This document discusses key aspects of writing for an audience. It identifies the audience as the people who will read your work, such as classmates, teachers, or strangers. It also discusses the importance of considering the audience's characteristics like age and interests. The document also covers forms of writing like narratives, reports and letters. It explains that the writing style depends on the audience and form. The main purposes of writing are given as expressing thoughts, giving information, explaining how to do things, and persuading others. Brainstorming, clustering, asking questions and making lists are provided as techniques to generate ideas for writing.

2. AUDIENCE
 They could be your classmates
 These are the person or people who will read
your work.
 Teachers
 Friends
 Strangers
 Or perhaps a public you have written to

3.  Example:
A “No Durians” signs at the MRT station
Audience: People who travel on the MRT
Activity #4
 Identify the audience for the following writings;
A radio play
“Under One Roof”, a local situational comedy on
television
A letter of thanks for good service
A political speech
A story about a frightening experience

4. If your audience is not your teacher, classmate or
examiner , you need to ask these questions;
What is the purpose of
writing?
Are they Who is my
men, childr audience?
en or
women? AUDIENCE
What are their How old are
interests? they?
Formal or
informal?

5. FORM
Form means the kind of writing you do: a
composition, a letter, a poem, or a report.
Types of Texts:
 Narrative / Personal Recount / Exposition
 Factual Recount / Procedure / Explanation
 Information Report
Types of Letter
Types of Poem
Types of Report

6. Exercise:
 A) In which of these extracts is the wrong form and
why? ( Activity #2 )
 B)For each of the following, indicate the form and the
likely audience. ( Activity #3 )
 Read the situations and then decide what form of
writing you will use. ( Activity #4 )

7. STYLE
 Your writing style will depend very much upon who
your audience is:
 when you are writing to a friend , you should use an
informal style.
 When your audience is someone in authority – a
teacher, for instance- you should use a more formal
style.

8.  The form of writing which you use will also affect your
style;
 describing how to use something (for example, a video
camera) will need a very clear yet technical style. The
language should be carefully chosen to help a person
do something.
 A ghost story , oh the other hand, will need a style that
builds up tension, helping the reader picture the scene
vividly in his or her mind.

9.  When arguing for or against a subject ( for example,
using animals in scientific experiments), you will need
carefully constructed arguments to try to persuade
your reader that your ideas are right ( and probably
showing why the opposing ideas are wrong )
 Giving someone information about a place will need a
clear, factual style with some description and a careful
choice of details.

10. PURPOSE
 PURPOSE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO AUDIENCE
AND FORM
 IT MEANS UNDERSTANDING THE REASON(S)
WHY YOU ARE WRITING
 Whenever you write , remember why you are doing
so, what are the results that you want.

11. REMEMBER:
Your purpose can be obviously important, like getting a job
It may be a public statement with the hope of attracting attention
and getting a good response from people
Getting good marks in class or in an examination is also a purpose
and also the enjoyment and satisfaction that can come from
writing may also be important to you.

12. MAIN PURPOSES OF WRITING
 EXPRESING YOUR IMAGINATIVE
THOUGHTS
GIVING INFORMATION
TELLING PEOPLE HOW TO DO THINGS
TRYING TO PERSUADE PEOPLE

13.  Here are some examples of writing. Decide what the
main purpose of each is? ( Activity #5 )
 Identifying the type of a composition ( Activity #6 )
 It is your turn to write. ( Activity #7 )

14. ?
What
am I
going to
write???
?
?

15. 1) GETTING IDEAS
 Brainstorming
 Clustering
 Asking WH- questions
 Making Lists

16. 2) BRAINSTORMING
 It enables you to work very freely
 Helps you overcome the fear that you do not
know anything about a subject
 It triggers association in the mind
 Throws up a lot of useful material, but also
encourages you to cut down when certain
ideas are not useful in this way you learn the
important skill of selecting ( pass examples of brainstorming )
Activity #8: Brainstorming

17. 3) CLUSTERING
 It is more structured than brainstorming
 You can often use clustering as a second step in
getting ideas, helping them become more focused.
It helps you develop your ideas about a subject very
clearly.
 It is a great way to help you get rid of “writer’s
block”, that horrible state where you simply cannot
think of anything to write. ( distribute examples of clustering )
 Activity # 9 ( Clustering )

18. 4) WH - Questions
 When you are writing a narrative essay, WH –
questions are a great way to get your story clear in
mind.
 They help you remember the main points and stop you
from losing track of what your story is all about
 Every news report, short story or novel is basically
asking these same five WH questions

19. What is it
about?
When did
Who is it
it take
about?
place?
a short story ,
novel or news
report
Why did things turn Where did it take
out as they did? place?

20. 5) MAKING LISTS
 Making lists under particular headings is very
useful way to organise your thoughts
 Lists are really helpful when you have to look at the
good and bad sides of a subject, such as doing co –
curricular activities or having to sit for many
examinations
 List help you see both sides of an argument and
enable your writing to be more balanced.
 Activity #10
( Sample list will be distributed)

21. THE WRITING PROCESS
Publication
Editing
Drafting
and
Revising
Planning