This document provides a potential study guide for an exam covering topics related to economics and the environment. It includes 15 questions with subparts that could be on the exam. The questions cover topics such as scarcity and choice, rational behavior, production possibilities models, market systems, trade barriers, and the impacts of organizations like the WTO. Students are provided context and guidance on explaining concepts clearly and thoroughly to demonstrate their understanding.

1. Potential questions and study guide for exam 1
Any 8 of these questions could be on your exam!
Suggestions:
information that will help you
answer a question.
as you work to
fine-tune your
answers.
the construction of
your answers.
Study Guide stuff is in red font.
The actual question is in black font.

2. 1. Planet Earth is our only home for the time being. As global
populations
grow and our resources dwindle, we should worry more about
the
issues of
a. Scarcity and Choice.
i. List the 5 most critical nonrenewable resources,
1. Do some quick research on critical nonrenewable
resources and make your list.
ii. Explain their significance to human survival on the planet,
1. Discuss why those nonrenewable resources are so
critical to us.
iii. And discuss 3 choices we need to be making today
relative to those nonrenewable resources, to prolong our
comfortable existence on the planet.
1. Discuss the implications of your choices, both
positive and negative as they relate to our
continued existence on the planet.

3. b. The theory of rational behavior says that we humans act in
our
own self-interest. Given the our actual behavior and the
decisions we have and are continuing to make relative to the
planet, please do the following:
i. Explain how over-pumping aquifers around the world is in
our best interest.
1. What is over-pumping mean?
2. How might the continued over-pumping impact
our ability to survive on the planet? What are the
key results of over-pumping?
ii. Explain the concepts of Utility, Total Utility, Marginal
Utility,
and Diminishing Marginal Utility, and how those 3
concepts relate to a yes or no decision to implement the
Keystone Pipeline.
1. You should be able to explain each of these
concepts as they relate to rational behavior.

4. 2. You should be able to discuss the implications of
our not always behaving rationally.
3. You should discuss each concept as it relates to the
Keystone decision.
iii. Explain the Theory of Consumer Behavior and how it has
brought us to where we are today.
1. Note the elements of the Theory of Consumer
Behavior
2. Explain how the theory has brought us to where we
are today in the world.
c. Marginal analysis is a decision-making tool.
i. Please define Marginal Cost and Marginal Benefit, and
how one would decide to increase or decrease an
activity based on the MC – MB assessment.
1. You can get this from the notes.
ii. Please use marginal analysis to explain how to decide the
Keystone Pipeline question.
1. Explain how you would use marginal analysis to

5. help make the Keystone decision.
2. To a great extent, Economics is about connecting the dots
(finding
relationships between seemingly unrelated things).
a. Please pick any 5 Ecosystem Services and connect the dots
between our human behavior and the differences between the
global north and the global south.
i. Our behavior impacts our ecosystem and the ecosystem
services. Those impacted ecosystem services in turn have
impacts on the people and economies of the global
north and global south. Pick 5 ecosystem services, look at
human behavior that has impacted those services, and
discuss those changes to ecosystem services impact the
two different parts of the world.
ii. Discuss what should be done about the problem.

6. 3. The Production Possibilities Model is one of the first
Economic Models
students learn about. Thoroughly and completely explain the
Production Possibilities Model. Including but not limited to the
following:
a. What the model shows us?
b. The 4 assumptions of the model
c. The related concepts of:
i. Productive efficiency and how it relates to the ppc.
1. Define it and explain how it relates to the ppc.
ii. Allocative efficiency and how the point of AE is found.
a. Define it,
b. Discuss the significance of allocative
efficiency relative to the model
c. Explain the 2 step process for finding the
point of allocative efficiency on the PPC.
iii. Economic growth – what it means, how it can be
graphically represented, what are the prerequisites to
growth.

7. a. How do you define it, why is it important, and
how would you represent it graphically?
b. What are the prerequisites for growth?
iv. Explain the Presentville – Futureville case, along with what
that case teaches you.
a. Explain the decision making of Presentville
and Futureville.
b. Explain the impact of those decisions on the
future of each group.
c. Explain the relevance of this case for the U.S.
Economy.
v. Law of increasing opportunity cost – what it means and
how it could be explained graphically.
1. Draw a picture and explain what the picture tells
us.
d. Explain how you could use the Production Possibility Model
to
represent the US Economy during 2008 – 2010.

8. i. Draw a picture and explain what the picture says.
4. Every country has its own unique type of Economic System.
Ours is
called Capitalism.
a. Please list and explain 5 “good” things Capitalism has given
us
over the years and explain why those things would be
considered good.
i. Pretty straight forward. Make a list of the good things and
discuss why they are good.
b. Please list and explain 5 “bad” things Capitalism has given us
over the years, and explain why those things would be
considered bad.
i. What are some of the “bads” that Capitalism has given us
and why you consider them to be “bad”?
5. The Circular Flow Model with Government is another
important model
for students to understand.

