in an Emergency (SURE)
100 billion euros to encourage
short-time work to protect jobs.
Employees and Companies
Source: Federal Ministry of Finance
During the pandemic, the German Government revived not only its economy, but also initiated a 750 billion
euros “Next Generation EU”12
program with France to help the European economy emerge from the deep
economic crisis.
Strengthening international cooperation13
. The Federal Government has been working closely with partner
countries within the G7 and G20. On 26 March, 2020, G20 leaders said they would take all necessary measures
to minimize the economic and social damage caused by the pandemic, restore global growth, maintain market
stability and use all available political tools. More than 5 trillion14
dollar is planned to be spent on the global
economy through targeted fiscal and economic measures to address the social, economic and financial
consequences of the pandemic.
Measures to combat coronavirus in Uzbekistan
Immediately after the detection of coronavirus diseases, the Anti-Crisis Fund was established in Uzbekistan and
its value amounted to 10 trillion soums (1 billion dollar). The fund provided financial support to the health care
system, social infrastructure, the population and businesses. During these and other years, more than 500,000
entrepreneurs and more than 8 million citizens were provided with benefits worth 3 billion dollar, and an
additional 225 thousand dollar were allocated to increase social benefits, financial assistance and employment
Particular attention was paid to low-income families. 79 thousand dollars were allocated to support more than
590,000 families, and about 300,000 able-bodied members of families were employed. An initial payment for
housing was made for more than a thousand women in difficult living conditions. As part of the state program to
provide affordable housing, more than 13,000 people received new apartments. In general, state support for
business and the economy has allowed employeesto maintain their wages.
10
«Вторая волна будет тяжелее первой»: Франция и Германия уходят на карантин
URL: https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2020/10/29_a_13338499.shtml?updated
11
540 Milliarden Euro gegen Corona – EU beschließt erste Nothilfe. URL: https://www.handelsblatt.com/folgen-der-
pandemie-540-milliarden-euro-gegen-corona-eu-beschliesst-erste-nothilfe/25736758.html
12
Europäische Komission. NextGenerationEU. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery-plan-europe_de
13
Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung zur Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie und zur Bewältigung ihrer Folgen.
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975226/1747726/0bbb9147be95465e9e845e9418634b93/2020-04-27-
zwbilanz-corona-data.pdf
14
G-20 investieren fünf Billionen Dollar in Weltwirtschaft. URL: https://www.sn.at/politik/weltpolitik/g-20-investieren-
fuenf-billionen-dollar-in-weltwirtschaft-85412650
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1861
To minimize the damage done to the economy
(primarily small and medium-sized businesses), the
state assumed a large portion of the economic and
financial costs during the pandemic. 215 thousand
dollars of tax benefits were provided to sectors of the
economy and 337 thousand dollars were allocated
from the Anti-Crisis Fund to support them. Therefore,
the economy of Uzbekistan has suffered less than the
economies of many other countries. By the end of
2020, Uzbekistan has managed to stabilize
production, employment and incomes.
The World Bank estimates that the economy of
Uzbekistan will grow by 1.6 percent by the end of
2020, and according to 2021 forecast of the IMF, the
economy of Uzbekistan will grow by 5.5 percent.
Thus, the Government’s policy to reduce the negative
effects of the pandemic to increase the welfare of the
people has fully justified itself and has been effective.
Based on the analysis of the measures taken by the
German Government to support the economy during
the coronavirus pandemic, the following conclusions
can be drawn:
Germany used the short-time work program
(Kurzarbeit) during the global financial crisis of
2008-09 as well. Among the G9 countries, an
increase in unemployment in 2009 was not
observed in only Germany and there was a rapid
economic recovery after the crisis.The program is
also widely used during the coronavirus pandemic
and prevents rising unemployment in the country
and saves companies’ the costly and time-
consuming process of re-employment and training
by helping them retain skilled workers, to whom
they spent money on training. In particular, large
companies such as Lufthansa, BMW,
Volkswagen and Daimler have been using this
program to retain qualified employees. Even
though the number of unemployed in Germany
peaked at more than 2.9 million15
in July (2020)
and December (2021), this is a better result than
the forecast made by the Employment Research
Institute (IAB) for 202016
and among EU
countries;
all individual entrepreneurs and companies
affected by the coronavirus pandemic have
received tax benefits. In 2020 and 2021, the
15
URL:https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1239/u
mfrage/aktuelle-arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-
monatsdurchschnittswerte/
16
IAB-Prognose für 2020 und 2021: Arbeitsmarkt auf
schwierigem Erholungskurs
URL:https://www.iab.de/de/informationsservice/presse/pre
sseinformationen/kb1920.aspx
amount of current tax compensation was doubled
to a maximum of 10 million euros (or 20 million
euros in total). In order to provide immediate
assistance, in particular, to restaurants, cafes and
other catering establishments, the VAT rate on
food was reduced from 19% to 7%17
and the
validity period was extended until 31 December,
2022;
immediate assistance program
(Soforthilfe)received 1,737,549 applications from
small businesses, sole proprietors and freelancers
on June 30, 2020, amounting to 13.5 billion
euros18
;
the EU Support package has been helping small
and medium-sized enterprises in Germanysurvive
the pandemic. The German Commission and the
European Investment Bank (EIB) welcomed the
initiative to mobilize up to 8 billion euros in
working capital to 100,000 European firms
backed by the EU budget. Germany has also
supported their efforts to increase this amount to
20 billion euros, which includes 150,000 firms19
;
As a result of the analysis, the following
recommendations were made:
the use of the German experience to further
support small and medium-sized businesses in
Uzbekistan during the pandemic and to prevent
the growth of unemployment can lead to effective
results. For example, depending on the number of
employees in the companies, the allocation of
one-time grants and loans, as well as the payment
of compensation for reduced work, based on the
family status of the employee20
;
the labor market is the area most affected by the
crisis, where the Government's efforts should be
focused on the creation of jobs, as well as the
promotion of entrepreneurial activities of citizens.
