This document discusses the posterior palatal seal (PPS) in detail. It defines the PPS and describes its supporting structures, functions, anatomical considerations like the vibrating line and muscles of the soft palate. It also discusses parameters of the PPS like size and shape, and techniques to record the PPS, including conventional, fluid wax, and arbitrary scraping techniques. The document provides an in-depth overview of the PPS for removable dentures.
8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)Amal Kaddah
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up
of teeth for skeletal Class II and Class III arch relationship
of completely edentulous patients
Prof. Amal F. Kaddah
introduction, classification of jaw relation,definition, physiologic rest position,vertical dimension at rest ,methods for determining vertical dimension at rest,vertical dimension at occlusion,methods for determining vertical dimension at occlusion,evaluation of vertical dimension,effects of increased vertical dimension, effects of decreased vertical dimension, review of literature.
The human mandible can be related to the maxilla in several positions in the horizontal plane. Among these centric relation is a significant position, because of its usefulness in relating the dentulous and edentulous mandible to maxilla, where the teeth , muscles and temporomandibular joint function in harmony. It is a position of occluso-articular harmony.
8 - setting of teeth for class I, II and II arch relation ship (Edited)Amal Kaddah
Prosthetic Problems and possible solutions in Setting –up
of teeth for skeletal Class II and Class III arch relationship
of completely edentulous patients
Prof. Amal F. Kaddah
introduction, classification of jaw relation,definition, physiologic rest position,vertical dimension at rest ,methods for determining vertical dimension at rest,vertical dimension at occlusion,methods for determining vertical dimension at occlusion,evaluation of vertical dimension,effects of increased vertical dimension, effects of decreased vertical dimension, review of literature.
The human mandible can be related to the maxilla in several positions in the horizontal plane. Among these centric relation is a significant position, because of its usefulness in relating the dentulous and edentulous mandible to maxilla, where the teeth , muscles and temporomandibular joint function in harmony. It is a position of occluso-articular harmony.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The soft tissues along the junction of hard and soft palate on which pressure within the physiological limits of tissues can be applied by the denture to aid in retention of the denture.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
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The anatomy of the edentulous ridge in the maxilla and mandible is very important for the design of a complete denture. Objective in fabrication of a complete denture is to provide a prosthesis that restores lost teeth and associated structures functionally, anatomically and aesthetically as much as possible with preservation of underlying structures and the knowledge landmarks help us in achieving our objective.
this presentation describes the various casting procedures, their history, the various metal alloys that are used for casting. it explains the various casting procedures in details and the casting defects in brief.
This presentation includes brief history, classification and definition of overdentures and explains in details about the various tooth supported overdentures. It explains about bar attachments, ball attachments, telecsopic dentures etc.
Precision attachments play an important role in the field of prosthodontics. They help to improve the aesthetics while at the same time protecting the abutment teeth from debilitating stress.
This presentation aims to shed light on the various aspects of the mandibular movement in the TMJ which is like a hinge axis. the presentation contains brief history, the various schools of thought regarding the validity and accuracy of locating the hinge axis. it talks about the various types of facebows and the various anterior and posterior points for reference employed by the arbitrary facebows.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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2. Contents
• Supporting and Limiting structures of maxilla
• Definition
• Functions
• Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations
• Parameters of PPS
• Techniques to record PPS
• Trouble shooting
5. Definition
Posterior Palatal Seal area:
“The soft tissue area limited posteriorly by the distal demarcation of
the movable and non-movable tissues of the soft palate and anteriorly by the
junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure, within physiologic
limits, can be placed; this seal can be applied by a removable complete
denture to aid in its retention.” – GPT 9
Posterior Palatal Seal:
“That portion of the intaglio surface of a maxillary removable
complete denture, located at its posterior border, which places pressure,
within physiologic limits, on the posterior palatal seal area of the soft palate;
this seal ensures intimate contact of the denture base to the soft palate and
improves retention of the denture.” – GPT9
6. Functions of PPS
• Retention of Maxillary Denture
• Prevent food accumulation
• Increases patient comfort and reduces gag reflex
• Compensate for the volumetric shrinkage of methyl methacrylate resin
that occurs during polymerization.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 146
8. Soft palate
• Musculo-membranous curtain.
