Novel drug delivery systems refer to approaches for transporting pharmaceutical compounds in the body to achieve therapeutic effects safely. They are classified as implants, films/strips, liposomes, controlled delivery modules, erythrocytes, nanoparticles, and prodrugs. Implants are placed under the skin to release drugs over time. Films and strips are meant for topical application of slow drug release. Liposomes can transport both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Controlled delivery modules release drugs slowly from a polymeric matrix. Erythrocytes allow drugs to circulate in the body for prolonged release. Nanoparticles are colloidal systems that deposit drugs at target sites. Prodrugs undergo biotransformation before showing pharmacological activity
1.introduction to different dosage formsGaju Shete
This document introduces different dosage forms for drug delivery. It discusses traditional forms like tablets, capsules, and injections as well as novel forms like implants, controlled drug delivery systems, liposomes, nanoparticles, prodrugs, and films/strips. Implants can be opened or closed using magnets to control drug release and are placed under the skin. Controlled drug delivery systems embed drugs in polymeric matrices for slow release over long periods. Liposomes, erythrocytes, and nanoparticles can encapsulate drugs for targeted or prolonged delivery. Prodrugs are converted to active drugs after metabolism to improve properties. Films and strips provide topical delivery of drugs over time.
This document discusses various drug delivery technologies used by companies like Cipla to develop targeted therapies. It describes nanotechnology used to deliver drugs to specific cell types via engineered nanoparticles. Microsphere and microparticulate technologies are used for targeted and sustained delivery via injection or oral formulations. Liposomes, hot melt extrusion, and osmotic controlled release systems are also outlined as technologies to modify drug properties and target delivery. The aim is to improve efficacy, safety, and patient compliance through specialized delivery approaches.
This document discusses various drug delivery systems. It begins by describing conventional delivery systems like pills and injections. It then defines controlled drug delivery as combining a drug with a carrier to release it in a predetermined manner. New techniques allow controlling the rate, targeting the delivery site, and responding to environmental changes. The need is for more effective therapies while avoiding under- and overdosing. Various delivery mechanisms, materials, carriers, and examples are provided. The document also discusses transdermal, pulmonary, and ocular delivery systems. It concludes by mentioning floating oral delivery systems that increase gastric emptying time and target the colon.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) provide drugs through the skin for systemic effects. TDDS patches contain drug reservoirs that diffuse drug into the bloodstream over time. Key advantages are avoiding gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism. TDDS can provide steady drug levels for chronic conditions. However, only potent drugs are suitable and skin irritation may occur. TDDS composition includes a polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, adhesive, and backing layer. Recent techniques like microneedles and macroflux create pathways to enhance skin permeability for transdermal delivery.
This document discusses the various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs directly to a specific site without exposing the rest of the body and include topical, deeper tissue, and arterial supply routes. Systemic routes administer drugs via oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, nasal, cutaneous, and parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intramuscular) delivery to circulate through the bloodstream. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on the drug properties and therapeutic objectives.
This document presents information on parenteral depot systems for long acting drug formulations. It discusses various approaches for controlled drug release including the use of viscous vehicles, polymeric microspheres, and drug derivatives. Common polymers used in depots are described as well as desirable characteristics. The main types of depot formulations are discussed - dissolution controlled, adsorption, encapsulation, and esterification. Examples of specific long acting preparations are provided for antibiotics, insulin, vitamin B12, and contraceptives. Evaluation methods and the development of depots are outlined.
Transdermal drug delivery are defined as a self contained discrete dosage form which, when applied to the intact skin, will deliver the drug at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
its also known popularly as “patches”
1.introduction to different dosage formsGaju Shete
This document introduces different dosage forms for drug delivery. It discusses traditional forms like tablets, capsules, and injections as well as novel forms like implants, controlled drug delivery systems, liposomes, nanoparticles, prodrugs, and films/strips. Implants can be opened or closed using magnets to control drug release and are placed under the skin. Controlled drug delivery systems embed drugs in polymeric matrices for slow release over long periods. Liposomes, erythrocytes, and nanoparticles can encapsulate drugs for targeted or prolonged delivery. Prodrugs are converted to active drugs after metabolism to improve properties. Films and strips provide topical delivery of drugs over time.
