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Glaciers are rivers of ice that move slowly, while ice sheets are masses of glacier ice greater than 50,000 square kilometers covering surrounding land. Glaciers form where annual snowfall exceeds melting and certain climatic conditions exist, allowing more snow to accumulate than melt each summer. Ice sheets only exist in Antarctica and Greenland, where winter snow does not fully melt by summer. Approximately three quarters of Earth's freshwater is stored as glaciers and ice sheets, which are the largest freshwater reservoirs on the planet.
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Climate change and polar regions
The effect of human ecological footprint is not only limited to tropical and temperate regions but we can also see climate changes in polar regions despite the fact that there is very less human interference but still the consequences are disastrous.
POLAR REGION
The polar regions have a polar climate characterized by lack of warm summers, with average monthly temperatures below 10°C. They cover over 20% of the Earth's surface and result in treeless tundra, glaciers, or permanent ice layers. Precipitation is also very low due to cold air's inability to hold much water vapor, with some areas receiving under 10 inches annually like subtropical deserts. Housing must be built on poles driven into the frozen permafrost ground, while inhabitants live in igloos or skin tents depending on the season.
Types of Rainfall
There are three main types of precipitation formation: convectional, frontal, and orographic. Convectional precipitation occurs when warm air rises due to surface heating or ocean currents, cooling and releasing moisture. Frontal precipitation happens at the boundary of warm and cold air masses, where the warmer air is forced aloft, cools, and condenses its moisture. Orographic precipitation is caused by moist air rising over mountains near coastlines, cooling adiabatically and dropping its moisture as rain or snow.
Type of rainfall (Hydrology)
This document discusses different types of rainfall including artificial/cloud seeding rainfall, convective rainfall, orographic rainfall, frontal rainfall, and cyclonic rainfall. It provides details on the formation process for each type. Artificial rainfall involves using chemicals to stimulate condensation and seed clouds. Convective rainfall occurs from heating of the earth's surface and rapid changes in intensity. Orographic rainfall is caused when air is forced upwards over mountains, cooling and condensing. Frontal rainfall occurs when warm and cold air masses meet along a front. Cyclonic rainfall is associated with low pressure systems and occurs along fronts with the meeting of different air masses.
Types of rainfall
The document describes three types of rainfall formation: orographic, convective, and frontal. Orographic rainfall occurs when warm, moist air is forced over high land, rises, cools, condenses into clouds, and precipitates. Convective rainfall involves warm air rising due to sun heating the ground, cooling and condensing into cumulonimbus clouds that produce heavy rain storms with thunder and lightning. Frontal rainfall is caused when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass, the warm air is forced over the cold air, condenses where the two air masses meet, forming clouds and precipitation.
Types of Rain
This document discusses different types of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet, and freezing rain. It explains the formation processes of each type. There are five main types of precipitation:
1. Rain, which develops when cloud droplets become too heavy to remain suspended and fall to the surface. It can also form when snowflakes melt while falling through warmer air.
2. Snow, which is formed from ice crystals that develop directly from water vapor in clouds.
3. Hail, which forms when raindrops are carried by updrafts into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere where they freeze into clumps that fall to earth.
4. Sleet, which is frozen
The climate of kiev kravchuk
Kyiv has a temperate continental climate with mild winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature is 8.4°C, with the highest in July at 20.5°C and the lowest in January at 3.5°C. Total annual sunshine is 1927 hours. Precipitation averages 619 mm per year and humidity is often high, around 75% annually and 65% in summer, 80-90% in winter. Kyiv sits on seven hills which causes temperature variations within the city.
Julienne Stroeve - Hielo marino y clima
El 12 de noviembre de 2015 dedicamos una jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces a analizar la actual situación del Ártico. El Simposio Internacional se ocupó de las oportunidades y riesgos derivados del cambio climático. En este encuentro participaron expertos de Canadá, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Noruega, Suecia, Alemania, Portugal y España.
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Climate change and polar regions
The effect of human ecological footprint is not only limited to tropical and temperate regions but we can also see climate changes in polar regions despite the fact that there is very less human interference but still the consequences are disastrous.
POLAR REGION
The polar regions have a polar climate characterized by lack of warm summers, with average monthly temperatures below 10°C. They cover over 20% of the Earth's surface and result in treeless tundra, glaciers, or permanent ice layers. Precipitation is also very low due to cold air's inability to hold much water vapor, with some areas receiving under 10 inches annually like subtropical deserts. Housing must be built on poles driven into the frozen permafrost ground, while inhabitants live in igloos or skin tents depending on the season.
Types of Rainfall
There are three main types of precipitation formation: convectional, frontal, and orographic. Convectional precipitation occurs when warm air rises due to surface heating or ocean currents, cooling and releasing moisture. Frontal precipitation happens at the boundary of warm and cold air masses, where the warmer air is forced aloft, cools, and condenses its moisture. Orographic precipitation is caused by moist air rising over mountains near coastlines, cooling adiabatically and dropping its moisture as rain or snow.
