This ppt covers definition of Posology, Therapeutic dose, Official doses, factors deciding dose calculation, and formulae used for child dose calculation.
It is useful for medical and pharmacy students
Before prescribing any pharmaceutical medicine, the physician should consider certain factors that can modify the effect of the drug. The same dose of a drug can produce different degrees of response in different patients and even in the same patient under different situations. The Important factors modify the effect of a drug are subdivided into two groups: patient related factors and drug related factors.
• Patient related factors: age, gender, body weight, presence of food, drug allergy, genetic variation, environmental state, pathological state, psychological state, etc.
• Drug related factors: physical state of a drug, route of drug administration, time of drug administration, drug cumulation, drug combination, drug tolerance, drug dependence, etc.
unit 1 Posology and dose calculation for child.pdfAkankshaPatel55
Posology is the science of dosage, which encompasses the study of the amount of a medication that should be given to a patient, the frequency of administration, and the duration of treatment. It is a crucial aspect of pharmacology and therapeutics, as determining the correct dosage is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of a medication.
Here are some of the key factors that are considered when determining posology:
The patient's age, weight, and medical condition: These factors can all affect how a medication is metabolized and excreted from the body. For example, children and older adults may require different dosages than adults, and people with certain medical conditions may need to avoid certain medications or take them at lower doses.
The severity of the condition being treated: The severity of the condition will often determine the dosage of medication that is needed. For example, someone with a mild infection may only need a low dose of antibiotics, while someone with a severe infection may need a higher dose.
The form of the medication: Different forms of the same medication (e.g., tablets, capsules, injectables) can be absorbed into the body at different rates. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
The route of administration: The route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, topical) can also affect how a medication is absorbed into the body. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
Posology is a complex field, and there are many different factors that need to be considered when determining the correct dosage for a particular patient. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to get advice on the appropriate dosage for any medication you are taking.
Here are some additional details about posology:
Posology is often expressed in terms of the following:
Dose: The amount of medication that is given at one time.
Frequency: How often the medication is given.
Duration: How long the medication is taken for.
There are a number of different ways to express posology, including:
Milligrams (mg): This is a unit of mass that is commonly used to measure the amount of medication in tablets, capsules, and liquids.
Micrograms (mcg): This is a unit of mass that is used to measure very small amounts of medication.
International units (IU): This is a unit of activity that is used to measure some medications, such as insulin.
Units: This is a unit that is used to measure some medications, such as heparin.
The specific way that posology is expressed will vary depending on the medication and the condition being treated.
posology is a branch of medical science which deals with dose or quantity of drugs which can be administered to a patient to get the desired pharmacological actions.
This ppt covers definition of Posology, Therapeutic dose, Official doses, factors deciding dose calculation, and formulae used for child dose calculation.
It is useful for medical and pharmacy students
Before prescribing any pharmaceutical medicine, the physician should consider certain factors that can modify the effect of the drug. The same dose of a drug can produce different degrees of response in different patients and even in the same patient under different situations. The Important factors modify the effect of a drug are subdivided into two groups: patient related factors and drug related factors.
• Patient related factors: age, gender, body weight, presence of food, drug allergy, genetic variation, environmental state, pathological state, psychological state, etc.
• Drug related factors: physical state of a drug, route of drug administration, time of drug administration, drug cumulation, drug combination, drug tolerance, drug dependence, etc.
unit 1 Posology and dose calculation for child.pdfAkankshaPatel55
Posology is the science of dosage, which encompasses the study of the amount of a medication that should be given to a patient, the frequency of administration, and the duration of treatment. It is a crucial aspect of pharmacology and therapeutics, as determining the correct dosage is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of a medication.
Here are some of the key factors that are considered when determining posology:
The patient's age, weight, and medical condition: These factors can all affect how a medication is metabolized and excreted from the body. For example, children and older adults may require different dosages than adults, and people with certain medical conditions may need to avoid certain medications or take them at lower doses.
The severity of the condition being treated: The severity of the condition will often determine the dosage of medication that is needed. For example, someone with a mild infection may only need a low dose of antibiotics, while someone with a severe infection may need a higher dose.