This document discusses various drug delivery technologies used by companies like Cipla to develop targeted therapies. It describes nanotechnology used to deliver drugs to specific cell types via engineered nanoparticles. Microsphere and microparticulate technologies are used for targeted and sustained delivery via injection or oral formulations. Liposomes, hot melt extrusion, and osmotic controlled release systems are also outlined as technologies to modify drug properties and target delivery. The aim is to improve efficacy, safety, and patient compliance through specialized delivery approaches.
This document discusses various drug delivery systems. It begins by describing conventional delivery systems like pills and injections. It then defines controlled drug delivery as combining a drug with a carrier to release it in a predetermined manner. New techniques allow controlling the rate, targeting the delivery site, and responding to environmental changes. The need is for more effective therapies while avoiding under- and overdosing. Various delivery mechanisms, materials, carriers, and examples are provided. The document also discusses transdermal, pulmonary, and ocular delivery systems. It concludes by mentioning floating oral delivery systems that increase gastric emptying time and target the colon.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) provide drugs through the skin for systemic effects. TDDS patches contain drug reservoirs that diffuse drug into the bloodstream over time. Key advantages are avoiding gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass metabolism. TDDS can provide steady drug levels for chronic conditions. However, only potent drugs are suitable and skin irritation may occur. TDDS composition includes a polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, adhesive, and backing layer. Recent techniques like microneedles and macroflux create pathways to enhance skin permeability for transdermal delivery.
This document discusses the various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs directly to a specific site without exposing the rest of the body and include topical, deeper tissue, and arterial supply routes. Systemic routes administer drugs via oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, nasal, cutaneous, and parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intramuscular) delivery to circulate through the bloodstream. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on the drug properties and therapeutic objectives.
This document presents information on parenteral depot systems for long acting drug formulations. It discusses various approaches for controlled drug release including the use of viscous vehicles, polymeric microspheres, and drug derivatives. Common polymers used in depots are described as well as desirable characteristics. The main types of depot formulations are discussed - dissolution controlled, adsorption, encapsulation, and esterification. Examples of specific long acting preparations are provided for antibiotics, insulin, vitamin B12, and contraceptives. Evaluation methods and the development of depots are outlined.
Transdermal drug delivery are defined as a self contained discrete dosage form which, when applied to the intact skin, will deliver the drug at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
its also known popularly as “patches”
Novel approaches to parenteral drug delivery systemKarrolla Shiny
The document discusses novel approaches to parenteral drug delivery systems. It defines parenteral drug delivery as administration through infusion, injection, or implantation. Recent advances have led to sophisticated controlled and sustained release systems. Parenteral systems provide direct drug effects and are suitable when oral administration is not possible. They are classified as injectables like solutions, colloidal dispersions, microparticles, and implants. New developments include liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymer-drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery and sustained release to improve drug efficacy and safety.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including topical, enteral, and parenteral routes. It then focuses on controlled drug delivery systems and describes different types of controlled release mechanisms including dissolution, diffusion, osmotic pressure systems, and others. Specific controlled drug delivery technologies are outlined such as transdermal drug delivery systems, pulmonary drug delivery, and gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of various approaches are also mentioned.
1. The document discusses various routes of drug administration including local, systemic, and parenteral routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific tissues like the skin, eyes, or respiratory tract, while systemic routes deliver drugs through absorption into the bloodstream.
2. Parenteral routes like subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections bypass the gastrointestinal tract and liver for faster drug action. However, they require sterile preparations and medical assistance. Systemic routes include oral, sublingual, rectal, cutaneous, inhalation, and nasal administration. Oral administration has advantages of safety and convenience but slower onset of action.
3. Transdermal patches provide continuous drug delivery through the skin at a controlled
This document discusses the differences between sustained release and controlled release drug formulations and their mechanisms of drug delivery. Sustained release aims to slowly release drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers drug at a predetermined rate according to bodily needs. Mechanisms include dissolution control using matrix or encapsulation methods, diffusion control using reservoir or matrix devices, and combinations of dissolution and diffusion. Common polymers used for coatings include ethyl cellulose and acrylic resins to control drug release rate.
