This document discusses survey methods and questionnaire design. It describes different types of survey methods like telephone, mail, and in-person interviews. It also covers important considerations for questionnaire design such as question format, scaling techniques, sequencing, wording, and layout. The document emphasizes pre-testing questionnaires through pilot studies to improve design.

1. Quantitative Research I Survey Methods & Design

3. A Classification of Survey Methods TRADITIONAL TELEPHONE CATI IN HOME MALL INTERCEPT CAPI POSTAL SURVEY POSTAL PANEL FAX E-MAIL INTERNET DIRECT COMPUTER INTERVIEW TELEPHONE FACE TO FACE MAIL COMPUTER SURVEY METHODS

4. In-home Interviews Highest response rates Target specific persons Flexible question (naive) design Sophisticated sequencing Clustering of respondents Day time not - at - homes Supervision difficult Costs of re - visits Benefits Limitations Probing answers Clarifying ambiguity Interviewer safety Slow to complete Use visual stimuli Interviewer bias Record non-verbal reactions Very expensive

5. Mall Intercept Interviews Many advantages of in - homes Less expensive Less time consuming Ease of supervision Short questionnaires Sample representativeness Length and frequency bias Respondent co-operation Benefits Limitations

6. Telephone Surveys Low cost Dispersed samples Speed Sophisticated routing systems Domestic samples unrepresentative Unlisted numbers Call screening No visual aids Benefits Limitations Direct data entry Editing and validation by machine Short questionnaires Simple scales

7. Mail Surveys Anonymity of responses Sensitive & personal questions Complete at own pace No interviewer bias Lack of control over respondent Cannot control speed of response Cannot probe / clarify response Sequence bias Benefits Limitations Dispersed samples Targeting specialist populations Simple question (naive) design Low response rates Inexpensive Follow - ups & incentives

9. Questionnaire A set of questions designed to generate the data necessary for accomplishing the objectives of the research. Provides for standardisation and uniformity in data collected from respondents.

10. The Questionnaire’s “Position” in the Research Process A questionnaire matches the survey objectives with the respondent’s information Respondent’s Information Survey Objectives Questionnaire Data Analysis

14. Format - Open Respondents free to answer in their own words Example : Question 10. What do you consider to be the benefits of this program PROBE ANY OTHERS.

15. Format - Closed Respondents asked to select answer(s) that apply Example : Surroundings Question 10. Here is a list of some of the benefits associated with this program. Which one or ones, if any, apply to you? TICK ALL THAT APPLY Price Participants Content Timing Materials Other (specify) None NA / DK

16. Respondents indicate which of two alternative answers most closely corresponds to their position on a subject. Example : Format - Dichotomous Question 10. Do you agree or disagree that the objectives of the program were met ? TICK ANSWER. Agree Disagree OK NA

17. Format - Scale Respondents indicate where their answer lies across a continuum. Example : Question 10. To what extent do you consider that the objective of the programme were met ? Cross (x) the number that corresponds with your answer. NOT MET MET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 10

18. Primary Scales of Measurement 4 8 1 9 Nominal Numbers Assigned to Runners Ordinal Rank Order of Winners Third Place Second Place First Place Interval Performance Rating on a 0 to 10 Scale 8.2 9.1 9.6 Ratio Time to Finish in Seconds 15.2 14.1 13.4

20. A Classification of Scaling Techniques Paired Comparison Rank Order Constant Sum Q-Sort and Other Procedures Comparative Scales NonComparative Scales Continuous Rating Scales Itemised Rating Scales Stapel Semantic Differential Likert SCALING TECHNIQUES

22. Semantic Differential Scale - Snake Diagram Modern Store Low prices Friendly staff Wide product range Sophisticated customers Old- fashioned store High prices Unfriendly staff Narrow product range Unsophisticated customers X X X X X Key : Sears X K-Mart

23. Scale Decisions Number of Categories generally between 5 and 9 Balance preferably a balanced scale Odd or Even if neutral responses likely, use odd number Forced or Nonforced if no opinion likely, use nonforced scale Verbal Description label and close to response categories Physical Form should be piloted.

24. Balanced and Unbalanced Scales Balanced Scale Unbalanced Scale JOVAN MUSK FOR MEN IS JOVAN MUSK FOR MEN IS Extremely good Very good Good Bad Very bad Extremely bad Extremely good Very good Good Bad Very bad Extremely bad

29. Commonly Used Probes and Abbreviations Standard Interviewer’s Probe Abbreviation (AO ?) (Other ?) (AE or Else ?) (Tell more) (How mean ?) (RQ) (What mean ?) (Which closer ?) (Why ?) (What in mind ?) Any other reason ? Any others ? Anything else ? Could you tell me more about your thinking on that ? How do you mean ? Repeat question What do you mean ? Which would be closer to the way you feel ? Why do you feel that way ? Would you tell me what you have in mind ?

30. Dummy Table : Store Preference by Frequency of Visit STORE PREFERRED VISIT FREQUENCY Sears Wal-Mart K-Mart Less than once a month Once or twice a month Three or four times a month More than four times month

31. Screeners Qualifying questions Have you been snow skiing in past 12 months? First few questions Warm - ups What brand of skis do you own ? First third of questions Transitions What features do you like best about the skis ? Middle half to second third Difficult and complicated Here are ten characteristics of snow skis. Please rate your skis on each characteristic using the scale below Last Section Classification and demographic What is the highest level of education you attained ? LOCATION TYPE EXAMPLE Summary: Questionnaire Organisation