This document summarizes a physics lecture on fluid mechanics. It discusses key topics like fluid statics, fluid dynamics, density, pressure, hydrostatic equilibrium, pressure dependence on depth, Pascal's principle, and pressure gauges. Measurement tools like manometers and mercury barometers are also covered. The lecture provides essential information about concepts and calculations in fluid mechanics.
It is basically on SATS (saturation aging tensile stiffness test) and surface energy and its measurement techniques.Mostly helpful for the CIVIL engineering students.
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
It is basically on SATS (saturation aging tensile stiffness test) and surface energy and its measurement techniques.Mostly helpful for the CIVIL engineering students.
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
What is Viscosity?
A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow.
or
Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities.
What is Surface Tension?
“Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Surface tension is an important property that markedly influences the ecosystem.”
or
“Surface tension is measured as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area.”
or
“surface tension is often expressed as an amount of force exerted in the surface perpendicular to a line of unit length.”
Surface Tension
Surface Tension in Detail
Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet
Surface Tension on Hollow Droplet
Surface Tension on Liquid Jet
Capillary
Expression for Capillary Rise
Expression for Capillary Fall
Sources
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
Measuring the Surface Tension of Water by Light Diffraction on Capillary WavesSEENET-MTP
The SEENET-MTP Seminar: Trends in Modern Physics
19–21 August 2011, Niš, Serbia
Talk by Ljubisa Nesic (Faculty of Science and Mathetamtics, Univ. of Nis)
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
This is the PowerPoint presentation for students of grade 10. Here you will get a chance to know about the Laws of pressure, liquid pressure, Upthrust, Archimede's Principle, Density and Thermometer. Everything is briefly explained as notes with proper experimental verification, examples, and some other interesting facts about this lesson.
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
What is Viscosity?
A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow.
or
Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities.
What is Surface Tension?
“Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Surface tension is an important property that markedly influences the ecosystem.”
or
“Surface tension is measured as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area.”
or
“surface tension is often expressed as an amount of force exerted in the surface perpendicular to a line of unit length.”
Surface Tension
Surface Tension in Detail
Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet
Surface Tension on Hollow Droplet
Surface Tension on Liquid Jet
Capillary
Expression for Capillary Rise
Expression for Capillary Fall
Sources
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
Measuring the Surface Tension of Water by Light Diffraction on Capillary WavesSEENET-MTP
The SEENET-MTP Seminar: Trends in Modern Physics
19–21 August 2011, Niš, Serbia
Talk by Ljubisa Nesic (Faculty of Science and Mathetamtics, Univ. of Nis)
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
This is the PowerPoint presentation for students of grade 10. Here you will get a chance to know about the Laws of pressure, liquid pressure, Upthrust, Archimede's Principle, Density and Thermometer. Everything is briefly explained as notes with proper experimental verification, examples, and some other interesting facts about this lesson.
This presentation contains the Fluid flow chapter of Pharmaceutical engineering. This chapter include the definition of flow of fluid, Reynolds number, Bernollis therom, Manometers, Fluid flow measuring equipment's and applications.
Pressure and Pressure head is one of the major branch in Fluid Mechanics Engineering. It includes Pascal's and Hydro static law, which are the basic of Fluid Mechanics.
1. PHYSICS 203L1 LECTURE
First Semester 2012-2013
Group III - CE31FA1
Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City
2. FLUID MECHANICS
• Fluid Statics
– Study of fluids at rest in equilibrium situations.
• Fluid Dynamics
– Study of fluids in motion.
3. FLUIDS
• Any substance that is free-flowing.
• Include liquids and gases.
• Non-rigid bodies.
4. DENSITY
•M a s s p e r u n i t
v o l u me
•C o n s t a n t f o r
e v e r y s u b s t a n c e
•S I U N I T = k g /m 3
m
V
5.
6. • Wh i c h h a s a
g r e a t e r De n s i t y ?
Go l d B a r
Go l d Ri n g
7. Specific Gravity (“Relative Density”)
•Ratio of a material’s density to the
density of water at 4 oC.
ρwater @ 4 °C = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3
Specific Gravity = Material
Water
11. HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM
• Net force on the fluid is zero
• i.e. Equal pressures on opposite directions.
• i.e. Pressure difference gives rise to a net force.
12. Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
• Example of compressive fluid pressure.
• Due to the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Roughly constant near the surface of the earth.
Patm 1atm 1.013 bar 14 .7 psi
13.
14. PRESSURE DEPENDENCE
• Pressure varies with depth.
• Assumption:
• Density is constant.
• Acceleration due to gravity is
constant.
• Fluid is in equilibrium.
16. Fy 0
PA (P dP)A dW 0
Recall : dW dmg;dm ρdV; dV Ady
Therefore: dW ρdVg ρAgdy
So :
PA (P dP) ρgdy 0
P P dP ρgdy 0
dP ρgdy
dP
ρg
dy
17. PRESSURE DEPENDENCE
In a fluid of constant density, take two points
p, at y1, from the bottom and p2 at y2 from
the bottom:
dP ρgdy To Generalize:
po y2
p = po + ρgh
dP ρgdy
p y1
p 2 p1 ρg(y2 y1 )
p 2 p1 ρgh
p1 p 2 ρgh
18. Measured from below the
surface; upward
positive.
Measured from the
surface; downward
negative
Measured from the
surface; downward
positive
19. The pressure p at a depth h is greater than the
pressure po at the same level in the fluid.
20. • Gauge Pressure
– Excess pressure above the atmospheric pressure.
p gauge p p atm
• Absolute Pressure
– Actual Pressure
21. PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
• “Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of the fluid and the
walls of the containing vessel.
Hydraulic Lift
F1 F2
p
A2 A2
22. PRESSURE GAUGES
Open-tube Manometer
•The U-shaped tube contains a liquid
often water or mercury.
•Left end is connected to a container
where the pressure will be
measured
•Right end is open to the atmosphere.
p ρgy patm ρgy2
p patm ρg(y2 y1 ) ρgh
23.
24. PRESSURE GAUGES
• Mercury Barometer
• Of a long glass tube, closed
at one end, that has to filled
with mercury and then
inverted in a dish of mercury.
• Space above the mercury
column contains mercury
vapor (pressure is very
small).
• The mercury barometer
reads the atmospheric
pressure directly from the
height of the mercury
column