Type of rainfall (Hydrology)
This document discusses different types of rainfall including artificial/cloud seeding rainfall, convective rainfall, orographic rainfall, frontal rainfall, and cyclonic rainfall. It provides details on the formation process for each type. Artificial rainfall involves using chemicals to stimulate condensation and seed clouds. Convective rainfall occurs from heating of the earth's surface and rapid changes in intensity. Orographic rainfall is caused when air is forced upwards over mountains, cooling and condensing. Frontal rainfall occurs when warm and cold air masses meet along a front. Cyclonic rainfall is associated with low pressure systems and occurs along fronts with the meeting of different air masses.
Types of rainfall
The document describes three types of rainfall formation: orographic, convective, and frontal. Orographic rainfall occurs when warm, moist air is forced over high land, rises, cools, condenses into clouds, and precipitates. Convective rainfall involves warm air rising due to sun heating the ground, cooling and condensing into cumulonimbus clouds that produce heavy rain storms with thunder and lightning. Frontal rainfall is caused when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass, the warm air is forced over the cold air, condenses where the two air masses meet, forming clouds and precipitation.
Types of Rain
This document discusses different types of precipitation including rain, snow, hail, sleet, and freezing rain. It explains the formation processes of each type. There are five main types of precipitation:
1. Rain, which develops when cloud droplets become too heavy to remain suspended and fall to the surface. It can also form when snowflakes melt while falling through warmer air.
2. Snow, which is formed from ice crystals that develop directly from water vapor in clouds.
3. Hail, which forms when raindrops are carried by updrafts into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere where they freeze into clumps that fall to earth.
4. Sleet, which is frozen
The climate of kiev kravchuk
Kyiv has a temperate continental climate with mild winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature is 8.4°C, with the highest in July at 20.5°C and the lowest in January at 3.5°C. Total annual sunshine is 1927 hours. Precipitation averages 619 mm per year and humidity is often high, around 75% annually and 65% in summer, 80-90% in winter. Kyiv sits on seven hills which causes temperature variations within the city.
Julienne Stroeve - Hielo marino y clima
El 12 de noviembre de 2015 dedicamos una jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces a analizar la actual situación del Ártico. El Simposio Internacional se ocupó de las oportunidades y riesgos derivados del cambio climático. En este encuentro participaron expertos de Canadá, Estados Unidos, Finlandia, Noruega, Suecia, Alemania, Portugal y España.
Ch 1 sec 2
The document discusses weather and climate, climate zones, and factors that affect climate such as the sun, latitude, elevation, large bodies of water, and mountain ranges. It describes the six major climate zones as two torrid zones, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones. It also summarizes Köppen's climate classification system and describes different climate types such as tropical, dry, mild, continental, polar, and highland climates. Finally, it distinguishes between renewable resources like water, soil, trees, and wind versus nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels and metals.
Weather 2 - Why Does It Rain
The document explains the three main types of rain:
1) Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air over heated ground rises, cools, and condenses into rain droplets.
2) Relief rainfall happens when air is blown over hills and forces to rise and cool, condensing water vapor into rain clouds.
3) Frontal rainfall results from the meeting of warm and cold air masses, where the warm air is forced up and cools to form rain clouds.
Blizzards
1) Blizzards form when cold, moist air rises and meets warm air, creating clouds and precipitation like snow.
2) Blizzards can cause power outages by burying power lines, and trap people in their homes and bury vehicles and buildings under heavy snowfall.
3) To be classified as a blizzard, winds must reach 35 mph or higher and precipitation such as snow must be falling, bringing visibility down to less than 1/4 mile. Famous blizzards include the 2007 Saskatchewan blizzard which shut down all power in the region.
polar climate region
Polar climate regions are found at the North and South poles and are characterized by long, cold winters with very little precipitation. They have average temperatures below 10°C year-round. Two main types are tundra climate, which has at least one month above 0°C, allowing some plants to grow, and ice cap climate, where no month rises above freezing and only ice exists. Locations include coastal Greenland with tundra climate and Antarctica which has a predominant ice cap climate. Fauna in the regions have adapted thick fur/feathers and ability to maintain body heat.
Land and sea breeze
During the day, the sea breeze blows from the sea to land as the air over the land warms up faster than the air over the water. At night, the land breeze blows from land to sea as the land cools down faster than the water due to the water's higher specific heat capacity, causing the air over the water to become warmer and less dense than the air over the land. The document defines and describes the sea breeze and land breeze patterns that occur daily as a result of the differing ways land and water absorb and release heat.
Weather Mountain Lore
Altitude has a significant impact on mountain weather. Temperature decreases by around 6 degrees Celsius for every 1000 meter increase in elevation, so mountains can maintain snow and ice even near the equator. Precipitation is always higher at altitude due to air cooling as it rises over mountains. Wind patterns in mountains can also be unusual, with cold air descending into valleys at night, creating temperature inversions. Aspect also influences temperature, with south-facing slopes receiving more direct sunlight than north-facing slopes. Mountain weather is highly variable over short periods compared to lowland areas.
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The document discusses different types of weather including rainy, snowy, sunny, and windy. It explains that the sun, air, and water are the three main factors that create weather conditions. The water cycle is then described, showing how water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers into the sky as vapor before cooling and falling back to earth as rain or snow. Snow forms when water vapor freezes into ice crystals in cold clouds. Rainbows occur when sunlight passes through raindrops and refracts into different colors.
