The document discusses powder metallurgy, including:
- Powder metallurgy involves manufacturing metal parts from metal powders by compacting and sintering them.
- Common products made through powder metallurgy include porous bearings, filters, contacts, and more.
- The key steps of powder metallurgy are powder production, mixing, compacting, sintering, and secondary operations.
- Various powder production methods are discussed like atomization, reduction, electrolysis, and more. Properties of metal powders are also outlined.
Powder metallurgy processes involve compacting metal powders into shapes and sintering them to form solid parts. Metal powders are commonly produced via atomization, reduction, electrolysis, using carbonyls, comminution, or mechanical alloying. Powders are then blended and compacted using dies and presses to form "green compacts" before being sintered. Compaction increases density and bonds particles, while sintering further densifies the parts without melting. Powder metallurgy is used to make many precision industrial and engineering components.
Powder metallurgy is a process for manufacturing parts from metal powders by compacting and sintering. Key steps include producing metal powders through methods like atomization or chemical reduction, blending powders and lubricants, compacting the blended powder in a die under pressure to form a green compact, and sintering the compact at high temperatures to bond the powder particles. The sintered parts have properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing and the process allows for high precision and low waste production of simple parts.
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to form a solid part. The basic process involves manufacturing metal powders using various methods like mechanical crushing, atomization, electrolysis, or reduction. The powders are then blended and mixed as needed. The powder mixture is compacted using die pressing, roll pressing, or extrusion to form a green compact. Finally, the compact is sintered by heating it below the melting point, which causes the powder particles to bond together through atomic diffusion and form necks between the particles. This allows for the creation of complex or porous parts that would be difficult to form through other manufacturing methods.
Powder metallurgy involves producing metal powders and using them to make parts. There are several methods for powder production, including mechanical, chemical, and physical methods. Mechanical methods involve milling or grinding metals into powders, while chemical methods reduce metal oxides using reducing agents. Physical methods like gas or water atomization involve spraying molten metal into a chamber to produce spherical powders. The properties of metal powders depend on factors like particle size, shape, density and flow characteristics, which influence the powder metallurgy process steps of mixing, compacting, and sintering to produce final parts.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal or ceramic parts from metal or ceramic powders. There are several key steps: (1) powder production using methods like atomization or milling, (2) blending and mixing powders, (3) compacting the powders using pressing or sintering, (4) sintering the compacted powders to bond them, and (5) optional secondary processes like infiltration. Powder metallurgy allows for net-shape production of parts, precise control over properties, and fabrication of alloys that are difficult to make by other methods. Common applications include cemented carbide tools, bearings, and turbine engine parts.
Powder metallurgy involves three basic steps: 1) Pulverisation is the process of applying force to reduce solid materials into smaller powder particles, which can be done through various techniques like crushing or chemical reactions; 2) Powder compaction involves compacting metal powders in a die under high pressure to form shapes; 3) Sintering is the final heating process where the powder particle surfaces bond to form a coherent shape below melting point through chemical reactions, or it can involve liquid phase sintering if a component melts above its melting point.
This document provides an overview of powder metallurgy, including:
1) The topics that will be covered related to powder metallurgy processes and properties including powder manufacturing, sintering, and applications.
2) The basic steps in powder metallurgy including mixing powders, compacting, and sintering to produce parts from metal powders.
3) The advantages of powder metallurgy which include a wide range of possible alloys and properties, close control over dimensions, and high material utilization.
Powder metallurgy processes involve compacting metal powders into shapes and sintering them to form solid parts. Metal powders are commonly produced via atomization, reduction, electrolysis, using carbonyls, comminution, or mechanical alloying. Powders are then blended and compacted using dies and presses to form "green compacts" before being sintered. Compaction increases density and bonds particles, while sintering further densifies the parts without melting. Powder metallurgy is used to make many precision industrial and engineering components.
Powder metallurgy is a process for manufacturing parts from metal powders by compacting and sintering. Key steps include producing metal powders through methods like atomization or chemical reduction, blending powders and lubricants, compacting the blended powder in a die under pressure to form a green compact, and sintering the compact at high temperatures to bond the powder particles. The sintered parts have properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing and the process allows for high precision and low waste production of simple parts.
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to form a solid part. The basic process involves manufacturing metal powders using various methods like mechanical crushing, atomization, electrolysis, or reduction. The powders are then blended and mixed as needed. The powder mixture is compacted using die pressing, roll pressing, or extrusion to form a green compact. Finally, the compact is sintered by heating it below the melting point, which causes the powder particles to bond together through atomic diffusion and form necks between the particles. This allows for the creation of complex or porous parts that would be difficult to form through other manufacturing methods.
Powder metallurgy involves producing metal powders and using them to make parts. There are several methods for powder production, including mechanical, chemical, and physical methods. Mechanical methods involve milling or grinding metals into powders, while chemical methods reduce metal oxides using reducing agents. Physical methods like gas or water atomization involve spraying molten metal into a chamber to produce spherical powders. The properties of metal powders depend on factors like particle size, shape, density and flow characteristics, which influence the powder metallurgy process steps of mixing, compacting, and sintering to produce final parts.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal or ceramic parts from metal or ceramic powders. There are several key steps: (1) powder production using methods like atomization or milling, (2) blending and mixing powders, (3) compacting the powders using pressing or sintering, (4) sintering the compacted powders to bond them, and (5) optional secondary processes like infiltration. Powder metallurgy allows for net-shape production of parts, precise control over properties, and fabrication of alloys that are difficult to make by other methods. Common applications include cemented carbide tools, bearings, and turbine engine parts.
