The document discusses post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. It explains that PTSD can develop in children after experiencing or witnessing traumatic events like domestic violence, natural disasters, abuse, death of loved ones, or living in a dangerous environment. Common PTSD symptoms in children include bedwetting, clinginess, difficulty sleeping, and acting out the traumatic event. The document provides advice for teachers who suspect a student has PTSD, such as notifying the school counselor, maintaining records of interactions, and being an advocate for the student. Overall, the document aims to educate teachers on childhood PTSD and how to support students suffering from trauma-related symptoms.
PTSD is a disease first introduced into the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) in 1980
With the world experiencing an unprecedented onslaught of disasters and traumas, it is imperative that health workers are aware of the disease and the factors that affect it
Course Description (From www.PESI.com):
Attend this day of training and leave with a brand new toolkit of skills, interventions, and principles for rapid success with traumatized clients. Join Jamie Marich and learn the standard of care for treatment in the field of traumatic stress – and its key ingredients. Implement evidence-based treatment protocols and interventions for establishing safety, desensitizing and reprocessing trauma memories, metabolizing and resolving grief/loss and finally, assisting clients in reconnecting to lives full of hope, connection, and achievement.
Jamie is a certified EMDR Therapist and approved consultant through the EMDR International Association (EMDR). She is additionally a member of the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, the International Association of Trauma Professionals (IATP), and has earned Certification in Disaster Thanatology.
Jamie began her career in social services as a humanitarian aid worker in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina opening her eyes to the widespread, horrific impact of traumatic stress and grief.
Objectives:
Describe the etiology and impact of traumatic stress on the client utilizing multiple assessment strategies.
Assess a client’s reaction to a traumatic event and make an appropriate diagnosis.
Explain how grief, bereavement, and mourning are accounted for in the new DSM-5®.
Implement interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial manifestations of trauma, PTSD, and traumatic grief/complicated mourning.
Utilize appropriate evidence-based interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial-spiritual manifestations of trauma.
Explain the effects of trauma on the structure and function of the brain.
The festival season has began. For some people the season has triggered painful memories of loss and grief. It becomes very important to understand PTSD and. Our awareness can help them in their healing process.
PTSD is a disease first introduced into the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) in 1980
With the world experiencing an unprecedented onslaught of disasters and traumas, it is imperative that health workers are aware of the disease and the factors that affect it
Course Description (From www.PESI.com):
Attend this day of training and leave with a brand new toolkit of skills, interventions, and principles for rapid success with traumatized clients. Join Jamie Marich and learn the standard of care for treatment in the field of traumatic stress – and its key ingredients. Implement evidence-based treatment protocols and interventions for establishing safety, desensitizing and reprocessing trauma memories, metabolizing and resolving grief/loss and finally, assisting clients in reconnecting to lives full of hope, connection, and achievement.
Jamie is a certified EMDR Therapist and approved consultant through the EMDR International Association (EMDR). She is additionally a member of the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, the International Association of Trauma Professionals (IATP), and has earned Certification in Disaster Thanatology.
Jamie began her career in social services as a humanitarian aid worker in post-war Bosnia-Herzegovina opening her eyes to the widespread, horrific impact of traumatic stress and grief.
Objectives:
Describe the etiology and impact of traumatic stress on the client utilizing multiple assessment strategies.
Assess a client’s reaction to a traumatic event and make an appropriate diagnosis.
Explain how grief, bereavement, and mourning are accounted for in the new DSM-5®.
Implement interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial manifestations of trauma, PTSD, and traumatic grief/complicated mourning.
Utilize appropriate evidence-based interventions to assist a client in dealing with the biopsychosocial-spiritual manifestations of trauma.
Explain the effects of trauma on the structure and function of the brain.
The festival season has began. For some people the season has triggered painful memories of loss and grief. It becomes very important to understand PTSD and. Our awareness can help them in their healing process.
Overview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder including diagnostic criteria from ICD-10 and DSM-5, prevalence, course, differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, assessment, risk, prognostic and protective factors, etiology and management.