Types of rainfall
The document discusses five main types of rainfall: 1) Convective rainfall which occurs when surface air is heated and rises, cooling to form clouds 2) Cyclonic or frontal rainfall caused by clashes between air masses along fronts like warm and cold fronts 3) Orographic rainfall which happens when moist air is forced upwards by mountains, cooling and condensing into rain on the windward slopes. 4) Artificial rainfall can be created through cloud seeding using substances like dry ice or silver iodide to induce raindrop formation. Each type of rainfall has distinct meteorological causes and characteristics.
Types of rainfall
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Precipitation
The document discusses precipitation patterns in Western Canada. It explains that the amount of precipitation an area receives depends on its proximity to the sea and prevailing winds. It then describes the three main types of precipitation in Western Canada: orographic precipitation, which occurs when moist air hits higher elevations; convectional precipitation, which results from warm air near water sources rising and cooling; and frontal precipitation, which happens when warm and cold air masses meet along a front.
Sea breeze and land breeze
The document discusses sea breezes and land breezes. A sea breeze occurs during the day when the land warms up faster than the ocean, causing cool air from the ocean to blow inland. This creates a shallow cold front and cumulus clouds. At night, a land breeze occurs as the land cools off faster than the ocean, causing warmer air from the ocean to blow back over the land. The temperature differences between the land and ocean drive the changes in air pressure that cause these breezes.
Snowballs
This document discusses two rare meteorological phenomena - "lolly" and "snowrollers". Lolly occurs when large amounts of snow fall near lakes or oceans, and the movement of waves transforms the snow into hundreds or thousands of ice balls on beaches. Snowrollers form when wind blows layers of snow on top of each other, causing rolls of snow to form on surfaces covered in a thin layer of loose snow near the melting point. Under the right temperature, humidity, wind speed and slope conditions, the rolls can move and collect more snow, growing up to 70cm large.
Summer weather
Summer is the warmest season between spring and autumn. It is defined as having the longest days and shortest nights, with day length decreasing after the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, summer occurs when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. The hottest average temperatures typically occur around a month after the summer solstice despite the solstice marking the longest days, as heat continues to build up over the long, hot days.
Rainfall revision task
This activity helps you to revise the types of rainfall. Drag the labels to appropriate points on the slide then custom animate to help you explain the processes of relief, convectional and frontal rainfall.
Snowballs On The Beach!!
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - lollys and snowrollers. Lollys are large ice balls that form along beaches near large lakes or oceans when snow falls into the water and is transformed by wave movement. Snowrollers are rolls of snow formed by wind that lifts and moves layers of snow, rolling it into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters or even up to 70cm long. Specific weather conditions including wind speed, temperature and slope are needed for snowrollers to form.
Snowballs
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - ice balls and snow rollers. Ice balls form near large bodies of water when snow falls into the water, freezes into balls, and washes ashore. Snow rollers form on land when gusts of wind pick up and roll layers of loose snow into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters long. The specific conditions of temperature, wind speed, snow depth and terrain slope required for snow rollers to form are outlined.
Natural snowballs&snowrolls
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - lollys and snowrollers. Lollys are large ice balls that form along beaches near large lakes or oceans when snow falls into the water and is transformed by wave movement. Snowrollers are rolls of snow formed by wind that lifts and moves layers of snow, rolling it into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters or even up to 70cm long. Specific weather conditions including wind speed, temperature and slope are needed for snowrollers to form.
Sea breeze
Thermal breezes form due to temperature differences between land and sea. During the day, sea breezes blow from the sea to land as the land warms up more than the sea. At night, land breezes form as the land cools faster than the sea. Thermal breezes depend on factors like a temperature difference of over 2°C, light winds under 16 knots, and unstable air conditions. They typically veer to the right due to the Coriolis effect.
Ice balls and_snow_rollers
This document summarizes two curious weather phenomena: ice balls and snow rollers. [1] Ice balls form along shores after heavy snowfall, as waves turn snow into ice balls up to the size of a football. [2] Snow rollers are rare cylindrical snow formations that form under precise conditions, including a moist snow layer, temperatures near freezing, and winds around 40 km/h that roll the snow like scooping ice cream. [3] Snow rollers can reach sizes of several centimeters in diameter, with one recorded at 70 cm wide, and stop rolling when too heavy or hitting an obstacle.
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Poland's climate is moderate and varied due to interactions between continental and maritime air masses. There are six distinct seasons including early winter, early spring, winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Summers are generally warm while winters are cold. Regional climates vary, with the hottest areas like Silesia influenced by Atlantic air and the coldest like Suwalki experiencing long, harsh winters. The Tatras receive the most precipitation annually while Kujawy receives the least.
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Ch 1 sec 2
The document discusses weather and climate, climate zones, and factors that affect climate such as the sun, latitude, elevation, large bodies of water, and mountain ranges. It describes the six major climate zones as two torrid zones, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones. It also summarizes Köppen's climate classification system and describes different climate types such as tropical, dry, mild, continental, polar, and highland climates. Finally, it distinguishes between renewable resources like water, soil, trees, and wind versus nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels and metals.
Weather 2 - Why Does It Rain
The document explains the three main types of rain:
1) Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air over heated ground rises, cools, and condenses into rain droplets.
