Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest, driest, and iciest continent on Earth. It has an average elevation of over 8,000 feet and receives less than 2 inches of precipitation per year. Antarctica is surrounded by ocean, which prevents the moderating effect of water and contributes to its extremely cold temperatures, with recorded lows of -129°F. Several nations operate research stations staffed by scientists year-round to study the environment, climate, and wildlife such as penguins and whales. Tourists can visit Antarctica by ship for short trips during the summer.

1. About Antartica

2. Antarctica The bottom of the world

3. Map of Antarctica

4. Rock surface of Antarctica and sea ground without its ice-shield, from 60 to 90 degrees South .

5. Antarctica is colder than the North Pole

6. Icebergs

8. Amundsen’s Discovery of South Pole

9. Discovery 1773 - Captain Cook - his wooden ship could not penetrate the ice ring. 1822 - James Weddell (Sealing) 1830 - Whalers came 1911 - Roald Amundsen reaches South Pole 1915 - Shackleton stuck in ice 1959 – Antarctic Treaty

11. Roald Amundsen Race with Scott Dogs instead of horses and motorized sleds Ate dogs as supply sleds didn’t need them Reached Pole on December 16, 1911 Placed the flag of Norway

12. Robert Scott Entire expedition dies. Race with Amundsen Took Siberian horses Motorized sleds quickly broke down Refused to eat dogs Horses died Men had to pull Pole January 17, 1912 All men died on return

13. Sir Ernest Shackleton Stuck in Ice – Lost Ship

14. Sir Ernest Shackleton Stuck in Ice – Lost Ship

15. Coldest Temp: -129°F (-89°C) on July 21, 1983 Location: Vostok Station Warmest Temp: +59°F (+15°C) on Jan 5, 1974 Location: Vanda Station Mean Temps: Winter: -40 to -94°F (-40 to -70°C) Summer: -5 to -31°F (-15 to -35°C )

17. Antarctica is a Desert A desert is determined by the amount of rain or snow. (Less than 10 inches). It snows very little in Antarctica, but the snow never melts because it is so cold.

18. Scientists have their huts on frozen water instead of the land.

19. Why is Antarctica so Cold? Several factors combine to making Antarctica one of the coldest and least hospitable places on the Earth: Unlike the Arctic region, Antarctica is a continent surrounded by an ocean which means that interior areas do not benefit from the moderating influence of water.

21. With 98% of its area covered with snow and ice, the Antarctic continent reflects most of the sun's light rather than absorbing it. The extreme dryness of the air causes any heat that is radiated back into the atmosphere to be lost instead of being absorbed by the water vapor in the atmosphere.

24. During the winter, the size of Antarctica doubles as the surrounding sea water freezes, effectively blocking heat transfer from the warmer surrounding ocean. Antarctica has a higher average elevation than any other continent on Earth which results in even colder temperatures.

25. Blizzards: Blizzards are a typical Antarctic phenomenon in which very little, if any, snow actually falls. Instead the snow is picked up and blown along the surface by the wind, resulting in blinding conditions in which objects less than a meter away may be invisible.

27. Whiteouts: Whiteouts are another peculiar Antarctica condition, in which there are no shadows or contrasts between objects. A uniformly grey or white sky over a snow-covered surface can yield these whiteouts, which cause a loss of depth perception -- for both humans and wildlife.

28. Remote sensing equipment

29. Solar Energy: Because of the tilt of the earth's axis relative to its orbit around the sun, the sun does not shine at the South Pole for six months of the year. When the sun does shine, much less solar energy actually reaches the ground at the Pole because the sun's rays pass through a thicker layer of atmosphere than at the Equator. Also, due to the predominance of ice and snow covering Antarctica, most of the sun's rays that do reach the ground are reflected back into space.

30. General Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are key elements in the global weather system. This is a system which creates and transfers energy as winds, clouds, rain and all other elements we call "the weather".

31. This vehicle is used in mars and in Antarctica

32. Circulation : The source of this energy is the sun, and because its heating effect is greater at the equator than at the poles, it creates a circulation in the atmosphere. Hot moist air rises over the equator and flows at a high level towards the poles, where it cools and sinks. The equator is therefore a region of low pressure, and the poles are regions of high pressure.

34. Interaction : The atmosphere is not a closed system. It interacts with the land, the ocean, and the ice; and the ice in turn interacts with the ocean. Winds create currents in the ocean. The annual cycle of freezing and melting of the sea ice around Antarctica creates a vertical circulation in the ocean.