• Functions as flap valve closes off
nasopharynx during swallowing.
• Part of a dual valve system which
separates the oropharynx from the
oral space and the nasopharynx from
the nasal space.
9. Soft palate
• The function of the soft palate in these
dual valving actions requires freedom of
movement in three dimensions or
planes of space, i.e., superior-inferiorly,
mediolaterally and antero-posteriorly.
• An impression should be made patient is
seated in upright position, with head
flexed 30 degrees forward and placing
the tongue under tension against either
handle of impression tray or dentist’s
fingers, and should not protrude beyond
lips.
10. Muscles of soft palate
Palatoglossus
• Origin – Palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion - Side of tongue
• Action - Draws palate down,
raises tongue
11. Muscles of soft palate
Palatopharyngeus:
• Origin – Arises as 2 fasciculi –
Posterior fasciculi arises from
palatine aponeurosis and anterior
fascicule from posterior border of
hard palate.
• Insertion – Lamina of thyroid
cartilage, wall of pharynx and its
median raphe.
• Action – Helps in pulling up the
wall of pharynx and shortens it
during swallowing.
12. Muscles of soft palate
• Tensor Veli Palatini - When taut,
can influence the denture
contour in the hamular notch
area.
• Levator Palati - Closing of the
oropharynx from the
nasopharynx during swallowing
and determining the position of
the vibrating line.
• Palatopharyngeus – On
contraction, draw the tongue
and soft palate towards each
other.
13. Pterygomaxillary notch/Hamular notch
• Band of loose connective tissue lying between the
pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone and the
distal portion of the maxillary tuberosity.
• Lateral boundaries for the PPS.
• The pterygomaxillary notch is covered by
pterygomandibular fold which extend from the
posterior aspect of the tuberosity posteroinferiorly
to insert into the retromolar pad.
• It influences the posterior border seal when the
mouth is wide open during the final impression
procedure.
• Hamular notch is covered by a thin mucous
membrane. Thus should not be covered by denture.
14. Hamular process
• 2-4mm postero-medial to the
distal limit of the maxillary residual
ridge.
• Affects the length and direction of
the pterygomaxillary seal.
• Covered by mucous membrane
and should not be covered by
denture.
15. Mid palatine raphe
• This overlies the medial palatal suture, contains
little or no submucosa and will tolerate little
compression.
• According to Heartwell and Rahn, this band of
tissues is not meant to be compressed, rather
should be relieved if prominent.
• When a prominent mid-palatine fissure is present
in hard palate, it often extends to the soft palate.
• When this fissure is present it should be carefully
reproduced in the master cast and posterior seal
should be extended into this fissure for proper
peripheral seal.
16. Fovea palatini
• Two glandular openings within the tissues of
posterior portion of hard palate, usually lying on
either side of midline.
• They are the ductal openings into which the ducts of
other palatal mucosal glands drain.
• According to Lye, they are located, on average,
1.31mm anterior to anterior vibrating line.
• According to Chen, majority were located on or
behind the anterior vibrating line.
• Thus, they do not represent the junction of hard and
soft palate and should be used only as a guideline to
placement of posterior palatal seal.
17. Vibrating Line
“An imaginary line across the posterior part of the soft palate
marking the division between the movable and immovable tissues; this
line can be identified when the movable tissues are functioning.”
– GPT 9
• Anterior Vibrating line
• Posterior Vibrating line
18. Anterior Vibrating Line
• It is an imaginary line lying at the junction between the immovable
tissues of the hard palate and the slightly movable tissue of the soft
palate.
• Cupid bow’ shaped due to the projection of posterior nasal spine.
• Always on soft palate.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 149
19. Locating:
1. Patient is asked to say “AH” with short vigorous bursts due to
projection of the posterior nasal spine.