2) Relief rainfall happens when air is blown over hills and forces to rise and cool, condensing water vapor into rain clouds.
3) Frontal rainfall results from the meeting of warm and cold air masses, where the warm air is forced up and cools to form rain clouds.
Blizzards
1) Blizzards form when cold, moist air rises and meets warm air, creating clouds and precipitation like snow.
2) Blizzards can cause power outages by burying power lines, and trap people in their homes and bury vehicles and buildings under heavy snowfall.
3) To be classified as a blizzard, winds must reach 35 mph or higher and precipitation such as snow must be falling, bringing visibility down to less than 1/4 mile. Famous blizzards include the 2007 Saskatchewan blizzard which shut down all power in the region.
polar climate region
Polar climate regions are found at the North and South poles and are characterized by long, cold winters with very little precipitation. They have average temperatures below 10°C year-round. Two main types are tundra climate, which has at least one month above 0°C, allowing some plants to grow, and ice cap climate, where no month rises above freezing and only ice exists. Locations include coastal Greenland with tundra climate and Antarctica which has a predominant ice cap climate. Fauna in the regions have adapted thick fur/feathers and ability to maintain body heat.
Land and sea breeze
During the day, the sea breeze blows from the sea to land as the air over the land warms up faster than the air over the water. At night, the land breeze blows from land to sea as the land cools down faster than the water due to the water's higher specific heat capacity, causing the air over the water to become warmer and less dense than the air over the land. The document defines and describes the sea breeze and land breeze patterns that occur daily as a result of the differing ways land and water absorb and release heat.
Weather Mountain Lore
Altitude has a significant impact on mountain weather. Temperature decreases by around 6 degrees Celsius for every 1000 meter increase in elevation, so mountains can maintain snow and ice even near the equator. Precipitation is always higher at altitude due to air cooling as it rises over mountains. Wind patterns in mountains can also be unusual, with cold air descending into valleys at night, creating temperature inversions. Aspect also influences temperature, with south-facing slopes receiving more direct sunlight than north-facing slopes. Mountain weather is highly variable over short periods compared to lowland areas.
The weather
The document discusses different types of weather including rainy, snowy, sunny, and windy. It explains that the sun, air, and water are the three main factors that create weather conditions. The water cycle is then described, showing how water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers into the sky as vapor before cooling and falling back to earth as rain or snow. Snow forms when water vapor freezes into ice crystals in cold clouds. Rainbows occur when sunlight passes through raindrops and refracts into different colors.
Types of rainfall
The document discusses five main types of rainfall: 1) Convective rainfall which occurs when surface air is heated and rises, cooling to form clouds 2) Cyclonic or frontal rainfall caused by clashes between air masses along fronts like warm and cold fronts 3) Orographic rainfall which happens when moist air is forced upwards by mountains, cooling and condensing into rain on the windward slopes. 4) Artificial rainfall can be created through cloud seeding using substances like dry ice or silver iodide to induce raindrop formation. Each type of rainfall has distinct meteorological causes and characteristics.
Types of rainfall
Convectional rainfall occurs in hot climates when the sun heats the ground, causing water to evaporate and rise into the air where it cools and condenses to form clouds and rain. Orographic rainfall is characteristic of mountainous regions, where humid air from the sea reaches mountains, rises and cools as it hits the mountains, forming clouds and raining on the windward side. Frontal rainfall occurs at the boundary between warm and cold air masses, when a hot, humid air mass meets and rises above a cold air mass, cooling to form clouds and rain.
Precipitation
The document discusses precipitation patterns in Western Canada. It explains that the amount of precipitation an area receives depends on its proximity to the sea and prevailing winds. It then describes the three main types of precipitation in Western Canada: orographic precipitation, which occurs when moist air hits higher elevations; convectional precipitation, which results from warm air near water sources rising and cooling; and frontal precipitation, which happens when warm and cold air masses meet along a front.
Sea breeze and land breeze
The document discusses sea breezes and land breezes. A sea breeze occurs during the day when the land warms up faster than the ocean, causing cool air from the ocean to blow inland. This creates a shallow cold front and cumulus clouds. At night, a land breeze occurs as the land cools off faster than the ocean, causing warmer air from the ocean to blow back over the land. The temperature differences between the land and ocean drive the changes in air pressure that cause these breezes.
Snowballs
This document discusses two rare meteorological phenomena - "lolly" and "snowrollers". Lolly occurs when large amounts of snow fall near lakes or oceans, and the movement of waves transforms the snow into hundreds or thousands of ice balls on beaches. Snowrollers form when wind blows layers of snow on top of each other, causing rolls of snow to form on surfaces covered in a thin layer of loose snow near the melting point. Under the right temperature, humidity, wind speed and slope conditions, the rolls can move and collect more snow, growing up to 70cm large.
Summer weather
Summer is the warmest season between spring and autumn. It is defined as having the longest days and shortest nights, with day length decreasing after the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, summer occurs when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. The hottest average temperatures typically occur around a month after the summer solstice despite the solstice marking the longest days, as heat continues to build up over the long, hot days.
Rainfall revision task
This activity helps you to revise the types of rainfall. Drag the labels to appropriate points on the slide then custom animate to help you explain the processes of relief, convectional and frontal rainfall.