9. a. Please explain what the model shows us.
b. List and explain the assumptions of the model.
i. There are 3 assumptions of the Circular Flow Model with
Government. You should be able to list and explain
each.
c. List and explain the characteristics of each component.
i. Government sector – list and explain the characteristics
ii. Household sector – list and explain the characteristics
iii. Business sector – list and explain the characteristics
iv. Product market – list and explain the characteristics
v. Resource market – list and explain the characteristics
d. Thoroughly explain how each component of the model
interacts with the other components
i. Explain how all of the sectors and markets interact with
each other. You can do this as part of your answer to
part (c) if you like.
6. Please Thoroughly and completely explain the Law of
Demand

10. a. Define demand and state the law of demand.
i. State the definition
ii. State the law of demand
b. List and explain the 3 factors that support the law of demand.
i. List and explain each of the 3 factors discussed in the
slides.
c. List and explain the determinants of demand and how they
either cause an increase in demand or a decrease in demand.
i. List and explain each of the 5 determinants and how they
impact demand.
d. Thoroughly and completely explain the differences between a
change in demand and a change in quantity demanded.
i. You should be able to explain each of these cases and
draw a picture of each case.
7. Thoroughly and completely explain the Law of Supply
a. Define supply and state the law of supply.

11. b. List and explain the determinants of supply and how they
impact supply.
i. There are 6 determinants of supply listed in the slide set.
You should be able to list and explain how each shifts the
supply curve to the left or right.
c. Thoroughly and completely explain the differences between a
change in supply and a change in quantity supplied.
i. You should be able to explain each of these cases.
8. Thoroughly and completely explain the following graph of
market
equilibrium.
a. Explain what market clearing equilibrium means.
i. Explain what this really means. Please be thorough.
b. Discuss what happens at a price above and below the
equilibrium price, and why.
i. What if the price were above the equilibrium price –
Explain what happens.

12. ii. What if the price were below the equilibrium price –
Explain what happens.
c. Thoroughly and completely explain the two government
intervention cases, price floors and price ceilings and give
examples.
9. In the discussion of the Market System we talked about the
characteristics of the Market system and 4 Fundamental
Questions
that every economy must respond to.
a. List and thoroughly and completely explain those 4
fundamental questions and how they are answered.
i. What will be produced?
1. The following information should be included in
your explanation of this first question.
2. products that generate profits and why
3. economic profits – explain

13. 4. economic costs – explain
5. relate normal profit to economic profit
6. define expanding industry
7. define declining industry
8. Consumer sovereignty – explain, what does it really
mean and how does it work to influence what gets
produced?
ii. How will the goods and services be produced?
1. The following information should be included in
your explanation of this second question -
2. Why must firms try to employ the most economically
efficient production techniques?
3. explain some of the Least Cost Production issues:
a. Optimal plant location - implications
b. Resource Prices – implications
c. Resource Productivity - implications
d. Transportation Costs - implications
iii. Who will get the goods and services?

14. 1. The following information should be included in
your explanation of this question.
2. List and explain the 3 components of the answer
iv. How will the system accommodate change?
1. The following information should be included in
your explanation of this fourth question.
2. start with the system in equilibrium
3. shock the system into a disequilibrium condition
a. Use a change in one of the determinants of
demand.
b. Explain in detail, how the system adjusts to
the change.
c. Explain how the system completes the
adjustment process and returns to
equilibrium, and what indicates a return to
equilibrium.
b. List and thoroughly and completely explain 5 characteristics
of

15. the Market system.
i. Select any 5 of the characteristics of the Market system
and explain each of them.
ii. Explain how each characteristic you selected impacts
the 1% versus the 99%.
10. Public goods vs. Private goods.
a. Please thoroughly and completely explain the difference
between public goods and private goods and give 2 examples
of each, including why those examples best fit your definition.
i. You should include the following:
1. Private goods
a. Definition
b. Characteristics
c. 2 examples of private goods and why they
are good examples.
2. Public goods
a. Definition

16. b. Characteristics
c. 2 examples of public goods and why they
are good examples.
b. Please thoroughly and completely explain the free rider
problem and give two examples and explain why they are
good examples.
i. You should be able to explain the Free Rider problem
including what creates the Free Rider problem.
c. Please thoroughly and completely explain the presence of
quasi-public goods.
i. You should explain what a quasi-public good is and give
2 examples, explaining why they are good examples.
ii. Explain how quasi-public goods are used by the 1% versus
the 99%.
11. Depreciation and Appreciation of currency.
a. Please thoroughly and completely explain how the US dollar
might
depreciate relative to another currency.