Powder metallurgy involves three basic steps: 1) Pulverisation is the process of applying force to reduce solid materials into smaller powder particles, which can be done through various techniques like crushing or chemical reactions; 2) Powder compaction involves compacting metal powders in a die under high pressure to form shapes; 3) Sintering is the final heating process where the powder particle surfaces bond to form a coherent shape below melting point through chemical reactions, or it can involve liquid phase sintering if a component melts above its melting point.
This document provides an overview of powder metallurgy, including:
1) The topics that will be covered related to powder metallurgy processes and properties including powder manufacturing, sintering, and applications.
2) The basic steps in powder metallurgy including mixing powders, compacting, and sintering to produce parts from metal powders.
3) The advantages of powder metallurgy which include a wide range of possible alloys and properties, close control over dimensions, and high material utilization.
This PPT contains information about basic operations of Powder Metallurgy(PM). it is consist of manufacturing techniques of powder, and manufacturing of products by the powder.
Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes can avoid, or greatly reduce, the need to use metal removal processes, thereby drastically reducing yield losses in manufacture and often resulting in lower costs.
Conventional Powder-Metallurgy Process
The powder-metallurgy (PM) process, depicted in the diagram below, involves mixing elemental or alloy powders, compacting the mixture in a die and then sintering, or heating, the resultant shapes in an atmosphere-controlled furnace to metallurgically bond the particles.
Powder metallurgy is a process of making components from metallic powders. The key steps are manufacturing metal powders, blending powders, compacting, sintering, and finishing. The characteristics of metal powders that influence the process are particle shape, size, distribution, flow rate, compressibility, apparent density, and purity. Common powder manufacturing methods include atomization, machining, crushing/milling, reduction, electrolytic deposition, shotting, and condensation. Particle characteristics determine how powders behave during compaction and sintering.
Powder metallurgy involves producing metal powders and manufacturing components from those powders. The key steps are:
1) Producing metal powders using various mechanical or chemical methods.
2) Mixing and blending the powders.
3) Compacting the blended powder in a die to form a green compact.
4) Sintering the compact to increase its strength through diffusion and densification.
5) Additional processing like impregnation or testing may be done to finalize the component. Powder metallurgy allows for close dimensional control and lower machining waste compared to other methods.
Powder metallurgy is defined as producing metal or non-metal powders and using them to manufacture components. It involves basic steps of powder production, compaction, and sintering. Powder production methods include mechanical, physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. Compaction forms a "green compact" by pressing powder in a die. Sintering heats the compact below melting to bond particles through solid-state diffusion. Applications include automotive, aerospace, defense, and industrial parts that benefit from net shape manufacturing or require properties unsuitable for other processes.
This document discusses powder metallurgy, which involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to produce dense materials. Powder metallurgy allows for precise control over material properties, custom alloy compositions, and production of near-net shaped parts. The key steps are powder production, blending and mixing powders, compacting the powders into a green compact, sintering the compact to bond particles, and optional finishing operations. Powder metallurgy is well-suited for producing alloys and materials that are difficult to make by other methods. Example applications include cutting tools, high speed steels, and wear-resistant components.
This document discusses powder metallurgy and processing of powder metals, ceramics, and glass. It covers the production of metal powders through various methods like compaction and sintering. It also discusses shaping of ceramics through forming and shaping processes as well as design considerations for powder metallurgy, ceramics, and glass. The processing of superconductors is also mentioned.
Powder Metallurgy or PM is a process of producing components or materials from powders made of metal. Different geometries can be obtained by this process. This may also include non metal powders. PM or Powder Metallurgy reduces the metal removal process to obtain a desired structure, reduces yield loss while manufacturing and cut down cost.
www.catalystrecoveryfilter.com
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powder and sintering it to produce dense materials. It is especially suitable for metals with low ductility or high melting temperatures. Parts produced through powder metallurgy can have close tolerances and complex shapes. The process involves mixing powder and additives, compacting them, sintering the compacts to bond particles through diffusion, and optional post-sintering treatments like machining. Powder metallurgy is used to produce parts for automotive, manufacturing, aerospace, and other applications.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal parts from metallic powders. Key points of the process include:
1. Metallic powders are produced through processes like gas or water atomization and then blended and mixed.
2. The blended powders are compacted using dies and presses to form a green compact part close to the final net shape.
3. The green compacts are then sintered at a temperature below the melting point to bond the powder particles together without melting and further strengthen the part.
This allows for net or near-net shaped parts to be produced with high dimensional accuracy and less machining compared to other metal forming methods.
The document provides information about various manufacturing processes presented by Rajesh Kumar. It discusses casting processes such as sand casting and permanent mold casting. It also describes various joining processes including welding techniques like arc welding, TIG, MIG etc. and brazing. Forming processes covered are forging, rolling, extrusion, sheet metal working, bending and deep drawing. Finally, machining processes like lathe, drilling, planning, milling and grinding are explained along with the basic operations performed by these machines.
The document discusses the powder metal process. It begins by providing an introduction to powder metallurgy, including its early uses and common applications today. The basic PM process consists of 5 steps: powder production, blending, compaction, sintering, and finishing operations. Several methods for producing metal powders are described, including atomization, chemical reduction, electrolytic deposition, mechanical comminution, and mechanical alloying. Key characteristics of metal powders like particle size, shape, chemistry, and flow properties are also covered. The document concludes with descriptions of the blending, compaction, sintering, and finishing stages of the PM process.