Snowballs On The Beach!!
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - lollys and snowrollers. Lollys are large ice balls that form along beaches near large lakes or oceans when snow falls into the water and is transformed by wave movement. Snowrollers are rolls of snow formed by wind that lifts and moves layers of snow, rolling it into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters or even up to 70cm long. Specific weather conditions including wind speed, temperature and slope are needed for snowrollers to form.
Snowballs
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - ice balls and snow rollers. Ice balls form near large bodies of water when snow falls into the water, freezes into balls, and washes ashore. Snow rollers form on land when gusts of wind pick up and roll layers of loose snow into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters long. The specific conditions of temperature, wind speed, snow depth and terrain slope required for snow rollers to form are outlined.
Natural snowballs&snowrolls
This document describes two natural phenomena involving snow - lollys and snowrollers. Lollys are large ice balls that form along beaches near large lakes or oceans when snow falls into the water and is transformed by wave movement. Snowrollers are rolls of snow formed by wind that lifts and moves layers of snow, rolling it into cylindrical shapes that can be several centimeters or even up to 70cm long. Specific weather conditions including wind speed, temperature and slope are needed for snowrollers to form.
Sea breeze
Thermal breezes form due to temperature differences between land and sea. During the day, sea breezes blow from the sea to land as the land warms up more than the sea. At night, land breezes form as the land cools faster than the sea. Thermal breezes depend on factors like a temperature difference of over 2°C, light winds under 16 knots, and unstable air conditions. They typically veer to the right due to the Coriolis effect.
Ice balls and_snow_rollers
This document summarizes two curious weather phenomena: ice balls and snow rollers. [1] Ice balls form along shores after heavy snowfall, as waves turn snow into ice balls up to the size of a football. [2] Snow rollers are rare cylindrical snow formations that form under precise conditions, including a moist snow layer, temperatures near freezing, and winds around 40 km/h that roll the snow like scooping ice cream. [3] Snow rollers can reach sizes of several centimeters in diameter, with one recorded at 70 cm wide, and stop rolling when too heavy or hitting an obstacle.
Jan Zuchowicz
Poland's climate is moderate and varied due to interactions between continental and maritime air masses. There are six distinct seasons including early winter, early spring, winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Summers are generally warm while winters are cold. Regional climates vary, with the hottest areas like Silesia influenced by Atlantic air and the coldest like Suwalki experiencing long, harsh winters. The Tatras receive the most precipitation annually while Kujawy receives the least.
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Saint Brendan was an Irish monk who may have traveled to the Americas in the 5th century, though this is considered a myth without physical evidence. Columbus obtained information about lands across the Atlantic from fishermen in England and Portugal who likely explored the waters off Canada and the Caribbean. While we don't know if Saint Brendan or others like the Welsh or Phoenicians reached America, Columbus appeared to have knowledge from European sailors.
Antarctica 1
This slide show can be used in conjunction with Jonathan Bird's Antarctica Part 1 video. It consists of comprehension questions related to the video
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Section 3
Antarctica is a continent covered 98% in ice that can be over a mile thick. The ice sheets slowly flow off the continent and form ice shelves at the coast, where large icebergs frequently break off. Antarctica has the coldest, driest, windiest climate on the planet with temperatures below -120 degrees Fahrenheit. While tundra plants and a few insects survive in ice-free areas, penguins, seals and whales are the main animals found in Antarctica's icy waters.
Antartica by sofia molina
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and highest continent on Earth. It is also the driest, classified as an official desert due to the small amounts of rain and snow. The continent is covered by a thick ice sheet composed of compressed snow and ice. Slow moving glaciers and large floating ice shelves attached to land are also present. As winter approaches, sea ice begins to form, initially breaking into small pancake-shaped pieces before freezing entirely into a thick pack ice covering. Icebergs break off from glaciers and ice shelves that extend into the ocean. The document outlines the various types of ice found in Antarctica and how they differ in appearance and formation throughout the seasons.
Glaciers project
Glaciers are large masses of ice formed from compacted snow. They form in locations where snowfall exceeds melting over many years, such as mountainous and polar regions. Glaciers are sensitive to temperature changes and have been retreating at unprecedented rates since the early 20th century due to climate change caused by human activity like the Industrial Revolution. As glaciers melt, it impacts fresh water supplies and hydroelectric power generation. Potential solutions to reduce melting include lowering emissions and improving carbon sequestration through soil and underground storage.
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The document discusses potential innovative models for congregational Jewish education, including the "Egg Carton School" model, online learning, collaborative models between congregations and community organizations, and treating Hebrew school more like camp or scouting. It encourages thinking creatively about how to expand and re-envision Jewish education for the 21st century, such as considering longer school hours or developing a national movement for change.
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The document discusses evidence of global warming in Antarctica. It notes that the Antarctic Peninsula has warmed 2.5 degrees Celsius over the past 50 years, much faster than the global average. This rapid warming led to the Larsen B ice shelf, the size of Cornwall, breaking off in 2002. While temperatures have increased on the peninsula and parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are thinning, the East Antarctic ice sheet does not show signs of warming. Global warming is also affecting the Southern Ocean by causing earlier sea ice melt and more ice-free areas in summer. This is impacting the Antarctic marine ecosystem as warmer waters reduce phytoplankton and krill populations.