2. “Valsalva” Maneuver
20. Posterior Vibrating Line
• An imaginary line at the junction of Tensor veli palatini muscles in the
muscular portion of the soft palate. – Sheldon Winkler
• It represents the demarcation between the part of the soft palate that has
limited or shallow movement during function and the remaining soft
palate that shows marked displacement during functional movements.
• Marks the most distal extension of the denture base.
• Locating: patient is instructed to say “AH” in short vigorous burst in a
normal unexaggerated fashion.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 150
21. Classification of Soft Palate
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 152
• Classified as:
• Class I
• Class II
• Class III
• Based upon the angle the soft palate
makes with the hard palate.
• The more acute the angle of the soft
palate in relation to the hard palate, more
muscular activity will be necessary to
effect velopharyngeal closure (closing of
the nasopharynx).
• So the more the soft palate is markedly
displaced in function, the less that can be
covered by the denture base.
• Determined when the patient is in
upright position with the head held erect.
22. Class I
• Soft palate is rather horizontal
when extended posteriorly with
minimum muscular activity.
• Considerable separation (>5mm)
between anterior and posterior
vibrating lines. (Wide PPS)
• Most favorable configuration as
more tissue surface can be covered
and thus gives best Retention.
Posterior Palatal seal – A Literature Review, International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry; Bindhoo et. al
23. Class III
• Soft palate is acute in comparison to
hard palate.
• <1 mm separation between anterior
and posterior vibrating lines.
• Small PPS area and thus less
retentive.
• Often found in conjugation with High
V shaped palatal vault.
Posterior Palatal seal – A Literature Review, International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry; Bindhoo et. al
24. Class II
• Soft palate contour lies
somewhat between Class I
and Class III allowing 1 to
5mm of seal area depending
on the muscular activity of
the soft palate.
Posterior Palatal seal – A Literature Review, International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry; Bindhoo et. al
25. Palatal Throat Form (House classification)
• Class I : Large and normal in form with a relatively
immovable band of resilient tissue 5-12 mm distal
to a line drawn across distal edge of the
tuberosities.
• Class II : Medium size and normal in form with
relatively immovable resilient band of tissue 3-5
mm distal to a line drawn across distal edge of the
tuberosities.
• Class III :- Usually accompanies a small maxilla. The
curtain of soft tissues turns down abruptly 3-5 mm
anterior to a line drawn across distal edge of the
tuberosities.
26. Pterygomaxillary seal
• Extends through pterygomaxillary notch continuing 3-4 mm
anterolaterally approximating the mucogingival junction.
• Occupies the entire width of hamular notch.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 147
28. Size
• According to Hardy and Kapur (1958) , the dimension of PPS was 2 mm at
the mid-palatal region and hamular notch and 4mm at the greatest
curvature region of PPS.
• Silverman performed a study on 92 patients & found the following –
• The greatest mean anteroposterior width of PPS is 8.0 mm (with 5-12 mm
of range)
• The mean width was found to be different for right (8.2mm) and left side
(8. 1mm).
• The interhamular notch distance was found to be 35.8 mm (25-48mm
range)
• The interhamular notch distance was found to be different for males (37.1
mm) and females (35.6 mm)
Winland and Young, maxillary complete denture posterior palatal seal: variation in shape size and location, j prosthet
dent , march,1973
30. Classification of Techniques to record PPS
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
Hardy and Kapur (1958) –
• Functional : Final impression is border molded in PPS area
with soft stick modeling compound / wax by sucking
movements performed by the patient.
• Semi functional : Border molding is done by the dentist.
• Empirical : Developed on the cast by grooving the cast to the
• desired depth.
Hardy and Kapur, posterior palatal seal- its rationale and importance, j prosthet dent may 1958
31. Techniques to locate and record PPS
• Conventional technique
• Fluid wax technique
• Arbitrary scraping of the master cast
• Extended palate technique
• Adding PPS to an existing denture
• Determination of PPS by ultrasound
32. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• Final impression is made, boxed, and poured.
• A well-adapted resin/shellac tray is fabricated on the
stone cast.