Novel Drug delivery System (NDDS) refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects.
This document discusses modified release drug products, including extended release and delayed release dosage forms. It defines modified release as altering the timing and/or rate of drug release. Extended release aims for twice daily dosing by providing continuous drug levels while delayed release releases the drug at a time other than promptly after administration. The document discusses various extended release drug delivery technologies like coated beads, multilayer tablets, microencapsulation, embedding in eroding matrices, plastic matrices, complexation, and osmotic pumps. It emphasizes the importance of in vitro-in vivo correlations and bioequivalence studies in evaluating these modified release products.
Implantable drug delivery systems provide sustained release of drugs over long periods of time through placement of drug-loaded implants under the skin. There are several types of implant systems including polymeric matrix systems where the drug is dispersed in a polymer, reservoir systems where the drug core is surrounded by a permeable membrane, and biodegradable systems where the implant breaks down over time. Implantable systems can last from weeks to years, improving patient compliance over oral medications by eliminating the need for repeated dosing. Several implantable drug delivery systems have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, eye diseases, and bone infections.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses how TDDS work by delivering medication through the skin and into the bloodstream using a controlled-release membrane. The document covers the components of TDDS, factors affecting drug permeation and bioavailability, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and mechanisms of drug delivery like iontophoresis and electroporation. It also describes the types of transdermal patches and studies conducted to assess TDDS in animal and human models.
A Review on Microspheres Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and A...ijtsrd
What you want altered should go here. then press the One innovative drug delivery method that offers a therapeutic improvement over traditional or immediate release single unit dose forms is the use of microspheres. Microspheres are solid objects with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 m. The various varieties of microsphere are described. These microspheres are manufactured and either directly compressed or filled with firm gelatin. When compared to conventional dosage forms, the microspheres that are made using different techniques have varying efficacy and methods of administration. Different techniques that analyse the microspheres quality will be used to evaluate the microsphere. The microspheres that will play a key role in future innovative medicine delivery. click the button below. Its that simple Navnath Jagtap | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "A Review on Microspheres: Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52299.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52299/a-review-on-microspheres-types-method-of-preparation-characterization-and-application/navnath-jagtap
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) it's formulation and evaluationShritilekhaDash
Topics included:- Introduction; General structure and basic components of TDDS; Types of TDDS; Formulation; Evaluation and it's types; Market share; Examples; Merits and demerits;
Implant : Challenging Drug Delivery Systembiniyapatel
This document discusses implantable drug delivery systems. Implants provide controlled delivery of drugs over long periods of time at the site of implantation. There are biodegradable and non-biodegradable implants. Implants can be classified based on their release mechanism, such as membrane permeation controlled, matrix diffusion controlled, or activation modulated systems. Implants offer benefits like continuous drug delivery and avoidance of peak concentrations but have disadvantages like requiring surgery and host reactions. Common applications of implants include cancer treatment, contraception, and ocular diseases.
Transdermal drug delivery system by MANSOORI MOHAMMAD SHOAIB. Shoaib Khan
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the history and advantages of TDDS. TDDS can deliver drugs through the skin at controlled rates and avoid first-pass metabolism. The document classifies TDDS and describes common types like single-layer patches. It outlines the materials used in formulations, factors influencing drug penetration, and FDA-approved drugs delivered via TDDS. Finally, it lists some marketed transdermal products and applications of this drug delivery method.
This document discusses buccal drug delivery systems (BDDS), which deliver drugs through the buccal mucosa in the mouth. It defines BDDS and describes the three categories of oral mucosal drug delivery. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of BDDS, examines the anatomy and physiology of the oral mucosa, and explores formulation components like polymers and permeation enhancers. Finally, it discusses various buccal dosage forms like tablets, patches and films as well as evaluation methods.