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Mercator Ocean newsletter 27
Greetings all,
What does your imagination tell you when you think about the Austral Ocean ? Perhaps this place reminds you of the “Roaring
Forties” and the “Screaming fifties”, the drift of the icebergs, the only passage free of ice to go around the earth, an inhospitable
area, the Antarctic continent, penguins… Actually, the Austral Ocean is a keystone for the interocean exchanges of heat,
freshwater and anthropogenic tracers: it is the meeting point of the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It also plays a key role in
the global carbon cycle.
This issue is dedicated to this particular place. It will present to us some of the important oceanographic projects concerning the
Austral Ocean: Flostral, Survostral, GoodHope, the Drake Campaign and analysis done to better understand its dynamic and its
role from model (Drakkar project, …) and observations (ARGO, dedicated campaigns, satellite data sets, …).
The first article, written by Pouget & al., focuses on the performances of one of the global Mercator 1/4° model (PSY3v1) at
Drake Passage by comparing it with in situ data gathered from R.V Polarsten in 2006.
The second one, from Le Sommer & al., presents an overview of some results obtained on the Southern Ocean processes and
climate variability through the use of the Drakkar hierarchy of ocean/ice models.
The next one explains what the Survostral and Flostral projects are and it gathers some results deduced from the data collected
during these campaigns. Authors of this article are Salle JB and Morrow R.
The last one, written by Speich S. and Arhan M., presents the GoodHope project and summarizes some results of the work
done from the hydrographic data sets obtained in the scope of this project.
In this issue, we would also like to approach a central topic on the future of operational oceanography: MyOcean: part of the
GMES European Projet. This subject is introduced in the News pages by Pierre Bahurel.
I hope you enjoy this issue.
3A Penguin Research
The document provides information about three penguin species: macaroni penguins, emperor penguins, and chinstrap penguins. Macaroni penguins can spend up to 4-5 months at sea, weigh up to 13 pounds, and have yellow crested feathers. Emperor penguins are the largest species, can dive down 1,700 feet, and are popular. Chinstrap penguins are the most numerous species, have a black line under their chin, and live in Antarctica.
Exploring A Million Penguins
Presentation given at the end of an IOCT-funded project examining social behaviour in the "A Million Penguins" wiki novel.
Classic Antarctica Slide Show
www.quarkexpeditions.com - an inside look at an expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Arctic
The arctic habitat has lots of snow, icebergs, and freezing cold temperatures. There are many different animal species that live there, including penguins, seals, and other creatures with thin fur. Plants only grow during the brief spring and summer. The soil is made up of rocks and remnants of dead animals. Some of the threats to the habitat include predators eating too many penguins and homes being destroyed. The arctic can be found at the North and South Poles and in the Arctic Ocean region.
The Frozen World
The document summarizes how animals survive freezing temperatures, the different types of penguins, the size of Antarctica, temperature extremes at the poles, and includes references. It discusses how most animals build nests or leave to stay warm, lists Emperor, King, Gentoo, and African penguins, notes Antarctica is Earth's 5th largest continent, and that recorded temperatures have been -128°C in Antarctica and -90°C at the North Pole.
Glaciers
Glaciers form when snow does not melt completely each summer and layers of snow are compressed into ice over many years. Glaciers contain ice, snow, water, rocks, and sediments, making the ice appear dirty. Though glaciers look solid, they slowly move due to pressure from their own weight, deforming and flowing over the landscape aided by meltwater at their base. Meltwater streams carry debris from the glacier which is deposited elsewhere by rivers and lakes. Some glaciers reach the ocean, forming ice shelves or breaking off into large icebergs. Moraines of deposited sediment form along the edges and fronts of glaciers. There are different types of glaciers including alpine glaciers in mountain cirques
Antarctica Christmas 2008
Our ship, the Corinthian II, took passengers on a Antarctic expedition from December 22, 2008 to January 1, 2009, making various stops along the way. Highlights included seeing hundreds of thousands of penguins at their rookeries, spectacular ice formations, climbing volcanic islands, and celebrating Christmas at sea, but the trip ended in tragedy when a 65-year-old passenger died in the hospital after becoming unconscious on the return trip to Ushuaia, Argentina.
Cesar melendez Glaciers PPT
Glaciers are large masses of ice that form on land from compacted snow and slowly deform and flow due to their own weight. They are found on every continent except Australia and cover about 10% of Earth's land. The three largest glaciers are located in Central Asia, North America, and the Arctic Islands. Glaciers are threatened by global warming, which causes them to melt and sea levels to rise, potentially flooding coastal regions and disrupting ecosystems that depend on glacial meltwater. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and developing alternative energy sources can help address the issues caused by melting glaciers.
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What is a glacier
in this presentation I will discus about the glacier, different type of glacier, formation of glacier and its movement from height toward lower area and supply water to our rivers
The Antarctic Ice System
The document discusses different types of ice found in Antarctica and their importance:
1. Sea ice forms annually on the ocean surface around Antarctica and plays a key role in global ocean circulation and cooling.
2. Ice shelves are thick floating sections of ice that flow slowly off the land into the ocean. They act as barriers to slow the flow of continental ice sheets into the ocean.