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to produce dense materials and components. The process allows fabrication of metals that are difficult to melt and cast. Parts produced through powder metallurgy can achieve close dimensional tolerances. The process involves mixing metal powders, compacting them into a green compact, sintering to bond the particles through diffusion, and optional secondary operations like machining. Applications include automotive components, cutting tools, batteries, and filters. Standards organizations establish guidelines for powder metallurgy.
This document discusses various metal processing techniques. It begins by introducing raw material processing and shape processing as the two main stages of metal processing. It then describes different processes for raw materials including powder manufacturing, powder metallurgy, blending and mixing, compaction, and isostatic pressing. For shape processing, it discusses techniques such as powder rolling, injection molding, and metal rolling (hot and cold rolling). Additional details are provided on processes like powder manufacturing, compaction, injection molding, and forging. The document concludes with an overview of finishing processes used to protect metals and provide special surface characteristics.
Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) involves processing metals between their liquidus and solidus temperatures, when they are partially solidified. This allows for modifying the dendritic microstructure and improving mechanical properties compared to fully liquid casting. SSM techniques include thixocasting, which uses pre-cast semi-solid billets that are reheated and injected into dies, and rheocasting, where the liquid metal is sheared as it cools through the semi-solid range. SSM offers advantages over traditional casting like reduced porosity and finer microstructures, making it suitable for high-strength automotive and machine components.
Hot forming processes, such as die-casting, investment casting, plaster casting, and sand casting, each provide their own unique manufacturing benefits. Comparing both the advantages and disadvantages of the common types of casting processes can help in selecting the method best suited for a given production run.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powder and compacting and sintering it to form objects. It has three main steps - powder production, compacting, and sintering. Powder metallurgy allows for near-net shape production with few secondary operations and can be used to make complex parts from various alloys. Some examples where it is used include auto transmission sprockets and main bearing caps for automobile engines. The process offers advantages like net-shape production, ability to use high-melting metals, and high production rates. However, it also has disadvantages such as high powder production costs and limited part geometries.
This document provides an introduction to powder metallurgy, including the powder metallurgy process, production of metallic powders, blending and mixing powders, compacting powders, sintering compacts, and applications of powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy involves forming metal parts by heating and compacting metal powders below the melting point, allowing for net-shape production of parts. Key steps include powder production, blending, compacting in a die, and sintering to bond particles. Powder metallurgy is used to make automotive, aerospace, medical, and other precision components when high production rates and material efficiency are priorities.
This PPT will let you know about metal casting and more specifically about the type of casting that is, Die casting, types of die casting, Cleaning of castings and inspection of casting
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
This PPT contains information about basic operations of Powder Metallurgy(PM). it is consist of manufacturing techniques of powder, and manufacturing of products by the powder.
Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes can avoid, or greatly reduce, the need to use metal removal processes, thereby drastically reducing yield losses in manufacture and often resulting in lower costs.
Conventional Powder-Metallurgy Process
The powder-metallurgy (PM) process, depicted in the diagram below, involves mixing elemental or alloy powders, compacting the mixture in a die and then sintering, or heating, the resultant shapes in an atmosphere-controlled furnace to metallurgically bond the particles.
Powder metallurgy is a process of making components from metallic powders. The key steps are manufacturing metal powders, blending powders, compacting, sintering, and finishing. The characteristics of metal powders that influence the process are particle shape, size, distribution, flow rate, compressibility, apparent density, and purity. Common powder manufacturing methods include atomization, machining, crushing/milling, reduction, electrolytic deposition, shotting, and condensation. Particle characteristics determine how powders behave during compaction and sintering.
Powder metallurgy involves producing metal powders and manufacturing components from those powders. The key steps are:
1) Producing metal powders using various mechanical or chemical methods.
2) Mixing and blending the powders.
3) Compacting the blended powder in a die to form a green compact.
4) Sintering the compact to increase its strength through diffusion and densification.
5) Additional processing like impregnation or testing may be done to finalize the component. Powder metallurgy allows for close dimensional control and lower machining waste compared to other methods.
Powder metallurgy is defined as producing metal or non-metal powders and using them to manufacture components. It involves basic steps of powder production, compaction, and sintering. Powder production methods include mechanical, physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. Compaction forms a "green compact" by pressing powder in a die. Sintering heats the compact below melting to bond particles through solid-state diffusion. Applications include automotive, aerospace, defense, and industrial parts that benefit from net shape manufacturing or require properties unsuitable for other processes.
This document discusses powder metallurgy, which involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to produce dense materials. Powder metallurgy allows for precise control over material properties, custom alloy compositions, and production of near-net shaped parts. The key steps are powder production, blending and mixing powders, compacting the powders into a green compact, sintering the compact to bond particles, and optional finishing operations. Powder metallurgy is well-suited for producing alloys and materials that are difficult to make by other methods. Example applications include cutting tools, high speed steels, and wear-resistant components.
This document discusses powder metallurgy and processing of powder metals, ceramics, and glass. It covers the production of metal powders through various methods like compaction and sintering. It also discusses shaping of ceramics through forming and shaping processes as well as design considerations for powder metallurgy, ceramics, and glass. The processing of superconductors is also mentioned.