This document discusses various oral controlled release drug delivery systems. It describes dissolution controlled systems like encapsulation and matrix dissolution control where drug release is controlled by the rate of dissolution of a coating. Diffusion controlled systems like reservoir and matrix devices are also discussed where the rate of drug release depends on diffusion through a coating membrane. Combined dissolution and diffusion systems and ion exchange resins are also summarized. The document provides details on different types of controlled release tablets and their drug release mechanisms.
Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres that can be used to deliver drugs topically, orally, and for biomedical applications. They provide controlled release of active ingredients, increase drug payload, and reduce side effects. The document discusses the preparation, characterization, and various applications of microsponge drug delivery systems.
This document discusses implantable drug delivery systems. It describes how implantable pellets or capsules can continuously release drugs over long periods of time to treat conditions without frequent injections or hospital visits. Ideal properties of implants include biocompatibility and controlled drug release. Various types of implants are described, including biodegradable polymer matrices and osmotic pumps, which use osmotic pressure to precisely deliver drugs. Applications include cancer treatment and osteoporosis. Advantages are continuous dosing and patient compliance, while disadvantages include need for minor surgery and inability to easily stop therapy.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Quality circles are voluntary groups of employees from the same work area or task that meet regularly to identify and solve work-related problems. They operate on the principle that employee participation in decision-making improves quality. Quality circles have a bottom-up approach and are management supported but not directed. They can lead to improved morale, productivity, problem solving skills, and housekeeping through participative group activities. Potential pitfalls include inadequate training, unclear purpose, lack of management interest, and lack of empowerment or record keeping.
This document provides information on managing a drug store, including selecting a location, legal requirements, layout, purchasing, storage, and pricing. Key points include:
- Rural vs. urban locations each have advantages and disadvantages for a drug store. Factors like population, infrastructure, and costs should be considered.
- Legal documents are required to open both retail and wholesale stores, including licenses, permits, and qualifications of staff. Licenses must be renewed periodically.
- Proper layout and organization is important to optimize customer flow, product visibility, and security. Storage is needed for reserves, office space, and temperature-controlled items.
- Purchasing procedures, supplier selection, pricing, and legal price controls are discussed
Novel approaches to parenteral drug delivery systemKarrolla Shiny
The document discusses novel approaches to parenteral drug delivery systems. It defines parenteral drug delivery as administration through infusion, injection, or implantation. Recent advances have led to sophisticated controlled and sustained release systems. Parenteral systems provide direct drug effects and are suitable when oral administration is not possible. They are classified as injectables like solutions, colloidal dispersions, microparticles, and implants. New developments include liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymer-drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery and sustained release to improve drug efficacy and safety.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including topical, enteral, and parenteral routes. It then focuses on controlled drug delivery systems and describes different types of controlled release mechanisms including dissolution, diffusion, osmotic pressure systems, and others. Specific controlled drug delivery technologies are outlined such as transdermal drug delivery systems, pulmonary drug delivery, and gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of various approaches are also mentioned.
1. The document discusses various routes of drug administration including local, systemic, and parenteral routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific tissues like the skin, eyes, or respiratory tract, while systemic routes deliver drugs through absorption into the bloodstream.
2. Parenteral routes like subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections bypass the gastrointestinal tract and liver for faster drug action. However, they require sterile preparations and medical assistance. Systemic routes include oral, sublingual, rectal, cutaneous, inhalation, and nasal administration. Oral administration has advantages of safety and convenience but slower onset of action.
3. Transdermal patches provide continuous drug delivery through the skin at a controlled
This document discusses the differences between sustained release and controlled release drug formulations and their mechanisms of drug delivery. Sustained release aims to slowly release drug over 8-12 hours, while controlled release delivers drug at a predetermined rate according to bodily needs. Mechanisms include dissolution control using matrix or encapsulation methods, diffusion control using reservoir or matrix devices, and combinations of dissolution and diffusion. Common polymers used for coatings include ethyl cellulose and acrylic resins to control drug release rate.
Novel Drug delivery System (NDDS) refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects.
