The document discusses strategies for online and distance learning. It begins by outlining the paradox of online learning - that while accessibility has expanded, withdrawal and dropout rates remain high. It then examines different strategies used over time, including moving faculty around (MFA), early distance education models, videoconferencing in the 1980s, and current asynchronous online courses. While increasing accessibility, each strategy also had disadvantages like student isolation, inflexibility, technical problems, or lack of faculty involvement. The strategies were ultimately proven unsustainable for widespread, long-term use due to these challenges in balancing accessibility, quality and cost-effectiveness.
Social Media and the Internet: The Future of Medical Education?precordialthump
The slides for my talk on 'Social Media and the Internet: The Future of Medical Education?' that was given at the CICM ASM 2013 in Wellington, New Zealand. The theme of the conference was "Down with Dogma: Challenging the Fundamentals of Critical Care"
Social Media and the Internet: The Future of Medical Education?precordialthump
The slides for my talk on 'Social Media and the Internet: The Future of Medical Education?' that was given at the CICM ASM 2013 in Wellington, New Zealand. The theme of the conference was "Down with Dogma: Challenging the Fundamentals of Critical Care"
LTi news inc. is a high technology business that specializes in research, development, production and commercializing of divers raw materials and related products.
www.LTinews.com
Building Your Business in a Changing Health Care Environment - IHRSA 2014theGrapevine411
1) Learn what your club's medical fitness program must have to be attractive to the health care industry
2) Review the internal structure and culture necessary for your club's success
3) Explore specific outreach strategies to connect with the right people in the right ways to market your product
4) Examine medical fitness opportunities to suit your club's scale, from single sites to large fitness chains.
5) Discover tiered strategies for partnering with physicians, corporations, hospitals, integrated networks, Accountable Care Organizations, and, ultimately, insurance carriers.
These are my slides from a talk I gave at EDUTICE, in Lille France, on April 16ht, 2012. The talk was about the crisis of access in higher education, the use of technology, the need for more user-friendly technology and the emerging www.bold-research.org research network focussed on blending synchronous and asynchronous online technologies at the graduate studies level.
This talk is about the need for dual-mode universities (or DMUs), which offer both on-campus and online learning (OL) opportunities, to leverage its main strength in online course delivery, i.e. faculty, rather than trying to reproduce the single-mode university (SMUs) strength which is industrial-based, upfront course design, judged to be too labour-intensive and too costly for most DMUs. Furthermore, it is posited that the DMU’s true niche is graduate studies in OL, an area where SMU simply cannot compete given human resource shortages.
LTi news inc. is a high technology business that specializes in research, development, production and commercializing of divers raw materials and related products.
www.LTinews.com
Building Your Business in a Changing Health Care Environment - IHRSA 2014theGrapevine411
1) Learn what your club's medical fitness program must have to be attractive to the health care industry
2) Review the internal structure and culture necessary for your club's success
3) Explore specific outreach strategies to connect with the right people in the right ways to market your product
4) Examine medical fitness opportunities to suit your club's scale, from single sites to large fitness chains.
5) Discover tiered strategies for partnering with physicians, corporations, hospitals, integrated networks, Accountable Care Organizations, and, ultimately, insurance carriers.
These are my slides from a talk I gave at EDUTICE, in Lille France, on April 16ht, 2012. The talk was about the crisis of access in higher education, the use of technology, the need for more user-friendly technology and the emerging www.bold-research.org research network focussed on blending synchronous and asynchronous online technologies at the graduate studies level.
This talk is about the need for dual-mode universities (or DMUs), which offer both on-campus and online learning (OL) opportunities, to leverage its main strength in online course delivery, i.e. faculty, rather than trying to reproduce the single-mode university (SMUs) strength which is industrial-based, upfront course design, judged to be too labour-intensive and too costly for most DMUs. Furthermore, it is posited that the DMU’s true niche is graduate studies in OL, an area where SMU simply cannot compete given human resource shortages.