The form of the medication: Different forms of the same medication (e.g., tablets, capsules, injectables) can be absorbed into the body at different rates. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
The route of administration: The route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, topical) can also affect how a medication is absorbed into the body. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
Posology is a complex field, and there are many different factors that need to be considered when determining the correct dosage for a particular patient. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to get advice on the appropriate dosage for any medication you are taking.
Here are some additional details about posology:
Posology is often expressed in terms of the following:
Dose: The amount of medication that is given at one time.
Frequency: How often the medication is given.
Duration: How long the medication is taken for.
There are a number of different ways to express posology, including:
Milligrams (mg): This is a unit of mass that is commonly used to measure the amount of medication in tablets, capsules, and liquids.
Micrograms (mcg): This is a unit of mass that is used to measure very small amounts of medication.
International units (IU): This is a unit of activity that is used to measure some medications, such as insulin.
Units: This is a unit that is used to measure some medications, such as heparin.
The specific way that posology is expressed will vary depending on the medication and the condition being treated.
posology is a branch of medical science which deals with dose or quantity of drugs which can be administered to a patient to get the desired pharmacological actions.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Posology
This word is derived from Greek word posos – how
much and logos means science.
So posology is a branch of medical science which
deals with dose & quantity of drugs which can be
administered to a patient to get a desired action. In
this, there are many factors which influence the
doses.
3. Factors affecting dose
1. Age 13. Idiosyncrasy
2. Sex 14. Tolerance
3. Body Weight 15. Tachyphylaxis
4. Route of Administration 16. Metabolic disturbance
5.Time of Administration
6. Environmental Factors
7. Emotional factors
8. Presence of disease
9. Accumulation
10. Additive effects
11. Synergism
12. Antagonism
4. 1. AGE
The pharmacokinetics(ADME) of many drugs changes
with age. - Newborn infants (pediatric) are abnormally
sensitive to certain drugs because of the immature state
of their hepatic and renal function by which drugs are
metabolized and eliminated from the body. Failure to
detoxify and eliminate drugs results in their accumulation
in the tissues to a toxic level. Whereas, old people need
lesser amount of drug as they are unable to excrete drugs
to that extent as adults.
5. 2. SEX
Women do not always respond to the action of drug in the
same manner as men. Special care should be taken when
drugs are administered during menstruation, pregnancy &
lactation.
The strong purgative(medicine that causes to get rid of
unwanted waste from body) eg. Aloes should be avoided
during menstruation. Similarly the drugs which may stimulate
the uterine smooth muscles e.g. drastic purgative, antimalarial
drugs, ergot alkaloids(Eg-ergotamine used to treat migrane) are
contra indicated during pregnancy. - Alcohol, barbiturate,
narcotic drugs acts on foetus through placenta.
During lactation, morphine, tetracycline avoided because its
affect on babies.
•
6. 3. BODY WEIGHT
The average dose is mentioned either in terms of mg
per kg body weight or a total single dose for an adult.
However, the dose expressed in this manner may not
apply in case of obese patients, children &
malnourished patients. It should be calculated
according to body weight.
7. 4. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
I.V doses of drug are usually smaller than the oral
doses.
Intravenous route,if high dose given,this might
enhance the chances of drug toxicity.
The effectiveness of drug formulation is generally
controlled by the route of administration.
8. 5. TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
The presence of food in the stomach delay the
absorption of drug & rapidly absorbed from the
empty stomach.
But it does not mean that much effective when taken
during or after meal.
Iron, arsenic & cod-liver oil should be given after
meal & antacid drugs taken before meal.
9. 6. PATIENT STATUS
The personality & behavior of a pateint may
influence the effect of drug especially the drugs
which are intended for use in a psychosomatic
disorders(caused by depression,stress,etc).
The females are more emotional than male &
required less dose of certain drugs. Inert dosage
forms called placebos which resemble the actual
medicament in the physical properties are known to
produce therapeutic benefit in disease like angina
pectoris & bronchial asthma.