Powder Metallurgy or PM is a process of producing components or materials from powders made of metal. Different geometries can be obtained by this process. This may also include non metal powders. PM or Powder Metallurgy reduces the metal removal process to obtain a desired structure, reduces yield loss while manufacturing and cut down cost.
www.catalystrecoveryfilter.com
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powder and sintering it to produce dense materials. It is especially suitable for metals with low ductility or high melting temperatures. Parts produced through powder metallurgy can have close tolerances and complex shapes. The process involves mixing powder and additives, compacting them, sintering the compacts to bond particles through diffusion, and optional post-sintering treatments like machining. Powder metallurgy is used to produce parts for automotive, manufacturing, aerospace, and other applications.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal parts from metallic powders. Key points of the process include:
1. Metallic powders are produced through processes like gas or water atomization and then blended and mixed.
2. The blended powders are compacted using dies and presses to form a green compact part close to the final net shape.
3. The green compacts are then sintered at a temperature below the melting point to bond the powder particles together without melting and further strengthen the part.
This allows for net or near-net shaped parts to be produced with high dimensional accuracy and less machining compared to other metal forming methods.
The document provides information about various manufacturing processes presented by Rajesh Kumar. It discusses casting processes such as sand casting and permanent mold casting. It also describes various joining processes including welding techniques like arc welding, TIG, MIG etc. and brazing. Forming processes covered are forging, rolling, extrusion, sheet metal working, bending and deep drawing. Finally, machining processes like lathe, drilling, planning, milling and grinding are explained along with the basic operations performed by these machines.
The document discusses the powder metal process. It begins by providing an introduction to powder metallurgy, including its early uses and common applications today. The basic PM process consists of 5 steps: powder production, blending, compaction, sintering, and finishing operations. Several methods for producing metal powders are described, including atomization, chemical reduction, electrolytic deposition, mechanical comminution, and mechanical alloying. Key characteristics of metal powders like particle size, shape, chemistry, and flow properties are also covered. The document concludes with descriptions of the blending, compaction, sintering, and finishing stages of the PM process.
Powder metallurgy involves compacting metal powders and sintering them to produce dense materials and components. The process allows fabrication of metals that are difficult to melt and cast. Parts produced through powder metallurgy can achieve close dimensional tolerances. The process involves mixing metal powders, compacting them into a green compact, sintering to bond the particles through diffusion, and optional secondary operations like machining. Applications include automotive components, cutting tools, batteries, and filters. Standards organizations establish guidelines for powder metallurgy.
This document discusses various metal processing techniques. It begins by introducing raw material processing and shape processing as the two main stages of metal processing. It then describes different processes for raw materials including powder manufacturing, powder metallurgy, blending and mixing, compaction, and isostatic pressing. For shape processing, it discusses techniques such as powder rolling, injection molding, and metal rolling (hot and cold rolling). Additional details are provided on processes like powder manufacturing, compaction, injection molding, and forging. The document concludes with an overview of finishing processes used to protect metals and provide special surface characteristics.
Semi-solid metal casting (SSM) involves processing metals between their liquidus and solidus temperatures, when they are partially solidified. This allows for modifying the dendritic microstructure and improving mechanical properties compared to fully liquid casting. SSM techniques include thixocasting, which uses pre-cast semi-solid billets that are reheated and injected into dies, and rheocasting, where the liquid metal is sheared as it cools through the semi-solid range. SSM offers advantages over traditional casting like reduced porosity and finer microstructures, making it suitable for high-strength automotive and machine components.
Hot forming processes, such as die-casting, investment casting, plaster casting, and sand casting, each provide their own unique manufacturing benefits. Comparing both the advantages and disadvantages of the common types of casting processes can help in selecting the method best suited for a given production run.
Powder metallurgy is a process that involves producing metal powder and compacting and sintering it to form objects. It has three main steps - powder production, compacting, and sintering. Powder metallurgy allows for near-net shape production with few secondary operations and can be used to make complex parts from various alloys. Some examples where it is used include auto transmission sprockets and main bearing caps for automobile engines. The process offers advantages like net-shape production, ability to use high-melting metals, and high production rates. However, it also has disadvantages such as high powder production costs and limited part geometries.
This document provides an introduction to powder metallurgy, including the powder metallurgy process, production of metallic powders, blending and mixing powders, compacting powders, sintering compacts, and applications of powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy involves forming metal parts by heating and compacting metal powders below the melting point, allowing for net-shape production of parts. Key steps include powder production, blending, compacting in a die, and sintering to bond particles. Powder metallurgy is used to make automotive, aerospace, medical, and other precision components when high production rates and material efficiency are priorities.
This PPT will let you know about metal casting and more specifically about the type of casting that is, Die casting, types of die casting, Cleaning of castings and inspection of casting
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
1. Powder Metallurgy
By Group 15 :
- 191119073 Aliya Rahmani
- 191119074 Aman Rai
- 191119075 Abhinav Shrivastava
2.
3. Powder Metallurgy
By Group 15 :
- 191119073 Aliya Rahmani
- 191119074 Aman Rai
- 191119075 Abhinav Shrivastava
4. Powder Metallurgy
By Group 15 :
- 191119073 Aliya Rahmani
- 191119074 Aman Rai
- 191119075 Abhinav Shrivastava
5. Contents
1. Introduction of powder metallurgy, certain products made from PM
2. Procedure of Powder Metallurgy(Flowchart)
3. Powder Manufacturing
4. Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of Powder Metallurgy
6. Introduction To Powder Metallurgy
• It is a very special way of manufacturing parts exactly as per dimensions & with
special properties by using metal powders.
• As the name suggests, the parts are manufactured by mixing & binding powders of
different metals & non-metals and compacting them to a specified geometry or
shape.
• Basically it is a modified method of manufacturing different from conventional
Casting, Forging, etc. processes.
• Parts with special properties, Components of refractory & super-hard materials,
Parts having combinations of plastics, metals & other different combinations, etc.
can be made from this method.