3. Ice sheets cover over 98% of the continent and have accumulated over millions of years. Their high reflectivity helps cool the planet. Loss of ice from warming is concerning as it could lead to sea level rise.
RIVER OF ICE
1. A glacier is a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land that masses downhill under its way.
Glacier is part of the earth’s hydrosphere.
Along with the sea, ice glaciers are known as the cryosphere.
2. GROUP OF GLACIER:
They fall into two general groups based on their form size and flow characteristics
3. Alphin glacier that is surrounded by mountains is called an alpine or mountain glacier.
Glaciated valleys are through like U-shaped with board floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides
The valleys may contain littered debris or debris shaped as moraines with a swampy appearance.
There may be taken gouged out of the rocky floor or formed by debris within the valley.
Cirque Glacier: Bowl-like hollow structures are called cirque glaciers. They are formed inside the mountains and tend to move towards the valley. A glacier that forms in a cirque is a cirque glacier. Piedmont Glacier: When the steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, then a piedmont glacier occurs e.g Malaspina glacier that falls into Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Hanging glacier: When the major valley glacier thins out, that becomes a hanging glacier. Tidewater glaciers: These are valley glaciers that reach the sea, and they provide breeding habitat for seals. These glaciers are the ones that form small icebergs.
4. Continental glaciers are those vast masses of ice sheets covering stretches of land. Such glaciers flow over large areas that are unconfined, where they bury the landscapes underneath
Today, continental glaciers are only present in extreme polar regions: Antarctica and Greenland Historically, continental glaciers also covered large regions of Canada Europe and Asia, and they are responsible for many distinctive topographic features in these regions.
The ice sheet blankets 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica.
FORMATION AND FLOW:
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER:
Glaciers are an essential indicator of the study of environmental change, thereby making people aware of the increasing global warming. Due to the continuously growing industrialization, and use of automobiles, there is a rising graph of air pollution triggered by the emission of carbon monoxide and other harmful greenhouse gases. The outcome of all these is the catastrophic increase in global warming and greenhouse gases.
Glaciers come in a huge range of shapes and sizes. Different glaciers, and even different parts of the same glacier, can have a variety of different thermal, hydrological and dynamic characteristics. Glaciers occur in locations ranging from the poles to the equator, and most parts of the world have experienced the direct effects of glaciation at some time in the past. Glaciers currently occupy less of the planet than they have done in geological history, but nevertheless exert a profound influence on the global environment. Our developing understanding of glaciers will play an important role in our understanding of the global environmental system
Glaciers and Glaciation
Glaciers are large, slow-moving masses of ice that form from compacted snow. They are found in mountain ranges and polar regions. Glaciers are sensitive to climate conditions and influence sea levels and water resources. They are categorized based on their thermal characteristics, behavior, and location. Alpine glaciers are confined to valleys while continental glaciers span entire regions. As glaciers accumulate more snow than melts, they grow, but melting exceeds accumulation in warmer periods, causing glaciers to recede.
Glacial ice powerpoint
Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth and supports one third of the world's population. Glaciers form on land where snow accumulation exceeds melting. They slowly deform and flow due to their own weight, creating features like crevasses. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape through abrasion and plucking of rock debris. As they carry this debris and later melt, glaciers leave behind landforms such as moraines, eskers, and drumlins that provide evidence of past glacial activity. Glacial periods within ice ages are marked by colder temperatures and advancing glaciers, while interglacials are warmer intervals between them.
What are glaciers?
A glacier forms over many years in places where snow falls but does not melt, accumulating in layers that compress into ice. As glaciers move into warmer areas, melting occurs at the glacier's snout or front. Glaciers advance when accumulation exceeds melting and retreat when melting exceeds accumulation. Factors influencing this balance include climate cycles, volcanic eruptions, and human-caused global warming, which is currently causing many glaciers to retreat rapidly.
Glaciers
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that accumulates over many years. Glaciers form in areas where snow accumulation exceeds melting. Due to their great mass, glaciers slowly flow downhill like rivers. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape and form characteristic landforms as they advance and retreat. Melting glaciers provide fresh water for many communities but are now threatened by global warming.
AS Geography (AQA) - Cold Environments
The document discusses different types of cold environments and the factors that cause them to be cold. It explains that environments can be cold due to high latitude, high altitude, or being located inland away from coastal regions. Specific cold environment types discussed include glacial environments, found at high latitudes and altitudes; periglacial environments, found at high latitudes, altitudes, and inland areas; alpine environments, found at high altitudes; and polar environments, found around the North and South Poles.
Melting Of Glaciers By Smita & Shruti
Glaciers are large masses of snow and ice that accumulate over time under their own weight and slowly flow outward. They are formed from accumulating snow, and their lower layers crack as they move due to their great size and weight. It is normal for glaciers to melt gradually as temperatures rise, but many glaciers today are melting faster than snow can replenish them, reducing their sizes and contributing to rising sea levels. There are different types of glaciers including alpine, continental, and valley glaciers.
Glacier presentation
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that move very slowly due to their sheer mass. They are primarily located in polar and mountainous regions. Glaciers shape the surrounding landscape through erosion and can carve out dramatic valleys and mountains over thousands of years. However, glaciers have been retreating rapidly in recent decades due to global warming, which poses risks like flooding and affects global sea levels, ocean currents, climate patterns, wildlife, and more. The only way to slow glacial melt is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause unnatural climate change.