• The posterior palatal area is then dried with gauge; a “T”
burnisher /a mouth mirror is used to palpate for the
hamular process and marked with an indelible pencil
33. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• The instrument (“T” burnisher/mouth mirror) is then placed
along the posterior angle of the tuberosity until it drops into
the pterygomaxillary notch.
• A line is placed with an indelible pencil, through the notch
and extended 3-4mm anterolateral to the tuberosity,
approximating the mucogingival junction.
• The same procedure is then performed on the opposite side.
This will complete the outlining of the pterygomaxillary seal.
34. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• The resin /shellac tray is then inserted into the mouth and
the indelible pencil lines are transferred to the tray, which is
returned to the master cast to complete the transfer of
posterior border and tray is trimmed.
• The palatal tissues anterior to the posterior border are
palpated with the “T” burnisher /mouth mirror to determine
their compressibility in width and depth.
35. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• The use of Valsalva maneuver / visualizing the area when the
patient says “ah” with short vigorous bursts may also be
used.
• This line is marked with the indelible pencil and transferred
to the master cast.
• A Kingsley scraper is used to scrape the cast.
36. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• The deepest area of the seal are located on the either side of
the midline, one third the distance anteriorly from the post
vibrating line.
• It is scraped to the depth of the approximately 1-1.5mm.
• The tissue covering the median palatal raphe has little
submucosa and cannot withstand the same compressive
force on the tissues lateral to it. It is scraped to the depth of
approximately 0.5-1.0mm.
37. Conventional technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
• Just posterior to the deepest portion of the seal, it is also
tapered to the posterior vibrating line. Failure to taper the
seal posteriorly may lead to tissue irritation.
• Shellac can be readapted to conform to the scored palatal
seal area and tried in the mouth to evaluate the retentive
qualities of the trial base.
38. Advantages
• Trial base is more retentive
• Psychologic security to the patient
• Practitioner can determine the retentive qualities in the finished
denture
• Patient realizes the posterior extent which may ease the adjustment
period
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
39. Disadvantages
• Not a physiologic technique.
• Potential for over compression of tissues.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 154
40. Fluid wax technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 155
• Similar to the conventional technique except that in this
technique the indelible transfer markings are recorded
on the final wash impression.
• All the procedures for location and transfer marking of
the anterior and posterior vibrating lines are same as for
the conventional approach.
• Indelible transfer markings are recorded on the final
wash impression.
41. Fluid wax technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 155
• Zinc oxide and eugenol /plaster are preferred over the
elastic impression material, as they set rigid.
4 types of wax :
• Iowa Wax (White) – Dr. Earl S. Smith
• Korecta Wax no.4 (Orange) – Dr. O.C. Applegate
• H-L physiologic paste (Yellow-White) – Dr. C.S. Howkins
• Adaptol (Green) – Dr. Nathan G. Kyne
42. Fluid wax technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 155
• Designed to flow at mouth temperature.
• The melted wax is painted onto the impression surface
with the outline of the seal area and allowed to cool to
below mouth temperature to increase its consistency
and make it more resistant to flow.
• The impression is carried to the mouth and held in the
place under gentle pressure for 4-6 minutes to allow
time for the material to flow.
43. Fluid wax technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 155
• After 4-6 minutes, the impression tray is removed from
the mouth and the wax examined for uniform contact
through out the posterior palatal seal area.
• If tissue contact has not been established, the wax will
appear dull. If the tissue has been contacted, the wax
will have a glossy appearance.
• Where the wax appears dull, more wax should be
applied and the procedure repeated.
44. Fluid wax technique
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 155
• The secondary impression is reinserted and held for 3-5
minutes of firm pressure applied to the mid-palatal area
of the impression tray.
45. Precautions
• The patient should not protrude his tongue beyond the approximated
position of the incisal edge as this may shorten the posterior border
of the final impression.
• The patient should be cautioned against rinsing with cold water as
this may contract the tissues and reduce the flow properties of wax.
• The borders of the wax should terminate in feather edge towards the
vibrating line. If a butt joint is formed, proper flow may have not
taken place.