7. Certain Products Made from Powder
Metallurgy
• Porous Self-Lubricating
Bearings
• Porous metal sheets
• Cemented Carbides
• Metallic Filters
• Electric Contacts
• Friction materials
• Motor brushes
• Ductile tungsten
• Magnetic materials
• Diamond Impregnated Tools
• Babbit bearings
• Metallic Coatings
• Metal & Glass Seals
• Gear pump rotors
• Composites of refractory
Materials
• Cam shaft sprocket wheel
• Parts with variation in
composition & materials
• Wire Drawing dies
• Stone Hammers
8. Procedure of Powder Metallurgy
Powder Production
• Atomisation,
• Electrolysis
• Reduction,
• Pulverization, etc.
Mixing/Blending
• Adding Lubricants,
• Alloy additives, etc.
Compacting
• Machine Pressing,
• Rolling,
• Extruding, etc.
Pre-Sintering Processes
• Heat treatment,
• Surface preparation, etc.
Sintering
• Heating the compact at certain
pressure
Post-sintering/ Secondary
Operations
• Infiltration
• Repressing
• Machining, etc.
Finished Powder Metallurgy Parts
9. Powder Manufacturing
1. Atomization
• As the name suggests, in this method the molten metal cools
down in very small atom like shape powder.
• Molten metal is poured in tundish using ladle & made to pass
through a small nozzle.
• A pressurized jet of water or gas (generally about 2-3 kg/cm²)
is applied to melt coming out of nozzle.
• To improve quality of powder, inert gases can be used.
• Because of jet, the melt gets cooled in shapes of very fine
spherical/pearl shaped powder and is collected at base of
chamber.
• The size of powder is dependent on Nozzle size, Rate of Metal
flow & Temp. and Pressure of jet.
• Suitable for metals having low melting points like Al(660˚C),
Sn(232˚C) & Zn(420˚C).
10. 2. Reduction
• It is a chemical process of gaining electrons by
atoms of a substance.
• For this purpose, Oxides of materials are reduced
using C (charcoal), CO & H.
• The powder is produced by crushing & screening
the product of reduction at below the melting point
of the material.
• WO + 𝐻2= W + 𝐻2O
• 𝐶𝑢2O + 𝐻2 = 2Cu + 𝐻2O
• 𝐹𝑒3𝑂4 + 4CO = 3Fe + 4𝐶𝑂2
• This process is cheap, easy & flexible and suitable
for metals whose oxides are easily available.
• Majority of metal powder is produced by this
method in industries.
11. 3. Electrolysis/Electrolytic Deposition
• This is a Electro-chemical process used to obtain extremely pure
powder of metals like Cu, Fe, Ta, Ag, Zn & Sn.
• Powder produced has good oxidation resistance.
• The setup is similar to Electroplating, that is metal whose
powder is to be made is selected as Anode & Al (general
preference) plate is selected as Cathode.
• These electrodes are dipped in a suitable Electrolyte as per
Anode material (i.e. CuS𝑶𝟒 for Cu).
• When high ampere current is passed through them, a layer of
Anode metal is deposited over Cathode.
• After sometime, Cathode is removed from tank, rinsed & dried.
• Then the material deposited is scraped off from it & grinded to
produce powder of required size.
12. 4. Mechanical pulverisation (Milling)
• This method can produce fine powders of brittle
materials of particle size of minimum 0.001mm.
• The materials are disintegrated to desired size by
crushing, rolling & milling.
• Then this crushed metal is further ground in a ball mill in
which steel balls impinge upon the powder
simultaneously to grind it to required size.
• For fine grinding of powder, heavy crushing machines,
crushing rolls, etc can be used.
13. 5. Condensation
• This is a fast & cheap method used for metals having
very low boiling points like Zn, Cd, Mg, Pb, Sn, etc.
• In this method, a metal rod is kept against a high
temperature flame.
• Eventually, the metal starts boiling.
• There is a cold surface(which doesn’t adhere with
metal drops) above the rod on which the vapour of
metal condenses directly in the form of fine powder
particles.
• Then this powder is removed from the surface.
• This method is not suitable for mass production of
powders.
14. 6. Hydride & Carbonyl Processes
• Metals like Ta, Nb & Zr, etc. when subjected to Hydrogen, forms stable hydrides at
room temperature.
• Again when these hydrides are heated at about 350˚C, they dissociate into Hydrogen
& powder of pure metal.
• Carbonyl method is useful for Ni & Fe.
• In this method, the metal is made to combine with CO and form Volatie Carbonyls.
• Fe(𝑪𝑶𝟓) is a colourless volatile liquid which boils at 107˚C & Ni(𝑪𝑶𝟒) boils at 43˚C.
• These are obtained by passing CO gas over the metal at suitable temperature (200-
270˚C) & pressure (70 - 210 bars)
• Ni + 4CO Ni(𝐶𝑂4)
• The carbonyls formed are boiled and made to decompose in a cooled chamber to
obtain spherical pure metal powder deposits.
• There is no wastage of either gas or metals.
16. Properties of Metal Powder
• Purity of powder material :- Important for determining base
properties & structure
• Chemical composition of powder material :- Needed for
considering the effect of various processes to be carried out in
future.
• Particle Size :- Influences mould strength, density of
compact, porosity, permeability, flow & mixing properties as
well as dimensional stability.
It is generally expressed in terms of diameter of particles.
• Particle size distribution :- Influences packing of powders &
behaviour during moulding and sintering.
It is determined using sieve analysis.
17. • Particle shape :- Impacts flow characteristics & packing
characteristics.
Spherical powder has good properties.