This document discusses modified release drug products, including extended release and delayed release dosage forms. It defines modified release as altering the timing and/or rate of drug release. Extended release aims for twice daily dosing by providing continuous drug levels while delayed release releases the drug at a time other than promptly after administration. The document discusses various extended release drug delivery technologies like coated beads, multilayer tablets, microencapsulation, embedding in eroding matrices, plastic matrices, complexation, and osmotic pumps. It emphasizes the importance of in vitro-in vivo correlations and bioequivalence studies in evaluating these modified release products.
Implantable drug delivery systems provide sustained release of drugs over long periods of time through placement of drug-loaded implants under the skin. There are several types of implant systems including polymeric matrix systems where the drug is dispersed in a polymer, reservoir systems where the drug core is surrounded by a permeable membrane, and biodegradable systems where the implant breaks down over time. Implantable systems can last from weeks to years, improving patient compliance over oral medications by eliminating the need for repeated dosing. Several implantable drug delivery systems have been approved by the FDA to treat conditions like cancer, eye diseases, and bone infections.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses how TDDS work by delivering medication through the skin and into the bloodstream using a controlled-release membrane. The document covers the components of TDDS, factors affecting drug permeation and bioavailability, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and mechanisms of drug delivery like iontophoresis and electroporation. It also describes the types of transdermal patches and studies conducted to assess TDDS in animal and human models.
A Review on Microspheres Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and A...ijtsrd
What you want altered should go here. then press the One innovative drug delivery method that offers a therapeutic improvement over traditional or immediate release single unit dose forms is the use of microspheres. Microspheres are solid objects with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 m. The various varieties of microsphere are described. These microspheres are manufactured and either directly compressed or filled with firm gelatin. When compared to conventional dosage forms, the microspheres that are made using different techniques have varying efficacy and methods of administration. Different techniques that analyse the microspheres quality will be used to evaluate the microsphere. The microspheres that will play a key role in future innovative medicine delivery. click the button below. Its that simple Navnath Jagtap | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "A Review on Microspheres: Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52299.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52299/a-review-on-microspheres-types-method-of-preparation-characterization-and-application/navnath-jagtap
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) it's formulation and evaluationShritilekhaDash
Topics included:- Introduction; General structure and basic components of TDDS; Types of TDDS; Formulation; Evaluation and it's types; Market share; Examples; Merits and demerits;
Implant : Challenging Drug Delivery Systembiniyapatel
This document discusses implantable drug delivery systems. Implants provide controlled delivery of drugs over long periods of time at the site of implantation. There are biodegradable and non-biodegradable implants. Implants can be classified based on their release mechanism, such as membrane permeation controlled, matrix diffusion controlled, or activation modulated systems. Implants offer benefits like continuous drug delivery and avoidance of peak concentrations but have disadvantages like requiring surgery and host reactions. Common applications of implants include cancer treatment, contraception, and ocular diseases.
Transdermal drug delivery system by MANSOORI MOHAMMAD SHOAIB. Shoaib Khan
This document provides an overview of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the history and advantages of TDDS. TDDS can deliver drugs through the skin at controlled rates and avoid first-pass metabolism. The document classifies TDDS and describes common types like single-layer patches. It outlines the materials used in formulations, factors influencing drug penetration, and FDA-approved drugs delivered via TDDS. Finally, it lists some marketed transdermal products and applications of this drug delivery method.
This document discusses buccal drug delivery systems (BDDS), which deliver drugs through the buccal mucosa in the mouth. It defines BDDS and describes the three categories of oral mucosal drug delivery. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of BDDS, examines the anatomy and physiology of the oral mucosa, and explores formulation components like polymers and permeation enhancers. Finally, it discusses various buccal dosage forms like tablets, patches and films as well as evaluation methods.
This document discusses various oral controlled release drug delivery systems. It describes dissolution controlled systems like encapsulation and matrix dissolution control where drug release is controlled by the rate of dissolution of a coating. Diffusion controlled systems like reservoir and matrix devices are also discussed where the rate of drug release depends on diffusion through a coating membrane. Combined dissolution and diffusion systems and ion exchange resins are also summarized. The document provides details on different types of controlled release tablets and their drug release mechanisms.
Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres that can be used to deliver drugs topically, orally, and for biomedical applications. They provide controlled release of active ingredients, increase drug payload, and reduce side effects. The document discusses the preparation, characterization, and various applications of microsponge drug delivery systems.
This document discusses implantable drug delivery systems. It describes how implantable pellets or capsules can continuously release drugs over long periods of time to treat conditions without frequent injections or hospital visits. Ideal properties of implants include biocompatibility and controlled drug release. Various types of implants are described, including biodegradable polymer matrices and osmotic pumps, which use osmotic pressure to precisely deliver drugs. Applications include cancer treatment and osteoporosis. Advantages are continuous dosing and patient compliance, while disadvantages include need for minor surgery and inability to easily stop therapy.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Quality circles are voluntary groups of employees from the same work area or task that meet regularly to identify and solve work-related problems. They operate on the principle that employee participation in decision-making improves quality. Quality circles have a bottom-up approach and are management supported but not directed. They can lead to improved morale, productivity, problem solving skills, and housekeeping through participative group activities. Potential pitfalls include inadequate training, unclear purpose, lack of management interest, and lack of empowerment or record keeping.
This document provides information on managing a drug store, including selecting a location, legal requirements, layout, purchasing, storage, and pricing. Key points include:
- Rural vs. urban locations each have advantages and disadvantages for a drug store. Factors like population, infrastructure, and costs should be considered.
- Legal documents are required to open both retail and wholesale stores, including licenses, permits, and qualifications of staff. Licenses must be renewed periodically.
- Proper layout and organization is important to optimize customer flow, product visibility, and security. Storage is needed for reserves, office space, and temperature-controlled items.
- Purchasing procedures, supplier selection, pricing, and legal price controls are discussed
This document discusses sedatives and hypnotics. It defines sedatives as drugs that decrease excitement and motor activity while calming without inducing sleep, and hypnotics as drugs that induce and maintain natural sleep. It describes the history and mechanisms of various classes of sedatives and hypnotics including barbiturates and benzodiazepines. It also summarizes their pharmacology, kinetics, uses, adverse effects, and newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics like zopiclone and zolpidem.
This document provides information on local anesthetics (LAs), including their classification, mechanism of action, effects, and uses. LAs work by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses. They can produce local anesthesia through surface application or injection near sensory nerves or nerve trunks. Common LAs discussed are lidocaine, bupivacaine, and cocaine. Lidocaine is the most widely used due to its versatility, while bupivacaine provides longer-lasting anesthesia. Proper administration of LAs allows for anesthesia of specific body areas and structures.
Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the appropriate dose of a drug to achieve its desired therapeutic effect. Several factors influence the dosage of a drug, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, time of administration, presence of disease, and drug interactions. The dose must also account for additive or synergistic effects between drugs, as well as idiosyncratic reactions in individual patients. Proper posology ensures drugs are administered safely and effectively.
Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation.pptxsomeshchandra11
Cells are constantly exposed to various stresses that can damage their structures and functions. When injury occurs, cells attempt to adapt and repair themselves through a variety of protective mechanisms. If the damage is too severe or repair mechanisms are unable to function properly, the cell may undergo programmed cell death and be eliminated.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances can affect the quality, safety and efficacy of drugs. The presence of impurities must be strictly controlled and monitored according to regulatory standards. Proper validation of analytical methods used to test impurities is crucial to ensuring patient safety.
Suppositories are solid dosage forms that are inserted into body cavities to dissolve and deliver medication. The document is about suppositories and is written by Somesh Chandra, an Assistant Professor at Om Sadashiva College of Pharmacy. The document likely discusses the composition, uses, and manufacturing of suppositories for drug delivery.
This document provides information on industry, commerce, and key economic concepts. It defines industry as business activity related to production, processing, or fabrication of goods. Commerce is defined as the distribution of goods and services between producers and consumers. There are various types of economic systems like capitalist, social, and mixed systems that determine how resources are allocated and prices are set in a country. Key economic activities include business, professions, and employment that people engage in to earn income.
The document provides information about various pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and the International Pharmacopoeia. It describes the origins and development of the Indian Pharmacopoeia over successive editions. Key details covered include the year of first publication of each pharmacopoeia, the responsible authorities, contents and standards included.