Uncovering what enables and constrains 'open practices' in the Global South: ...ROER4D
Uncovering what enables and constrains 'open practices' in the Global South: Reflections from the ROER4D Project. Keynote for the AVU Conference 1-3 July 2015 by Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams
MOOCs and health sciences education: Hype or disruption?Natalie Lafferty
This a presentation I gave as part of the IAMSE Web Seminar series on 6 February 2014 looking at MOOCs and exploring their potential in health sciences education.
Accessibility is Primarily About People and Processes, Not Digital Resources!lisbk
Slides for a talk on "Accessibility is Primarily About People and Processes, Not Digital Resources!" given as a pre-recorded slidecast (with audio) by Brian Kelly, Cetis at the OZeWAI 2013 conference held at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia on Friday 29 November 2013.
For further information see http://ukwebfocus.wordpress.com/events/ozewai-2013/
Teaching in Times of COVID- Technology in Chemistry Education - from added v...clairemcdonnell5
A reflection on what we have learned from the switch to online teaching, learning & assessment of chemistry since March 2020 and what we need to think about for the new academic year.
Presented online at the 2nd University of British Columbia Chemistry Teaching Workshop, themed 'Teaching in times of COVID: What We Learned and Where We Go From Here'
OER Tools and using OER and MOOCs in Higher EducationDiana Andone
Presentation for the Workshop "Opening Up Education", March 13, 2015, Timisoara Romania, part of Open Education Week 2015
http://elearning.upt.ro/workshop-opening-up-education/n-32-70-185/d
OER Tools and using OER and MOOCs in Higher EducationDiana Andone
Presentation for the Workshop "Opening Up Education", March 13, 2015, Timisoara Romania, part of Open education Week 2015
http://elearning.upt.ro/workshop-opening-up-education/n-32-70-185/d
Project ME4 is moving education. ME4 serves the underserved, schools those without schools, values vocational training, explores enterprise development, and is emerging in emergency response!
Explores the idea that the openness approach has broken through to mainstream practice, but that the battle around the direction open education will take is just beginning.
Cette présentation s'adresse aux futurs et aux nouveaux professeurs d'université et porte sur les tâches des professeurs, notamment sur l'enseignement. Elle propose diverses idées sur son organisation telles que la congruence et le plan de cours horizontal.
Cette conférence, en deux parties, porte sur le développement durable de l'apprentissage en ligne au niveau de l'enseignement supérieur. Elle présente sept stratégies de décentralisation mises en oeuvre par les universités et leur niveau respectif de durabilité. PARTIE B.
Cette conférence, en deux parties, porte sur le développement durable de l'apprentissage en ligne au niveau de l'enseignement supérieur. Elle présente sept stratégies de décentralisation mises en oeuvre par les universités et leur niveau respectif de durabilité. PARTIE A.
a few slides on common challenges faced when designing instruction for higher education. based on Power, M. (2009). A Designer,s Log. Athabasca University Press.
This is a talk given by Dr. Michael Power at ED_MEDIA in Lisbon, Portugal, on June 29th, 2011. It presents the Geomatics/Education Gaming project, GeoEduc3D. This project is developing location-based, gaming prototypes.
This presentation is about the need for change in higher education through online learning and proposes a solution to Daniel's Iron Triangle by associating stakeholder priorities.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
7. D. Olcott DEMAND THE GAP SUPPLY http://www.obhe.ac.uk/resources/2008_AUA_Presentation.pdf Don Olcott CE OBHE
8. TeacherEducation(09-10) “It is now clear that “bricks and mortar” approaches to expanding teacher education may not be adequate if the current and projected shortfalls in teacher supply and low teacher quality are to be properly addressed”.