• Flow rate :- It can be defined as the rate at which metal powder flow
& fill up the die cavity completely. It helps in determining production
rate.
Spherical particles have high flow rate whereas dendritic particles
have lowest flow rate.
• Apparent density :- The weight of loosely heaped quantity of powder
requires to fill the die cavity completely is known as it’s apparent
density.
• Microstructure :- Microstructure of particle will affect the final
properties of Powder Metallurgy component.
18. Need for Mixing or Blending
• Why Mixing & Blending are required in Powder Metallurgy
components?
After the metal powders are produced by any of the production
method, they cannot be directly used for compacting (except by
reduction) into a shape because they don’t possess the required
physical or chemical characteristics.
So, powders are conditioned by certain specific techniques like
blending & mixing to obtain correct composition, form & properties.
19. Blending
• In this process, lubricants, volatizing agents or other compounds are added in powder.
• Blending gives following benefits:-
The wear of tools & dies used for compacting is reduced & pressure needed for
compacting is also reduced.
To produce alloys by adding different elements as per requirement.
To get uniform distribution of particles resulting in uniformity of properties of
components produced.
To obtain required porosity in certain parts.
To reduce compaction time due to internal lubrication instead of lubrication from tools
& dies.
20. Mixing
• Required to produce uniform distribution of powder, particularly when
different size of powders are used.
• Compact produced after proper mixing has uniform density.
• Mixing can be done either directly (dry powder form) or in special cases
as wet mixing (using water or solvent).
• Wet mixing reduces the amount of dust particles, prevents oxidation of
particle surfaces.
• Moreover, wet mixing considerably reduces chances of accident while
mixing powders of explosive materials.
22. Powder Compaction
• It is the operation of pressing the blended particles together to form the required shape of
part.
• Generally, the compaction is done in cold state resulting in cold welding of powder particles.
• The powder is compacted with an aim to consolidate the powder into the desired shape with
near net final dimensions by considering any dimensional changes that may occur due to
sintering.
• Compacting is so designed to provide required strength & porosity.
• There are two types of compacting techniques:-
1. Pressure compacting (Die pressing, Roll pressing, Extrusion method, Vibratory
compacting, High-Energy-Rate forming, etc.)
2. Pressure-less compacting (Slip casting, Continuous compaction, etc.)
23. Die Pressing
• This is the most commonly used pressure
compacting technique by using special
Mechanical or Hydraulic presses including Feed
hopper, Shaping dies, Upper punch & lower
punch.
• First, die cavity is filled with powder blend
through a feed hopper in a definite quantity.
• This blend is pressed using adequate pressure
between upper & lower punches by moving
them towards each other.
• Now the pressed compact called “Green
Compact” or “Briquette” is ejected by moving
the lower punch further up.
24. • Mechanical presses provide pressure range between 100kN-5MN for a variety of metals.
• They provide high speed production rates, flexibility in design, simplicity, economy of
operation & relatively low investment cost.
• Hydraulic presses can provide even higher pressure, but slower stroke speeds (less than
20 strokes/min). Therefore they are used for complicated parts requiring high pressure
only.
• The compaction pressure depends upon:-
Required density of final product
Size & Shape of the powder particles
Physical & Mechanical properties of metal
25. Roll Pressing
( Continuous Pressure compacting)
• This method is used to produce continuous
sections by passing metal powder blend between
two rollers set at adequate distance.
• Due to rolling action, a regulated stream of
powder is guided during which necessary pressure
is applied continuously.
• To alter the properties of compact, the roll gap can
be adjusted.
• They are used to manufacture simple shapes like
rod, sheet, tube & plates.
• Note:- The speed of rollers is much less as
compared to conventional rolling process.
26. Extrusion Technique
• This is also a pressure compacting technique in which
the metal powder is filled in a container having die
opening & ram on either same side or opposite sides.
• The sealed container is heated and then ram applies
pressure & forces the metal powder out from
opening.
• The extruded part is generally having the cross-
section of die opening and form of rod , wire or
plate.
• This method is also widely used fore plastic parts
manufacturing, similarly by using plastic powders.
• But for metals, it has a limited application due to
inefficient control.
Forward Extrusion
Backward Extrusion
27. High-energy-rate forming
• These are high pressure compacting techniques having four
types:- mechanical, pneumatic, explosive-discharge & spark-
discharge method.
• The last two methods are carried out in a closed die.
• In Explosive discharge method, a layer of powder blend having
suitable thickness is applied on a die having the shape of
component.
• There is a vacuum tube in die to allow escaping of air between
powder blend.
• This assembly is submerged in a suitable cooling solvent.
• Now an explosive is made to explode just above the powder.
• The shockwave of the explosion applies the required pressure
and produces a uniform thickness “green compact”.
28. Vibratory compaction
• This is also a pressure type compacting method but
requires less pressure as compared to others.
• The phenomenon responsible for compacting here is
vibratory oscillation which removes the air gaps
between particles.
• This action is quite similar to compacting the wheat
flour in a container by externally beating the
container to settle down the flour.
• Due to this, the powder is uniformly laid out thereby
reducing the pressure required for compacting.
• The vibrations are produced by reciprocating the
table by motors & after they are laid out, they are
compacted using punch & die.
29. Slip Casting
• This is a pressure-less compacting technique used
majorly for ceramic powders as compared to metals.
• In this method, a slip (slurry of powder & liquid solvent)
is used.
• The solvent is selected such that the powder remains
suspended and doesn’t settle down in liquid.
• Now this slip is poured in a porous mould having shape
of part to be produced.