46. Advantages
• Physiologic technique
• Over compression of tissues is avoided
• Posterior palatal seal is incorporated into the trial denture base for
added retention
• Mechanical scraping of the cast is avoided
47. Disadvantages
• More time is necessary during the impression appointment
• Difficulty in handling materials
48. Extended Palatal technique (Silverman 1971)
• Denture border is extended 8mm approximately beyond the anterior
vibrating line.
• Not widely used currently.
Method -
• After border molding tray is extended by adding compound.
• Green stick compound is added to the seal area and record is made
with head flexed 30 degree downward.
49. Arbitrary Scraping of the Cast
• Anterior and the posterior vibrating lines are visualized by examining
the patient’ mouth and approximately marked on the master cast.
• Least accurate and leaves a chance at insertion appointment since it
relies on dentist’s recollection of palatal configuration and tissue
compressibility.
• Inaccurate and not physiological.
50. Boucher’s technique
• Stage of recording- during jaw relations
• Method the posterior vibrating line is
located and transferred on to the master
cast.
• The temporary denture base is reduced to
this line.
• This will create a raised narrow and sharp
bead along the posterior portion of the
denture which sinks into the tissues and
forms a seal.
• Advantage: According to Boucher a
narrow bead like seal is more effective.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
51. Bernard Levin’s Technique
• For class III soft palate forms: He described a, “double bead”
technique for class III soft palate.
• In this technique, a depth of about 1mm and width of 1.5mm is
scraped in posterior vibrating line.
• A distance 3 to 4 mm from posterior border, anterior vibrating line is
beaded. This is known as rescue bead.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
52. Bernard Levin’s Technique
• For class I and class II soft palate.
• Using no. 8 round bur of 2mm diameter, 2 holes of
2mm are drilled at the depth of the bur in the
area between the midline and hamular notch.
• One hole of 1mm depth is drilled to half the
diameter of the bur in the center.
• A cone shaped acrylic resin bur is used to rough
out the seal.
• The hamular notch region is not reduced more
than 0.25mm in width and 0.5mm in depth and
not extended onto the tuberosity and vestibule.
• The soft tissue part of the seal is scraped to 6mm
in width where , the median raphe region is
scraped to 4mm in width.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
53. Swenson’s Technique
• A groove is cut along the posterior line to a depth of 1 to 1.5 mm that
will cause the posterior border stand straight out from the hard
palate, turning neither up nor down.
• Posterior line is tapered towards the anterior line by scraping the cast.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
54. Calomeni, Feldman, Kuebker’s Technique
• In this technique a depth of 1 to 1.5 mm
scraped as posterior bead in which
extends through hamular notches and
distance of 5 to 6 mm from posterior
line, anterior line is beaded.
• Using a Kingsley scraper No.1 a depth 0
at anterior line to a depth of 1 to 1.5
mm along posterior border is scrapped.
• A distance of 2 to 3 mm should be
present in between the anterior and
posterior lines from the midline.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
55. Pound’s Technique
• Pound recommends a single bead posterior
palatal seal with anterior extensions for
additional air seal.
• In the palate from the hamular notch to hamular
notch a ‘V’ shaped groove is carved measuring a
width of 1 to 1.5 mm and depth of 1 to 1.5 mm
and is placed 2 mm anterior to vibrating line.
• In order to provide adequate air seal a loop is
carved on either side of the midline.
• Palpate the area with a blunt of the instrument
to determine the width of anterior loop.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
56. Hardy and Kapur Technique
• Using the ball portion of the T burnisher
depth of posterior palatal seal is examined.
• The posterior palatal seal is extended 4 mm
from distal border of denture .
• Then the hamular notch region is narrowed
to 2 mm in width through the hamular
notch.
• Posterior palatal seal is at its maximum
depth in center and minimizes to zero at its
anterior and posterior border by scraping
the cast.
Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.; 2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
57. Adding PPS to existing denture
• Mark the vibrating line in the mouth with an indelible
marker.
• Form the desired thickness and extension of the PPS on the
denture in the patient’s mouth with softened green
modeling compound.
• Transfer the locations of the vibrating line to the denture.