Glaciers, Polar Ice and Global Warming
Glaciers form from accumulated snow over hundreds of years that moves slowly downhill due to gravity. Polar ice sheets are massive frozen fields of ice covering the North or South Pole. Global warming causes the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere to increase. When snow accumulates over time without melting, it compresses into firmer layers that eventually form glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets.
Winter ecology notes climate
A look at the factors of winter weather and the challenges of a changing climate. Many of the notes refer to MN, but are true across the northern landscape
Sea Ice And Glaical Ice.pptx
This document discusses sea ice and glacial ice. It defines key terms like cryosphere, snow, ice, sea ice and glaciers. It explains that sea ice forms from frozen ocean water, while glacial ice forms from frozen freshwater or snow. The main differences between the two types of ice are outlined. The formation processes of both sea ice and glacial ice are described. The importance of sea ice and glacial ice to climate, ocean circulation, freshwater supply and more is highlighted. Evidence of rapid climate change currently melting these ice forms is reviewed. The effects of sea ice and glacier melting on the environment and humanity are also examined. Potential solutions to address ice melting are proposed.
Glaciers
Meaning and formation of glaciers along with their impact and interaction with the environment such as erosion, transportation and deposition.
FROZEN WORLDS.pptx
The document discusses the effects of melting in the polar regions. It notes that as the Arctic and Antarctic ice melts, it will disrupt the global climate balance by absorbing more heat rather than reflecting it. This will lead to rising sea levels and more extreme weather. Coastal areas will face damaging flooding and erosion. Arctic wildlife like polar bears and seals that rely on sea ice for habitats and hunting will be threatened as temperatures rise. Releasing trapped methane from thawing permafrost will also accelerate the rate of climate change. The melting polar regions will have widespread consequences for people and the environment around the world.
GLACIATION
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
Our glaciers.ppt
This document discusses glacial processes and landforms. It begins by defining a glacier as existing year-round ice on the landscape, which forms when snowfall exceeds snowmelt over many years. Glaciers erode and transport sediment, depositing unsorted till and forming features like moraines. During the most recent ice age, over 1/3 of the land was covered by ice sheets, which sculpted U-shaped valleys and removed vegetation. Current glaciation covers around 10% of the land. Alpine glaciers are smaller and change valley shapes, while continental ice sheets level terrain and reshape entire regions.
Lesson 2 past and present distribution of ice
Glaciers are sensitive indicators of climate change as they advance and retreat in response to temperature fluctuations. In the past, during the Pleistocene epoch, ice coverage was around 3 times greater than today. The largest ice sheets were located in Antarctica, Greenland, North America, and Scandinavia. Glaciers exist in both polar and mountainous regions due to factors like latitude, which influences solar radiation levels, and altitude, which impacts temperature through the environmental lapse rate. Ice can be classified by size, location, and degree of constraint into different types such as ice sheets, ice caps, valley glaciers, and cirque glaciers.
THE POLAR ICECAP AND GLOBAL WARMING.pptx
Polar ice caps are large dome-shaped sheets of ice found near the North and South Poles that form due to the low temperatures in these high-latitude regions. Global warming is causing the polar ice caps to melt as increasing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, trap more heat in the atmosphere. This is happening at an alarming rate, with the Arctic sea ice declining by almost 13% each decade and the oldest and thickest Arctic ice declining 95% over the past 30 years. The melting ice caps will have widespread impacts such as rising sea levels, more severe weather events, disruption of global food systems, and threats to wildlife and indigenous communities.
Antartica by judy flores
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest, driest, and iciest continent on Earth. It has an average elevation of over 8,000 feet and receives less than 2 inches of precipitation per year. Antarctica is surrounded by ocean, which prevents the moderating effect of water and contributes to its extremely cold temperatures, with recorded lows of -129°F. Several nations operate research stations staffed by scientists year-round to study the environment, climate, and wildlife such as penguins and whales. Tourists can visit Antarctica by ship for short trips during the summer.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Powerpoint
- 1. GLACIERS & ICE SHEETS By Paulina Vantha 5thWester
- 2. WHO/WHAT GLACIERS: Are basically rivers of ice that move very slowly. ICE SHEETS:Mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding land & is greater then 50,000 square kilometers. Also called, “continental glaciers”
- 3. WHEN GLACIERS: Amount of snow that falls must be more than the amount of snow that melts each year. ICE SHEETS: Snow falls in winter doesn’t melt all the way in summer.
- 4. WHERE GLACIERS: Founded where large amounts of snow falls each year and is coldly around. *Mostly founded in Antarctica & Greenland, but can be founded on almost all continents even Africa! ICE SHEETS: Only current ice sheets are in Antarctica & Greenland (cover most of these two)
- 5. WHY/HOW GLACIERS: Certain climatic & geographic conditions must be present for glaciers to exist. Allows more snow to accumulate on glaciers in winter than melting it in the summer. ICE SHEETS: Where snow falls in winter does not melt entirely over the summer!
- 7. Largest reservoirs of freshwater on our planet.