From A to Z of the Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderAdam Smith
An out-and-out document on Post-traumatic stress disorder with inputs from the Midwest Center for Stress and Anxiety. Contains modern day infographic describing the causes, signs, symptoms, effects, treatments and unknown facts of the disorder.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that a person may develop after experiencing or witnessing an extreme, overwhelming traumatic event during which they felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
primary care management of the returning veteran with PTSDgreytigyr
primary care management of the returning veteran with PTSD Overview on issues and approach in promary care to recognition and management of patients, veterans, and soldiers with PTSD and TBI.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not a disease but a state of mind of patient. It comes in result of serious life event, threatening or worse nightmares. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is developed slowly with time.
Overview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder including diagnostic criteria from ICD-10 and DSM-5, prevalence, course, differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, assessment, risk, prognostic and protective factors, etiology and management.
From A to Z of the Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderAdam Smith
An out-and-out document on Post-traumatic stress disorder with inputs from the Midwest Center for Stress and Anxiety. Contains modern day infographic describing the causes, signs, symptoms, effects, treatments and unknown facts of the disorder.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that a person may develop after experiencing or witnessing an extreme, overwhelming traumatic event during which they felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
primary care management of the returning veteran with PTSDgreytigyr
primary care management of the returning veteran with PTSD Overview on issues and approach in promary care to recognition and management of patients, veterans, and soldiers with PTSD and TBI.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not a disease but a state of mind of patient. It comes in result of serious life event, threatening or worse nightmares. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is developed slowly with time.
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher, Laura Astorian: laura.astorian@cobbk12.org
Do I Have PTSD? - The Signs & Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderDeborah Davis
A lot of people can suffer from PTSD (or post-traumatic stress disorder) after experiencing a traumatic event like natural disasters and serious accidents. Among the most common of the many symptoms are: experiencing flashbacks, bad dreams and having difficulty sleeping. Learn the other symptoms of PTSD in order to help someone you know who might be suffering from it. Check out these slides from Nungkari Treatment Centre.
# 1 thing that all treatments mention is SAFETY
Followed by: coping skills/ support system/ regaining control/ reducing stress/ relaxation skills/ self nourishing
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder can affect anyone, whether or not they served in the military. Read about the most common misunderstanding about this disorder and what you can do to help.
INTI2016 161124 Collective intelligence and territorial governance in Argenti...Territorial Intelligence
Présentation de Susana AZZOLINI, Hugo SIMKIN (Univ. Buenos Aires), "Collective intelligence and territorial governance in Argentina. Toward early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder", dans l'Atelier 13 "Economie Sociale et Solidaire et Institutions" de la XVe Conférence Annuelle Internationale INTI « Économie Sociale et Solidaire dans les territoires », 22-25 novembre 2016, Charleroi et Liège, Belgique.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: New and Alternative Treatment MethodsRichard Stephens
A presentation on new and alternative treatment methods for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with a brief overview of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and treatment as usual.
From Burnout to Engagement: Strategies to Promote Physician Wellness and Work...Modern Healthcare
Slides from a Modern Healthcare presentation.
http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150225/INFO/302259999/webinar-from-burnout-to-engagement-strategies-to-promote-physician
Faced with long hours, unrelenting administrative burdens and the pressure to treat patients quickly, a growing number of physicians are experiencing burnout, a condition characterized by loss of empathy, exhaustion, and a low sense of accomplishment. According to a Mayo Clinic survey from 2012, nearly one in two U.S physicians reported at least one symptom of burnout, up from 22% in 2001. For hospitals with stressed caregivers, the stakes are high. Burned out, dissatisfied physicians are far more likely to make medical errors and are less able to communicate effectively with patients and co-workers. They're also at a higher risk for substance abuse and are more likely to leave clinical practice altogether.
Children and PTSD Diagnostic Criteria for ChildrenPTSD is n.docxmccormicknadine86
Children and PTSD
Diagnostic Criteria for Children
PTSD is not confined to adults. Children also experience PTSD and manifest symptoms that closely parallel those of adults, with the following notable differences.