14. Online Learning, a paradox OL, widely accessible and cutting-edge On the one hand mset.rst2.edu
15. Online Learning, a paradox BUT, the actual number of regular facultyinvolved is small. On the other hand easyvectors.com
16. Online Learning, a paradox Growing recognition for OL, On the one hand mset.rst2.edu
17. Online Learning, a paradox BUT unacceptably high withdrawal & drop-out rates and general student and faculty isolation. On the other hand easyvectors.com
18. Online Learning, a paradox Administrators typically champion OL, On the one hand mset.rst2.edu
19. Online Learning, a paradox But are often unable/unwilling to marshal the necessary resources required to produce high-quality courses. On the other hand easyvectors.com
20. Online Learning, a paradox OL, paradoxically, is booming and busting, simultaneously. easyvectors.com mset.rst2.edu
21. Online Learning, a paradox Supply is expanding yet not meeting demand for sustainable online learning. easyvectors.com mset.rst2.edu
23. Daniel’s “Iron Triangle” ACCESS QUALITY Sir John Daniel termed the three variable- based triangle effect, the IRON TRIANGLE Current State COST Source: http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Daniel_0411AAOUShanghai.pdf
24. Optimizing Higher Education ACCESS ACCESS QUALITY QUALITY Desired State Current State COST COST Source: http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Daniel_0411AAOUShanghai.pdf
25. D. Olcott DEMAND Still not closed THE GAP SUPPLY Distance educationneverwentmainstream (Moore & Kearlsey, 2005) http://www.obhe.ac.uk/resources/2008_AUA_Presentation.pdf Don Olcott CE OBHE
27. ACCESSIBILITY STUDENTS Main priority Main priority main priorities FACULTY ADMIN COST- EFFECTIVENESS QUALITY Main priority Power & Morven-Gould, 2011
28. STUDENTS FACULTY ADMIN Key to sustainable OL: balancing stakeholder PRIORITIES Power & Morven-Gould, 2011
31. Closing the GAP From the 13th century up untilWWII guardian.co.uk Olson, 1974; Greenberg, 1997
32. Closing the GAP From the 13th century up untilWWII WhatGap? brockport.edu guardian.co.uk ELITIST SYSTEM Olson, 1974; Greenberg, 1997
33. Closing the GAP From the 13th century Up untilWWII brockport.edu guardian.co.uk ELITIST SYSTEM -GI BILL, 1945-46 -Economic BOOM -DemographicBOOM -here come the babyboomers… 1960s Olson, 1974; Greenberg, 1997 instruct.westvalley.edu
34. 34 Closing the GAP DEMOCRATISATION Lewis, 1996 Perkin, 1991 http://www.ibiblio.org/cccr/AustraliaPhotos/Preview005.png
35. Closing the GAP DEMOCRATISATION PROBLEMS 1. TOO MANY STUDENTS 2. UNIVERSITY SYSTEM TOO CENTRALISED Lewis, 1996 Perkin, 1991 http://www.ibiblio.org/cccr/AustraliaPhotos/Preview005.png
39. 2. DECENTRALISATION STRATEGIES Whatdecentralisationstrategieshave been implemented? Have theyprovensustainable? Whatdecentralisationstrategieshave been implemented? APPROX. 1 Since Antiquity Logistics-basedStrategy Since 1850s 2 1ère Technology-basedStrategy 1 3 Since 1970s Technology-basedStrategy 2 4 Since 1995 Technology-basedStrategy 3 CombinedLogistics & Technology-basedStrategy 5 Since 2000 6 Since 2005 Technology-basedStrategy 4 http://cicip.com/carreviews/2011-honda-civic-is-a-newlegend-review/ Power (in press)
48. Basicallyunsustainable on any large scale, long term http://www.sodahead.com/fun/cars-what-era-is-your-favourite/ http://cicip.com/carreviews/2011-honda-civic-is-a-newlegend-review/ images.businessweek.com Power (in press) Bates, 1995; Power,Dallaire, Dionne& Théberge, 1994
52. Basicallyunsustainable on any large scale, long term Basicallyprovenunsustainable http://www.sodahead.com/fun/cars-what-era-is-your-favourite/ http://cicip.com/carreviews/2011-honda-civic-is-a-newlegend-review/ images.businessweek.com Power (in press) Bates, 1995; Power,Dallaire, Dionne& Théberge, 1994