17. b. Please thoroughly and completely explain how the US dollar
might
appreciate relative to another currency.
i. The notes should be sufficient to help you answer parts (a)
and
(b).
c. Please thoroughly and completely explain how the
depreciation of the dollar relative to a foreign currency impacts
U.S. GDP.
i. Start with an Increase in U.S. demand for another country’s
products. Explain how this could lead to the depreciation of
the U.S. Dollar – and specifically state which direction U.S.
GDP
would go.
d. Please thoroughly and completely explain how the
appreciation of the dollar relative to a foreign currency impacts
U.S. GDP.
i. Start with An increased foreign demand for U.S. goods.
Explain
how this could lead to the appreciation of the U.S. Dollar - and

18. specifically state which direction U.S. GDP would go.
12. Market Failure.
a. State the definition of a market failure,
i. Define Market Failure
b. List and explain the 4 causes of market failure, including how
they
work.
i. List and explain each of the causes of Market Failure included
in the slides.
c. State the definition of spillovers costs and give an example
i. Define and explain spillover cost
ii. Give two example of a spillover cost situation and explain
why
your examples are correct.
d. Explain the economic effects of spillover costs
i. Provide specifics starting with the firm avoiding costs (and
how
that happens) and conclude with the nature of the market
failure.

19. e. Thoroughly and completely explain how spillover costs are
corrected
and the economic implications of the corrections.
i. Explain the 2 approaches to solving the spillover cost case
and
how those 2 approaches actually eliminate the market failure.
f. State the definition of spillover benefits and give an example
i. Define and explain Spillover Benefits
ii. Give two examples of a spillover benefit, and explain why
your
examples are correct.
g. Explain the economic effects of spillover benefits.
i. Explain why the market demand curve understates true
demand and what happens next leading to the market failure.
Explain the nature of the market failure.
h. Thoroughly and completely explain how spillover benefits
are
corrected and the economic implications of the corrections.
i. Explain the two approaches used to solve the spillover benefit
problem and how they work to solve the problem.

20. 13. Throughout the ages countries have implemented
impediments to trade.
a. Why would the U.S. impose steep tariffs on Chinese solar
panels?
i. Explain how this would work to accomplish the objective.
b. Why would Brazil impose steep tariffs on shoes from China?
i. Explain how this would work to accomplish the objective of
Brazil.
c. Identify 3 cases where the U.S. has imposed import quotas on
another
country and explain why they were implemented.
i. Google can help you.
d. Identify 3 examples of non-tariff barriers imposed by the
U.S. and why
they were implemented and their impact on the U.S. and other
countries.
i. Google can help you.
e. What could happen to the domestic economy of a country
when

21. trade barriers are eliminated and why?
i. Explain what would happen to GDP, employment, and
national income, and why.
14. The Smoot – Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 started a tariff war
with the rest of the
world.
a. Please thoroughly and completely explain the various events
that
followed that 1930 legislation as they relate to the growth of
U.S. and
global trade between 1930 and today.
i. Explain the Smoot – Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 and the
ultimate
impact it had on the U.S. Economy.
ii. The 1934 - Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act and its impact
on the
volume of global trade.
iii. The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
and
its impact on the volume of global trade.
iv. The 1979 Tokyo Round of GATT and the impacts of non-

22. tariff
barriers on trade.
v. The 1986 Uruguay Round of GATT and its impact of global
trade.
vi. The 1993 European Union and its impact on the volume of
trade in Europe.
vii. The 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement and the
impact it had on trade between the U.S. and Mexico, and the
immigration issues we have today.
viii. The 2001 Doha Round of the WTO and its impact on the
ability
of countries to be food secure.
ix. The slides, audio, and Google should be able to help you
with
this.
15. Discuss the role of the World Trade Organization and its
impact on member
countries.
a. How is the WTO organized?

23. b. Who runs the WTO?
c. How are policies and regulations established?
d. What are the rights of WTO members and non-members?
e. When and who can file a dispute?
f. Who is in charge of dispute resolutions and how are disputes
resolved?
g. How have WTO policies and regulations impacted the U.S.
Economy
h. How have WTO policies and regulations impacted U.S.
Citizens?
i. Start with the information provided in the slides and
supplement that with your own research on how the WTO
operates and its rules and regulations.
ii. Discuss the impact of the WTO on the ability of nations to
maintain their sovereignty.
iii. Discuss the impact of the WTO on maintaining the
inequalities
between the global north and global south.
iv. Some Google research should help you with this question.