• Due to porosity of mould, the liquid starts being absorbed
by mould at mould walls, leaving behind a powder layer
under liquid pressure.
• The most important factor is time, according to which the
thickness of part is determined.
• Then the remaining liquid slip is poured out & after
sometime the briquette is separated from the mould.
30. Continuous pressure-less compaction
• This method is used to obtain porous metal sheets for Ni-Cd batteries.
• Powder is applied directly on a flat metal screen in the form of a slurry similar to
the slip.
• The thickness is kept a little more than required during the process, so after pre-
sintering operations the actual dimensions are obtained.
• After sometime, the volatizing liquid component vaporize to leave behind
unusual composite powder coating on the screen.
32. Pre-Sintering Operations
• Sometimes, the briquette cannot be directly sintered. This is
because for sintering the part should be accurate to dimensions
& must have considerable strength.
• These properties are achieved using pre-sintering. Moreover, the
dimensional stability of the part also increases during sintering.
• For pre-sintering, the temperature & pressure utilized are of
much smaller margin than sintering.
• The blended volatizing agents & excess lubricants are also
removed during this process.
• Machining of sintered part can be avoided if pre-sintering is
carried out.
• Pre-sintering may be eliminated if no machining of final
product is required.
33. Sintering
• The briquette is sintered to provide possible final strength & hardness
required for finished part.
• Sintering consists of heating the briquette in a furnace (continuous/batch type
& oil/gas fired) to a temperature below the highest melting point from the
major constituents in an Inert (reducing) atmosphere.
• The reducing atmosphere is utilized to prevent formation of oxidized
coatings on metal particles.
• H is used as reducing agent for W & WC, dissociated 𝑵𝑯𝟒 is used for Fe-C
alloys, partially burnt coal gas is used as reducing agent for Brass & Bronze,
etc.
• Technically sintering is a process of bonding solid particles by thermal
diffusion.
• The bonding is divided in 3 stages:- a) neck formation at particle contact, b)
neck growth, c) pore rounding
• Sintering is classified in two groups:-
1. Solid phase sintering
2. Liquid phase sintering
34. Solid phase Sintering
• In this process, neither of the compacted
metal melts but rather the grain growth &
diffusion takes place at cold-welded locations
of powder.
• Because of diffusion & grain growth, bonding
of adjacent particles takes place.
• This results in a cellular structure of powder
grains.
• Pure tungsten is sintered in this manner.
35. Liquid Phase sintering
• In this process, one of the constituents whose
melting point is low melts & forms a continuous
phase of material surrounding other constituents.
• This continuous phase acts like a bond of element
supporting other constituents and is responsible
for holding particles together & providing
strength.
• Bronze and Cemented Carbide tips are sintered
by this process.
36. Hot isostatic pressing/hipping
• This is a modern industrial approach for performing
compacting & sintering simultaneously using inert gases.
• In this process, powder is filled in a closed pressure
chamber as in adjacent figure.
• An inert gas (usually Argon) is sent in this chamber at
suitable pressure for compacting the powder.
• The heaters are used for sintering the powder.
• Due to combined action of pressurized gas & heaters, the
powder gets compacted & sintered.
• However, the porosity obtained is very less in such parts.
Hence, this method is majorly used for cemented carbide
parts and has limited application for other parts.
37. Post-sintering Operations
• To obtain a specific & desired level of finish, tolerances or internal metal structure
in Briquette, these operations may be performed.
• As we have previously discussed, that not all properties required are readily
available in powder metallurgy parts, the need of such operations may arise.
• The majorly performed operations are as follows:-
1. Sizing (correcting dimensions) 5. Heat treatment
2. Coining ( repressing to reduce
voids
6. Joining
3. Machining 7. Infiltration
4. Plating/Coating 8. Impregnation
38. Infiltration
• Parts manufactured by powder metallurgy have theoretical density of about 77%.
• To achieve density close to 100%, infiltration process is carried out.
• A replica of other metal (say Cu or Brass having melting point lower than part
material) in calculated volume is kept above part produced by Powder Metallurgy
and kept in a furnace.
• The replica melts and enters the pores of part & fills the cavities to achieve
theoretical 100% density.
• Moreover, the strength & hardness are also improved for the part.
39. Impregnation
• In this process, the cavities in parts are filled by oil, grease, wax or any other lubricating
materials.
• This is specially done for antifriction components to make them self-lubricating as in case
of bearings.
• This is done by dipping the porous bearings made by powder metallurgy in a container
having lubricating oil at 93˚C.
• The pores get filled up in 20-30 minutes due to capillary action of oil in pores and is
retained in the parts.
• Sometimes, bearing materials having low melting point like tin & lead babbit are
impregnated in bearings to provide a spongy non-ferrous matrix which further improves
bearing properties of parts.
• Some parts are also impregnated by plastics to improve corrosion resistance, sealing,
machinability & pressure tightness properties.
40. Production of cemented carbide tools by Powder
Metallurgy
6 parts C
Tantalum
Oxide
Titanium
Oxide
Tungsten
oxide
94 parts W 6 parts C
94 parts Ti 20 parts C
80 parts Ta
Milling
Carburizing to
respective carbides
Cobalt + Cobalt
Oxide
Blending &
Granulating
Paraffin added
& dried
Compacting
Sintering
Diamond grinding of
sintered parts
Cemented
carbide tools
41. Specific parts made by
Powder Metallurgy
1. Cemented Carbide Tools
• They are tools having extremely hard
phase well distributed in a tough matrix.
• They retain hardness due to W, Ti & Ta
along with toughness due to soft matrix
material.