58. 50 Strategiesused and resultsobtained 4 Technology-basedStrategy3: OL ONLINE COURSES (ASYNCHRONOUS MODE) AVANTAGES : Professeurs - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE - DÉLÉGATION CERTAINES TÂCHES 2) Étudiants - ACCESSIBILITÉ ACCRUE - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE Administrateurs - FINANCEMENT DISPONIBLE (parfois) - EMBAUCHE DE PERSONNEL ADJOINT Approx. 50% of all courses at Laval Univ. enter asynchronous comms exclusively Power (in press) Harasim, Hiltz, Teles & Turoff, 1995; Seaman & Allen, 2010; Hiltz & Goldman, 2005
59. 51 Strategiesused and resultsobtained 4 Technology-basedStrategy 3: OL ONLINE COURSES (ASYNCHRONOUS MODE) AVANTAGES : ADVANTAGES : Professeurs - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE - DÉLÉGATION CERTAINES TÂCHES 2) Étudiants - ACCESSIBILITÉ ACCRUE - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE Administrateurs - FINANCEMENT DISPONIBLE (parfois) - EMBAUCHE DE PERSONNEL ADJOINT Faculty - GREATER FLEXIBILITY - SOME TASK DELEGATION 2) Students - GREATER FLEXIBILITY - GREATER ACCESSIBILITY Administrators - FUNDING AVAILABLE (variable) - POSSIBILITY OF HIRING ADJUNCTS Approx. 50% of all courses at Laval Univ. enter asynchronous comms exclusively Harasim, Hiltz, Teles & Turoff, 1995; Hiltz & Goldman, 2005 ; Sammons & Ruth, 2007; Seaman & Allen, 2010 Power (in press)
60. 52 Strategiesused and resultsobtained 4 Technology-basedStrategy 3: OL ONLINE COURSES (ASYNCHRONOUS MODE) AVANTAGES : DISADVANTAGES: Professeurs - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE - DÉLÉGATION CERTAINES TÂCHES 2) Étudiants - ACCESSIBILITÉ ACCRUE - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE Administrateurs - FINANCEMENT DISPONIBLE (parfois) - EMBAUCHE DE PERSONNEL ADJOINT CoreFaculty - course design, time-consuming - doubts about quality(- interaction) - course delivery, feelings of alienation Approx. 50% of all courses at Laval Univ. asynchronous comms exclusively Power (in press) Harasim, Hiltz, Teles & Turoff, 1995; Seaman & Allen, 2010; Hiltz & Goldman, 2005
61. Are core faculty involved? “…mostly an adjunct phenomenon”(Sammons and Ruth, 2007) Nowhere to beseen http://www.e4innovation.com/
62. Are core faculty involved? “…mostly an adjunct phenomenon” (Sammons and Ruth, 2007) WHY? I haven’tgot time. Myresearchis more important. What’s in it for me? Whereismyreward? I don’t have the skills to do this’ and ‘I don’tbelieve in this, itwon’twork’.(Conole, 2009). Nowhere to beseen http://www.e4innovation.com/
63. Whyaren’ttheyinvolved? “Part of the explanation for the limited use of online teaching and learning is its incompatibility with the teaching styles of many professors’’. (Shea, Fredericksen, Pickett, and Pelz, 2004). ‘‘Faculty members new to online teaching often report being overwhelmed by increased interaction levels’’. Shea et al., 2004 “So the new 24/7 professor who is dragged from a traditional classroom into cyberspace may not be able to adjust”. Sammons & Ruth 2007 http://tinyurl.com/4mkvbt
64. 56 Strategiesused and resultsobtained 4 Technology-basedStrategy 3: OL ONLINE COURSES (ASYNCHRONOUS MODE) AVANTAGES : DISADVANTAGES: Professeurs - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE - DÉLÉGATION CERTAINES TÂCHES 2) Étudiants - ACCESSIBILITÉ ACCRUE - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE Administrateurs - FINANCEMENT DISPONIBLE (parfois) - EMBAUCHE DE PERSONNEL ADJOINT CoreFaculty - course design, time-consuming - doubts about quality(- interaction) - course delivery, feelings of alienation 2) Students (verysimilar to DE) - + isolatedthan in F2F settings; - needgreater motivation/ autonomy to succeed in studies Administrators - current OL, costly to implement - monopolises scarcehumanresources Approx. 50% of all courses at Laval Univ. asynchronous comms exclusively Power (in press) Harasim, Hiltz, Teles & Turoff, 1995; Seaman & Allen, 2010; Hiltz & Goldman, 2005