The 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) did not have specific criteria for diagnosing PTSD in children, and many of DSM-IV PTSD criteria were not age appropriate for children. As a result, it was difficult (if not impossible) to accurately diagnosis PTSD in children. However, the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) now includes specific guidelines for diagnosing PTSD in children under the age of 6.
A. Children under the age 6 have been exposed to an event involving real or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in at least one of the following ways:
1. The child directly experiences the event.
2. The child witnessed the event (this does not include events that were seen on the television, in movies, or some other form of media).
3. The child learned about a traumatic event that happened to a caregiver.
B. The presence of at least one of the following intrusive symptoms that are associated with the traumatic event and began after the event occurred:
1. Recurring, spontaneous, and intrusive upset- ting memories of the traumatic event.
2. Recurring and upsetting dreams about the event.
3. Flashbacks or some other dissociative response where the child feels or acts as if the event were happening again.
4. Strong and long-lasting emotional distress after being reminded of the event or after encountering trauma-related cues.
5. Strong physical reactions (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating) to trauma-related remind.
C. The child exhibits at least one of the following avoidance symptoms or changes in his or her thoughts and mood. These symptoms must begin or worsen after the experience of the traumatic event. 1. Avoidance of or the attempted avoidance of activities, places, or reminders that bring up thoughts about the traumatic event. 2. Avoidance of or the attempted avoidance of people, conversations, or interpersonal situa- tions that serve as reminders of the traumatic event. 3. More frequent negative emotional states, such as fear, shame, or sadness. 4. Increased lack of interest in activities that used to be meaningful or pleasurable. 5. Social withdrawal. 6. Long-standing reduction in the expression of positive emotions. D. The child experiences at least one of the below changes in his or her arousal or reactivity, and these changes began or worsened after the trau- matic event: 1. Increased irritable behavior or angry outbursts. This may include extreme temper tantrums. 2. Hypervigilance. 3. Exaggerated startle response. 4. Difficulties concentrating. 5. Problems with sleeping. In addition to the above criteria, these symptoms need to have lasted at least 1 month and result in con- siderable distress or diffi ...
Assignment InterventionsTreatment options for children and adol.docxbraycarissa250
Assignment: Interventions
Treatment options for children and adolescent trauma survivors can include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and crisis management to reduce anxiety, worry, and fear of repeated trauma. Play therapy is an effective method often used with young children with posttraumatic stress disorder because they often have difficulty dealing with trauma directly. Cases in which a child or adolescent is acting out sexually in response to a sexual trauma or in which he or she may be using drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism as a result of trauma often require additional treatment modalities.
For this Assignment, review the media program Trauma and consider the symptomology of PTSD and how trauma can affect children and adolescents. Then, select a different type of childhood or adolescent trauma from the one you selected for the Discussion. Consider the posttraumatic stress symptoms that are likely to occur and what type of treatment interventions you might use to treat the child or adolescent. Also, think about how you might support or educate parents or guardians as they attempt to support their child or adolescent.
The Assignment (2–3 pages):
· Describe a major trauma or event that may occur to children and/or adolescents.
· Describe three potential symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder that may occur as a result of the major trauma or event, and explain why these symptoms may occur.
· Describe one intervention you might use in treating this type of trauma. Justify the selection of your intervention using the week’s resources and current literature.
· Explain two ways you might educate or support the parents/guardians as they help their child or adolescent through the trauma. Be specific.
Discussion - Week 6
Top of Form
A traumatic event I chose for this discussion is war. War has acute and lasting effects which often in refugee migration. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR, 2016b), there are close to 14 million refugees worldwide as the level of human displacement has increased by 50% since 2011. Like the case of the Syrian war, individuals across the board are prone to posttraumatic stress disorder. The article explores the mental health needs of refugees, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), finding that refugees appear especially susceptible to PTSD and PTSD symptoms, especially women and children (Ghumman, McCord, & Chang, 2016). They also assert that most agencies and organizations concentrate on providing necessities such as food, clothing and shelter to refugees with little attention paid on mental health.
Individuals including children and adolescents who this experience suffer from PTSD symptoms in each of the following areas: intrusion symptoms such as repetitive intrusive memories, nightmares or flashbacks; avoidance of people, places, emotions, or thoughts associated with the trauma; and alterations in arousal such as hypervigilance, irritability, and reck ...