35. "Antarctica is the coldest, highest, windiest, driest, and iciest continent on earth" “ Only scientists stay in Antarctica. There are scientist from every nation. They never stay longer than 9 months

36. A full moon and 25-second exposure allowed sufficient light for this photo to be taken at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station during the long Antarctic night. The station can be seen at far left, the power plant in the center and the mechanic's garage in the lower right. The green light in the background is the Aurora Australis.

38. The main entrance to the dome ramps down from the surface level. The dome base was originally at the surface level of the ice cap, but has been slowly buried in snowdrift.

39. The last section of the dome, which was dismantled during the 2009-2010 summer season

42. Coldest: -129° F at Vostox, July 21, 1983 (World low temperature record.) Highest: Average elevation 8200 feet (2500 meters).

45. Windiest: Gales reach 200 mph on Commonwealth Bay, George V coast

47. Driest: Average precipitation is less than 2 inches per year.

48. Iciest: The thickest ice found is in Wilkes Land, where it reaches a depth of 15,669 feet (4,776 meters ).

49. Weather observations in Antarctica have been recorded only for the last 150 years. Detailed climatic monitoring began in the late 1950's.

54. Most Antarctic stations today are equipped with sophisticated weather monitoring technology and are manned by professional meteorologists who perform observations around the clock .

56. Tourist Some tourist spend 2,200 Dollars' to go to Antarctica per person. They actually spends 2 week in a ship and when they arrive to Antarctica they only stay a day.

62. Automated stations and remote sensing equipment provide a wealth of previously unattainable data and help to paint a more accurate picture of Antarctic weather continent-wide.

63. Satellite measurements and photographs of the continent continue to reveal valuable information concerning cloud cover, storm movement, ice formation and distribution patterns, and a variety of other environmental characteristics.

64. An iceberg dwarfs a ship in this 1920s English magazine illustration of a whaler in the Antarctic.

67. Antarctic postal services.

69. Plants 2 Flowering Plants Pearlwort Grass Only on Antarctic Peninsula There are also bacteria, molds, yeast, algae and fungi

70. More than 200 species of lichens are known to exist in Antarctica.

71. Animals that live in the Antarctica

79. Antarctic Birds Snow Petrels Terns Fulmars Cape Pigeons Skuas Terns Penguins

80. Snow Petrel Small as a robin Dart over ocean like large mosquitoes

81. Skua Has hooked bill Has sharp claws Feeds only ashore Eats penguin eggs Eats weak penguin chicks

82. Albatross These birds roam the oceans at the bottom of the world.

83. Penguins 18 species of penguins 4 live in Antarctica Emperor Adelie Southern Gentoos Chinstrap

84. Emperor Largest of all penguins Hatch eggs during coldest winter months Female lays egg in May Male hatches egg for 2 months and loses 40% of body weight Female takes over

85. Adelie Most numerous Named after Captain d’Urville’s wife Very small

86. Southern Gentoos Live on peninsula 2-1/2 feet tall Gentle and timid White connected patches above eyes

87. Chinstrap Black marking under chin from ear to ear

89. Whales Baleen Toothed

90. Blue Whales - Baleen Baleen whale – strain food, mostly krill Largest animal in the world 200,00 pounds - More than 5,700 mid-sized cars! 100 feet long

91. Humpback - Baleen Filters food Eats mainly krill Is less streamlined Has long flippers

92. Sperm Whale - Toothed Uses echo sounding to find prey Can dive 3,000 feet Only males migrate to Antarctica

93. Orcas – Toothed Whales Resembles a dolphin Largest carnivore Eats seals and penguins Hunt in packs Will even bump icebergs to knock off penguins

94. Seals Crabeaters Leopard Ross Weddell Southern Elephant

95. Seals Live in groups called pods Six species live in Antarctica

96. Seals

99. Elephant – Crabeater - Leopard Elephant – largest Crabeaters Leopard

100. Southern Elephant Seals Weigh up to 8,000 lbs. Largest of the world’s seals

101. Southern Fur Seals Were nearly wiped out by seal hunters in the nineteenth century Live in groups - pods Have paddle like flippers or fins Have a thick layer of blubber

103. Southern Fur Seal

108. Antarctica at night

109. A CAVE

110. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING

121. Clips of Antarctica Antarctica in 5 minutes Exploring Antarctica Highlights from Antarctica Whale hunting krill in Antarctica Antarctica Time lapse A Year on ice

122. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plSfUXFqVx8

123. THIS PRESENTATION HAS BEEN DONE BY JUDY FLORES. THE PICTURES ARE FROM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica http://espanol.images.search.yahoo.com/images http://blog.hotelclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/antarctica.jpg THE INFORMATION WAS LOOKED UP IN ANTARCTICA GEOGRAPHIC AND OTHER RESOURCES www.nebo