Creating conditions and opportunities for low-
income people and increasing economic activity
are sensible approaches in terms of solving the
problem of poverty;
supporting workers in the informal sector, as well
as, migrant workers with including them in the
17
URL: https://www.ihk-muenchen.de/de/Service/Recht-
und-Steuern/Steuerrecht/Corona-und-Steuern/
18
URL:https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Monatsbe
richte/2020/07/Inhalte/Kapitel-3-Analysen/3-1-
ueberbrueckungshilfe.html
19
URL:https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/deta
il/en/ip_20_569
20
URL:https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-
releases/2020/03/16/statement-on-covid-19-economic-
policy-response/
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD45182 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 1862
social protection system is a long-term priority of
social policy in Uzbekistan;
the focus on the further development of
digitalization of the economy in our country has
allowed not only to adapt to the pandemic period,
but also to form new businesses after the
pandemic;
it is very important for countries to work together
to combat the pandemic and to strengthen
international cooperation in order to quickly and
effectively overcome the post-pandemic
economic crisis and ensure economic stability.
Bibliography
[1] DESTATIS. Bruttoinlandsprodukt im Jahr2020
um 5,0 % gesunken.
URL:https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Presse
mitteilungen/2021/01/PD21_020_811.html
[2] URL:https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/deu
tschland-corona-arbeitslose-101.html
[3] Bundesfinanzministerium der Finanzen. Corona
Schutzschild für
Deutschland.URL:https://www.bundesfinanzmi
nisterium.de/Content/DE/Standardartikel/Them
en/Schlaglichter/Corona-Schutzschild/2020-03-
13-Milliarden-Schutzschild-fuer-
Deutschland.htm
[4] URL:https://www.dw.com/en/why-germanys-
reduced-hours-scheme-wont-work-long-term/a-
53377212
[5] URL:https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studi
e/2603/umfrage/entwicklung-des-bestands-an-
kurzarbeitern/
[6] Bundesfinanzministerium der Finanzen.
Steuerliche Hilfen für Unternehmen und
Beschäftigte. 19.03.2021.
URL:https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/
Content/DE/Standardartikel/Themen/Schlaglich
ter/Corona-Schutzschild/2020-03-19-
steuerliche-Massnahmen.html
[7] Kampf gegen Corona: Größtes Hilfspaket des
Bundes in der Geschichte Deutschlands.
30.11.2020.
URL:https://publicus.boorberg.de/kampf-
gegen-corona-groesstes-hilfspaket-des-bundes-
in-der-geschichte-deutschlands/
[8] Soforthilfen für kleine Betriebe und
Selbstständige–50 Milliarden Euro auf den
Weg gebracht. März 2020. URL:https://www.e-
commerce-magazin.de/soforthilfen-fuer-kleine-
unternehmen-und-selbststaendige-50-
milliarden-euro-auf-den-weg-gebracht/
[9] URL:https://www.techfounders.com/wpcontent
/uploads/State_measures_Financial_Aid.pdf
[10] «Социальная политика в зарубежных
странах в условиях пандемии» В.Трубин,
Н.Николаева, Т.Санишвили, В.Тарасова.
2020г. Aналитический центр при
правительстве Pоссийской Федерации.
[11] Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und
Energie. Wirtschaftsstabilisierungsfonds.
URL:https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Arti
kel/Wirtschaft/Corona-
Virus/unterstuetzungsmassnahmen-faq-08.html
[12] «Вторая волна будет тяжелее первой»:
Франция и Германия
URL:https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2020/10/29
_a_13338499.shtml?updated
[13] 540 Milliarden Euro gegen Corona – EU
beschließt erste Nothilfe. URL:
https://www.handelsblatt.com/folgen-der-
pandemie-540-milliarden-euro-gegen-corona-
eu-beschliesst-erste-nothilfe/25736758.html
[14] Europäische Komission. NextGenerationEU.
URL:https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/recovery
-plan-europe_de
[15] Maßnahmen der Bundesregierung zur
Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie und zur
Bewältigung ihrer Folgen.
https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/
975226/1747726/0bbb9147be95465e9e845e94
18634b93/2020-04-27-zwbilanz-corona-
data.pdf
[16] G-20 investieren fünf Billionen Dollar in
Weltwirtschaft. URL:
https://www.sn.at/politik/weltpolitik/g-20-
investieren-fuenf-billionen-dollar-in-
weltwirtschaft-85412650
[17] URL:https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studi
e/1239/umfrage/aktuelle-arbeitslosenquote-in-
deutschland-monatsdurchschnittswerte/
[18] IAB-Prognose für 2020 und 2021: Arbeitsmarkt
auf schwierigem
ErholungskursURL:https://www.iab.de/de/infor
mationsservice/presse/presseinformationen/kb1
920.aspx
[19] URL: https://www.ihk-
muenchen.de/de/Service/Recht-und-
Steuern/Steuerrecht/Corona-und-Steuern/
[20] URL:https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/
Monatsberichte/2020/07/Inhalte/Kapitel-3-
Analysen/3-1-ueberbrueckungshilfe.html
[21] URL:https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscor
ner/detail/en/ip_20_5
[22] URL:https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press
/press-releases/2020/03/16/statement-on-covid-
19-economic-policy-response/