Bullying in Schools Essay
Bullying in our Schools Essay
Bullying In Schools
Essay about Bullying in Schools
School Bullying Essay
Bullying In Schools Essay
Bullying In School Essay
Bullying In Schools Essay
Essay on Bullying in Schools
Bullying in Schools Essay
Essay on Bullying in Schools
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. “We have discovered that there is no stable
baseline for stress. Unlike other systems of
the body, which usually revert to a prior,
healthy state after suffering trauma (a
process called homeostasis), the brain
responds to extended periods of stress by
developing a new less healthy baseline.
These “allostatic”—or adjusted—stress loads
are becoming increasingly common and are
associated with serious health, learning and
3. What is
Post
Traumatic
Stress
Disorder?
“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that is
triggered by a terrifying event that was either experienced or witnessed.
Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well
as uncontrollable reoccurring thoughts about the event that last beyond a
month”(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014).
4. HOW DOES A CHILD FALL
VICTIM TO PTSD?
…Living in a
household
where there is
domestic
violence.
...Living through a
natural disaster.
…Abandonm
ent or
…Experiencing warfare,
terroristic, or military
violence.
…victimized by Sexual
or Physical Abuse.
…Witnessing
the sudden
and violent
death of a
loved one or
peer.
5. Living in a home
where there is
domestic
violence.
Statics on Domestic
Violence
*Witnessing violence between one’s parents or
caretakers is the strongest risk factor of transmitting
violent behavior from one generation to the next.
*Boys who witness domestic violence are twice as
likely to abuse their own partners and children when
they become adults.
*30% to 60% of perpetrators of intimate partner
violence also abuse children in the household.
* Studies suggest that up to 10 million children
witness some form of domestic violence annually.
“Interpersonal violence creates the need for the investigation of the cognitive,
emotional, and behavioral consequences produced by exposure to domestic
violence, especially in children. Traumatic stress is produced by exposure to
events that are so extreme or severe and threatening, that they demand
extraordinary coping efforts. Such events are often unpredicted and
uncontrollable. They overwhelm a person's sense of safety and security” (Volpe,
"Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview“,1996).
6. Experiencing a
devastating
natural
disaster
“Like many causes of trauma, natural disasters can be sudden and
overwhelming. The most immediate and typical reaction to a calamity
is shock, which at first manifests as numbness or denial. Quickly—or
eventually—shock can give way to an overemotional state that often
includes high levels of anxiety, guilt or depression” (Babbel, "The
Trauma That Arises from Natural Disasters", 2010).
7. Abandonme
nt or
Abduction
“Many refugee children exhibit symptoms of post-
traumatic stress disorder. For some, the migration
process itself can be a terrifying experience, fraught
with dangers such as rape and starvation” (U.S.
Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, 2014).
8. Being Victimized
by Sexual or
Physical Abuse
The degree of perceived personal threat
The developmental state of the child
The relationship of the victim to
the perpetrator
The level of support the victim has in his
day-to-day life
Guilt
Resilience
The child's short-term response to abuse
Statistics show that females are much more likely than males to develop PTSD as a result of experiencing
child abuse. Other factors that help determine whether a child victim will develop PTSD are:
“Sexual abuse is a particularly sinister type of trauma because
of the shame it instills in the victim. With childhood sexual
abuse, victims are often too young to know how to express
what is happening and seek out help. When not properly
treated, this can result in a lifetime of PTSD, depression and
anxiety” (Babbel, 2013).
(Babbel, 2011)
9. WITNESSING THE
VIOLENT AND
SUDDEN DEATH OF A
LOVED ONE OR PEER.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-
now/2014/04/19/school-shootings-
timeline/7903671/
The past 20 years has seen the
phenomenon of school shootings and
mass murders on elementary, middle, high
school and college campuses. Why has this
started happening on such a regular basis
in the last two decades? Is it simply due to
peer “bullying” and lack of teacher
intervention or is it something more?