• Make a cast of the intaglio surface of the denture; the cast
must include all of PPS addition and extend 5 to 6 mm
posteriorly
• Use a scalpel to cut channels which will allow excess auto
polymerizing acrylic resin to escape.
• Remove the green stick compound and replace with auto
polymerizing resin in a pressure pot.
58. Correction of posterior palatal seal by using a
visible light cured resin (Arthur Nimmo)
• Identify and mark the vibrating line in the mouth with an indelible marking
stick.
• Roughen the denture surface in the posterior palatal seal area with a
carbide bur.
• Adapt the VLC resin.
• Place the denture in the mouth and allow it to remain in place for
approximately 3 minutes. During this time the material will flow.
• Position a hand-held visible light source near the border of the denture and
apply light directly to the region for several minutes.
• Remove any excess resin with a carbide bur and smooth the junction
between the seal and the polished surface of the denture.
59. Advantages of using VLC resin
• No exothermic reaction to irritate the oral tissues.
• Minimal volumetric shrinkage during curing.
• More closely approximates a physiologic technique.
• Can be performed with relatively little chair time.
60. Determination of PPS by Ultrasound
• Rajeev M. Narvekar, and Marc B. Appelbaum investigated the
anatomic position of posterior palatal seal by ultrasound.
• Ultrasound refers to sound with frequencies higher than the audible
range (20 to 20,000 Hz).
• Basic elements of an ultrasound scanning system include –
1. Transducer
2. Couplant
61. Trouble shooting
• Under extension
• Under postdamming
• Over postdamming
• Over extension
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
62. Under extention
• Most common cause for failure of the seal in the posterior palatal area
Causes:
• Practitioner’s use of the fovea palatine as the landmark for terminating the
denture base. By doing, so he may be depriving the patient of as much as 4
to 12 mm of tissue coverage.
• Failure of the dentist to carefully examine the hard and soft palates,
making note of the palatal configuration.
• Over trimming of posterior border by laboratory technician
• Due to fear of gagging
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
63. Under Postdamming
• May be the result of recording the tissue when the mouth was wide open
during the final impression.
• When the mouth is in the wide open position, the pterygomandibular fold
becomes taut.
• When the patient assumes any position other than a wide open position, a
space will be present between the denture base and the tissue since the
fold is no longer activated.
• Diagnosis : place the wet denture base into the mouth and slowly press in
the mid-palatal region until it is firmly seated while observing the distal
denture border.
• If air bubbles are seen escaping from beneath the distal border, then at
that point the denture base is under postdammed.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
64. Correction
• Further scrap the cast and readapting the trial base if the
conventional approach is used
• Add more wax and remind the patient to refrain from opening the
mouth so wide if the fluid wax technique employed.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
65. Over Postdamming
• Over scrapping of master cast and the posterior palatal seal displaces
too much tissue.
• Significant over post damming especially in the pterygomaxillary seal
area - posterior border will be displaced inferiorly.
• Moderately over post dammed - tissue irritation across the posterior
palatal region.
Correction:
• Selective reduction of the denture border with carbide bur, followed
by lightly pumicing the area while maintaining its convexity.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
66. Over extension
• The most frequent complaint from the patient will be that swallowing
is painful and difficult. Small ulcerated areas in the region of the soft
palate will be evident.
• If the hamuli are covered by the denture base, the patient will
experience sharp pain, especially during function.
Correction:
• By marking the lesion with an indelible pencil and transferring it to
the denture base, the precise position of the overextension can be
removed with a bur and then carefully repolished.
Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker; Pg. no. 162
67. Referances
• Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Sheldon Winker
• Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients, Jarb Bolender
• Techniques to record posterior palatal seal; Agrawal, et al.;
2021; Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
University
• Posterior Palatal seal – A Literature Review, International Journal of
Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry; Bindhoo et. al
• Hardy and Kapur, posterior palatal seal- its rationale and
importance, j prosthet dent may 1958
• Winland and Young, maxillary complete denture posterior
palatal seal: variation in shape size and location, j prosthet dent,
march,1973