65. 57 Strategiesused and resultsobtained 4 Technology-basedStrategy 3: OL ONLINE COURSES (ASYNCHRONOUS MODE) AVANTAGES : DISADVANTAGES: Professeurs - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE - DÉLÉGATION CERTAINES TÂCHES 2) Étudiants - ACCESSIBILITÉ ACCRUE - FLEXIBILITÉ ACCRUE Administrateurs - FINANCEMENT DISPONIBLE (parfois) - EMBAUCHE DE PERSONNEL ADJOINT CoreFaculty - course design, time-consuming - doubts about quality(- interaction) - course delivery, feelings of alienation 2) Students (verysimilar to DE) - + isolatedthan in F2F settings; - needgreater motivation/ autonomy to succeed in studies Administrators - OL, costly to implement - monopolises scarcehumanresources Approx. 50% of all courses at Laval Univ. How sustainableis the current(asynchronous) model of OL? More data required. asynchronous comms exclusively Power (in press) Harasim, Hiltz, Teles & Turoff, 1995; Seaman & Allen, 2010; Hiltz & Goldman, 2005
66. Strategiesused and resultsobtained 5 Combinedlogistical- & technological- basedStrategy: BL Blendedlearning On campus Online (asynch) LMS (ENA) Laval University back n’ forth Variousapproaches US Department of Education Garrison & Vaughan, 2008 Power (in press)
67. Strategiesused and resultsobtained 5 Combinedlogistical- & technological- basedStrategy: BL Blendedlearning Combined F2F / virtual On campus Online (asynch) LMS (ENA) Laval University Does BL respond to the needs of the distance (off-campus) learner? enter ADVANTAGES : mainly COST- EFFECTIVENESS (lesscrowding; increase in enrolmentcapacity); reportedlysame QUALITY. DISADVANTAGES: REDUCED ACCESSIBILITY; courses restricted to local students; off-campus (distance) learnersipso facto excluded. back n’ forth Variousapproaches US Department of Education Garrison & Vaughan, 2008 Power (in press)
72. 64 The GRADUATE WEBINAR EMPHASIS ON THE SYNCHRONOUS PROCESS RATHER THAN ON THE ASYNCHRONOUS PRODUCT FACE-TO-FACE Continuity of pratice* ORAL TRANSMISSION VIRTUAL FACE-TO-FACE VIRTUAL FACE-TO-FACE *Power, 2008 http://tinyurl.com/6ffwd---cam.k12.il.us -dreamstime.com
82. ENGLISH-language network BOLD International Research Network www.bold-research.org Dual-mode universities Founder: M. Power / Co-founder: N. Vaughan / Coordinator: A. St-Jacques
83. FRENCH-language network E-learning intégral (synchrone et asynchrone) www.bold-research.org Universités bimodales Founder: M. Power / Co-founder: N. Vaughan / Coordinator: A. St-Jacques
84. SPANISH-language network Red de investigación hispanófono - design de enviros de aprendizaje en línea en modo integral www.bold-research.org Universidades bimodales Founder: M. Power / Co-founder: N. Vaughan / Coordinator: A. St-Jacques
85. ARAB-LANUAGE NETWORK شبكة البحث حول تصميم البرامج التربوية فيبيئةالتعلم الإلكترونيالمدمج (المتزامن و غير المتزامن) الأعضاء المحتملۅن في الشبكة Founder: M. Power / Co-founder: N. Vaughan / Coordinator: A. St-Jacques www.bold-research.org BOLD الشبكة الدولية للبحوث
86. BOLD Research and Researchers Distance Education/ Online Learning/ Blended Learning Instructional Design & Technology BOLD GRADUATE STUDIES FACULTY DEVELOPMENT ARE YOU A BOLD RESEARCHER?
87.
88. Power, M. (2008). The emergence of blended online learning. Journal of Online Learning & Teaching. (4) 4. http://jolt.merlot.org/vol4no4/power_1208.htmmichael.power@fse.ulaval.ca