Could it be attributed to the significant
increase in prescribed narcotics used to
control behaviors in children over the past
20 years? Could it be attributed to less
parental engagement with children within
the past few decades? Whatever the
reason, the young survivors who witness
these horrors and are left behind in the
aftermath are mentally and emotionally
changed forever.
Click on the link below to view the timeline of
school shootings since Columbine in 1999.
10. DAILY EXPOSURE TO LIFE
IN A VIOLENT OR
DANGEROUS ENVIRONMENT
Children living in neighborhoods or
communities where daily life is fraught
with violence and death seem to exhibit
the more traditional view of PTSD or
“shell shock” that plagues soldiers after
returning from war. They are hyper-
reactive to sensory driven stimulus,
especially those that are auditory based.
They flinch and duck at “popping”
sounds and are constantly in “fight or
flight” mode. They have reoccurring
nightmares and flashbacks to violent
events that they have witnessed, just like
soldiers. The only difference is that
soldiers’ tours of duty last under two
years and then they go home or to a
hospital for treatment. For these
children, tours last up to 18 years and
their battlefields are their
neighborhoods.
11. SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED
WITH PTSD
Bedwetting
Being unable to talk or
forgetting how to talk
Acting out the scary event
during playtime
Being unusually clingy with a
parent or other adults
Crying
Being easily startled
Feeling tense or “on edge”
Having difficulty sleeping
Losing interest in activities that
once brought happiness
Isolating self from friends
12. THE NEXT STEP…WHAT DO YOU DO IF
YOU SUSPECT A STUDENT IS SUFFERING
FROM PTSD?
If you suspect that a child is
suffering from PTSD due to physical
or sexual abuse or neglect, you
need to:
If you suspect that a child is suffering
from PTSD due to experiencing or
witnessing a violent or traumatic
event, you should:
Contact your school counselor and let them know
your concerns. Do not speculate. Give only concrete,
observable reasons for your assessment.
Contact Child Protective Services.
Do not directly address the parent or guardian of
your concerns because the child will “pay the price”
for your inquisition and you could find yourself
named in a lawsuit.
Maintain a detailed communication log of all
conversations you have as they relate to each
individual situation. This protects you, the school
and the child.
Contact your school counselor and let them know your
concerns.
With consent from the administrators and with additional
staff in attendance, have a parent/teacher conference with
the parents to see if they are seeing the same behaviors at
home. Problem solve together and foster a relationship in
order to support the family.
If the child has an IEP, but isn’t receiving Special Education
supports and accommodations related to emotional
disabilities, suggest a possible re-evaluation so that the child
has access to all available supports during the school day.
The parent will have to agree, but leave that for the Special
Education staff to communicate.
14. Be the soft place
where your
students can fall
without getting
hurt.
It is our job as teachers to not only
fortify the mind of our students, but to
strengthen the heart and the spirit as
well. When a student comes to us with
a broken spirit and heart, we need to
be their greatest advocate and exhaust
all efforts in order to rebuild that child
into a healthy and complete individual.
It is not only our job…it is our
15. REFERENCES
Babbel, S. (2010, April 21). The Trauma That Arises from Natural Disasters. Psychology Today:
Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. Retrieved July 19, 2014, from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201004/the-trauma-arises-
natural-disasters
Action Alerts. (2014). Refugees organization. Retrieved July 20, 2014, from
http://www.refugees.org/resources/for-service-providers/rape-and-sexual-violence.html
Jensen, E. (2005). Teaching with the brain in mind (2nd ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Association
for Supervision and Curriculum Development
Volpe, J. (1996) Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview.
Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview. Retrieved July 21,
2014, from http://www.aaets.org/article8.htm
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, April 15). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Definition.
Retrieved July 22, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-
traumatic-stress-disorder/basics/definition/CON-20022540
16. REFERENCES CONTINUED…
Babbel, S. (2011, April 23). The Lingering Trauma of Child Abuse. Psychology Today: Health,
Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. Retrieved July 20, 2014, from
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/somatic-psychology/201104/the-lingering-trauma-
child-abuse
Timeline: Deadly school shootings since Columbine. (2014, April 19). USA Today. Retrieved
July 22, 2014, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-
now/2014/04/19/school-shootings-timeline/7903671/