• They are suitable for high speed cuttings
as they have good hot hardness & can
absorbs shock loads.
• However, the whole tool cannot be made in
this method as it will be brittle.
• Hence, they made in the form of indexable
insert tips which can be mechanically
joined to a tool shank.
2. Self-lubricating Bearings
• They are impregnated by lubricants.
• At stationary condition, the lubricant is
retained in part and forms a thin film over
surface to provide initial lubrication.
• As the rotation starts & speed increases,
more heat is generated resulting in seeping
out of oil from pores and providing
necessary lubrication.
• Again as shaft stops, the oil is absorbed in
the pores of bearings by capillary action.
• Because of this property, they require
considerably less maintenance & repair as
compared to normal bearings.
43. Advantages of Powder Metallurgy
1. Reduction or elimination of Machining:- Parts produced by Powder Metallurgy are
made within very small dimensional tolerances, hence the need of machining is greatly
reduced.
This also reduces the wastage of material (less than 3%).
2. High Production rates:- Speeds as high as 60 stokes/min can be achieved while
compacting & hundreds of components can be sintered at the same time.
Even all the other processes are fast & consumes less time thereby increasing Production
rate.
3. Production of Complex Shaped Parts:- Various materials have limited flowability in
molten state which is not sufficient for casting complex & intricate shapes. However, the
powders may have better flowability & can be easily compacted in required complex shapes.
44. 4. Possibility of variation in Composition:- The material composition can be easily
controlled by powder shapes, sizes & additives.
Moreover, the pressure during compacting can be varied to achieve controlled porosity
& density.
5. Possibility of wide variation in properties:- By controlling Die pressure, Powder
properties, sintering temperature, etc. we can easily alter the properties throughout part as
per our requirements.
6. Production of parts not producible by other methods:- Self-lubricating bearings,
porous parts, parts with metals & non-metals, parts having layers of different materials.
7. Freedom from Equilibrium diagram limitations:- As per solubility, some metals
cannot be casted together to form alloys. But powders can easily be blended & sintered
together. Examples are combination of Cu-Pb, Sn-Plastic, Copper-Graphite, etc.
45. 8. The reproducibility of the shapes is excellent using this process.
9. The grain size can be controlled & parts without voids & blow holes can be
produced.
10. Parts using Refractory, super hard & non-metallic materials can be made.
11. Porous parts can only be produced by this method.
12. Use of diamond impregnated tools is possible due to Powder metallurgy.
46. Disadvantages of Powder Metallurgy
1. Inferior Mechanical Properties:- Due to residual Porosity, the tensile strength, yield
strength, toughness, etc. are reduced.
2. High Initial Cost:- The capital investment for dies & press tools, etc is very high.
Moreover, they also Require frequent maintenance & repair due to wear & tear due to
cold welding of powder on dies.
Thus, powder metallurgy is only viable for mass production(Qty. more than 10,000).
3. Costlier raw materials:- The production of powders of various metals & non-metals is
very costly adding to the total cost of product.
4. Limitations imposed by Materials:- Some powders lack the ability to flow freely
without pressure, this increases the pressure required for compacting.
Due to this sharp corners, long-thin sections & varying cross-sections become difficult
to produce using Powder Metallurgy.
47. 5. Limitations imposed by design:- Design of parts is restricted by press capacity, length of
stroke & work area on press.
Because of this parts with close tolerances, thin walls, holes at right angle to pressing,
reverse tapers, etc.
Manufacturing of very big parts is also restricted by press tool dimensions.
Moreover, provision for easy ejection from die is also required in parts.
6. Undesired Property Variation within parts:- Usually as compacting applies pressure
from top, the parts are more dense at top & less dense at bottom surface. Such a non-
homogeneity reduces the life of parts.
7. Hazards/Safety limitations:- Powders of radioactive, toxic & explosive materials require
utmost care in powder metallurgy along with a very high level of controlled atmosphere or
accident may occur.
48. Applications of Powder Metallurgy
1. Porous & Permeable parts:- Self-lubricating bearings, filters, porous plugs, pressure & flow
regulators, etc. are components requiring porosity which are manufactured by Powder metallurgy. Pores
as small as 0.0025mm can be obtained.
2. Production using Refractory metals & Composites:- Parts from metals like W, Mo, Ta & pt, etc.
cannot be made by melting & casting conventionally.
Many cutting tools have ceramic (oxides, nitrides, borides, etc.) as main constituent and W-C, Ti-Co-
C, etc as binders to form composite materials having both hardness & toughness.
3. Products made from difficult to machine materials:- Tungsten filament is a very small & super
hard part which cannot be machined conventionally. Hence, powder metallurgy is needed.
4. Complex & intricate parts:- Small gears, Cams, levers, sprockets, etc. which are not subjected to
heavy loading can be made accurately using powder metallurgy.
5. Products combining metals & non-metals:- Friction materials like clutch plates & brake linings
which require a metallic matrix for heat dissipation, Pb or graphite particles for smooth engagement &
silica/emery grains for creating friction.
49. 6. Products with superior qualities:- Alnico super magnets are made using powders for Al,
NI & Co. They provide very high flux densities when used in applications.
7. Others:-
Solenoid operated levers in washing m/c, bushes in motors, components of cameras,
Lead grid in lead batteries, powders for Ni-Cd batteries & fuel cells,
Uranium oxide fad rods, control rods & radiation deflectors of Zirconium, Beryllium &
Hafnium.
Fuel for rockets (Al powders)
Diamond impregnated tools, milling cutters, gear hobs, broaching tools, etc.
50. Thank You
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