10. 7. PRESENCE OF DISEASE
Drugs like barbiturates or CNS depressants used for
treating epilepsy,insomnia,etc& Chlorpromazine(used
to treat schizophrenia-a mental illness that causes
unusual thinking,loss of interest in life,etc) may
produce unusually prolonged effect in patient having
liver cirrhosis. Such as, streptomycin produce toxic
effect on these patient their kidney function is not
working properly because streptomycin is excreted
through kidney.
11. 8. CUMULATIVE EFFECT
Some drugs produces the toxic effect if it is repeatedly
administered for long time e.g. digitalis, emetine,
heavy metals because these drugs are excreted slowly
may build up a high concentration in the body and
produce toxic symptoms. This occurs due to
cumulative effect of the drug.
12. 9. ADDITIVE EFFECT
When the total pharmacological action of two or more
drugs administered together is equivalent to sum of
their individual pharmacological action, the
phenomenon is called as additive effect.
E.g :combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen for
analgesic effect.
13. SYNERGISM
When desired therapeutic result needed is difficult to
achieve with single drug at that time two or more
drugs are used in the combination form for increasing
their action this phenomenon is called synergism. -
E.g. procaine & adrenaline combination, increase the
duration of action of procaine.
14. 10. ANTOGONISM
When the action of one drug is opposed by the other
drug on the same physiological system is known as
drug antagonism. The use of antagonistic response to
drugs is valuable in the treatment of poisoning. E.g.
milk of magnesia is given in acid poisoning where
alkaline effect of milk of magnesia neutralise the
effect of acid poisoning. When adrenaline &
acetylcholine are given together, they neutralise the
effect of each other due to antagonism because
adrenaline is vasoconstrictor & acetylcholine is
vasodilator.
15. 11. IDIOSYNCRACY
Idiosyncrasy is also called as allergy. An extraordinary
a drug which is different from its
pharmacological action is called
response to
characteristic
idiosyncrasy.
E.g. small quantity of aspirin may cause gastric
hemorrhage.
E.g some persons are sensitive to penicillin
because they produce severe toxic effect.
16. 12. TOLERANCE
When an unusually large dose of a drug is required to
elicit an affect ordinarily produced by the normal
therapeutic dose of the drug, the phenomenon is
called as drug tolerance. E.g. smokers can tolerate
nicotine, alcoholic can tolerate large quantity of
alcohol. The drug tolerance is of two types:
True tolerance, which is produced by oral &
parenteral administration of the drug.
Pseudo tolerance, which is produced only to the oral
route of administration.
17. 13. TACHYPHYLAXIS
When some drugs administered repeatedly at short
intervals, the cell receptors get blocked up &
pharmacological response to that drug decreased.
The decreased response cannot be reversed by
increasing the dose this phenomenon is called
tachyphylaxis or acute tolerance. - E.g. ephedrine
given repeated dose at short intervals in the treatment
of bronchial asthma may produce very less response
due to tachyphylaxis.
18. 14. METABOLIC DISTURANCE
Changes in water electrolyte balance & acid base
balance, body temperature & other physiological
factor may modify the effect of drug.
E.g. salicylates reduce body temperature in only in
case an individual has rise in body temperature. They
have no antipyretic effect if the body temperature is
normal.
19. Calculations of doses-
1. Doses proportionate to age:
Young’s formula-less than 12 yrs of age.
Dose for child =Age in years Adult dose
Age in years + 12
Dilling’s formula-
Dose for child =Age in years .
dose
20
Adult
20. Doses proportionate to body weight:
Clark’s formula-
Dose for child = child’s weight in Kg .
70
Adult dose
21. Doses proportionate to surface area:
Percentage of adult dose= Surface area of child. 100
Surface area of adult
22. veterinary doses.
The dose required for animals are more or on higher
in comparison of human beings just because of body
weight, size etc. Therefore it’s very important for
supply the correct dose.
23. Factors affecting on veterinary doses.
1. Age 11. Species
2. Sex 12. Character of drug
3. Body Weigh
4. Route of Administration
5. Time of Administration
6. Environmental Factors
7. Habit
8. Rate of elimination
9. Effect of drug
10. Purpose of medication