This document discusses the recruitment, training, evaluation, and compensation of pharmacists. It describes the recruitment process for government and private sector pharmacist positions. Selection involves an application screening, preliminary interview, tests to evaluate skills and personality, a selection interview, physical examination, reference checks, and final selection. Training includes induction, promotional, refresher, job safety training using on-the-job and off-the-job methods. The goal is to improve pharmacists' skills and knowledge regarding work policies, technical aspects, and current industry trends.
Suspensions are liquid dosage forms containing finely dispersed solid particles. They are used for drugs that are insoluble, unstable, or need to be absorbed slowly. Suspensions can be administered orally, ocularly, otically, rectally, parenterally, or topically. Factors in formulation include the nature and size of particles, viscosity, and physical stability. Structured vehicles and controlled flocculation are used to prepare deflocculated and flocculated suspensions, respectively. Evaluation tests assess properties like sedimentation, redispersibility, and zeta potential. Packaging requires containers with headspace and instructions to shake before use.
Monophasic liquid dosage forms are liquid preparations containing two or more components in a single phase true solution. A true solution is a clear, homogeneous mixture prepared by dissolving a solute in a suitable solvent. The component present in larger quantity is the solvent, while the component in smaller quantity is the solute.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances can affect the quality, safety and efficacy of drugs. Control and monitoring of impurities is important during manufacturing to ensure consistent quality of medicines. Proper validation and documentation of processes used to control impurities is necessary to comply with regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It defines dosage forms and outlines their need for accurate dosing, protection, taste masking, sustained/controlled release, and optimal drug action. It then classifies dosage forms based on physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral, etc). Various oral dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Topical, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, and inhaled dosage forms are also outlined.
This document provides information on prescriptions, including their definition, parts, types, sources of error, and labeling requirements. Some key points:
- A prescription is a written order from a medical practitioner instructing a pharmacist to dispense medication. It typically includes the date, patient information, medication/dosage instructions, and prescriber's signature.
- The main parts of a prescription are the inscription (medication prescribed), subscription (directions to pharmacist), and signatura (directions for patient).
- Sources of error can arise from abbreviations, similar drug names, unclear dosages, and communication failures between prescribers and pharmacists.
- Dispensed medications must be properly labeled
The document provides information about an individual. It states that Somesh Chandra holds the position of Assistant Professor at Om Sadashiva College of Pharmacy.
This document provides information about expectorants, astringents, and antidotes for cyanide poisoning. It discusses the mechanisms and examples of expectorants like ammonium chloride and potassium iodide. It also covers the properties and uses of astringents like potash alum. Finally, it explains the mechanisms and administration of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate as antidotes for cyanide poisoning through their effects on hemoglobin and endogenous detoxification pathways.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy.pptxsomeshchandra11
Pharmacy has a long history dating back to ancient times. Early pharmacists were herbalists and alchemists who developed medicines and treatments from plants and minerals. Over time, the role of pharmacists has evolved from preparing and dispensing medicines to also advising patients and physicians on proper drug use.
Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation.pdfsomeshchandra11
Cells are constantly exposed to various stresses that can damage their structures and functions. When injury occurs, cells attempt to adapt and repair themselves through a variety of protective mechanisms. If the damage is too severe or repair mechanisms are unable to function properly, the cell may undergo programmed cell death and be eliminated.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
NDDS.pptx
1. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Somesh Chandra
Assistant Professor
Om Sadashiva College of Pharmacy
2. ● NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
It refers to approaches,formulations,technologies and
systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound
in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired
therapeutic effects.
NDDS is classified as follows:
● 1. Implants
● 2. Films and strips
● 3. Liposome drug carriers
● 4. Controlled drug delivery modules
● 5. Erythrocytes
● 6. Nanoparticles
● 7. Prodrugs.
3. ● (IMPLANTS
● The hypodermic tablets are placed under the skin by a minor surgery
● in order to release drugs over prolonged periods of time.
● Now the magnetically controlled implants have been developed which can
be opened or closed at will in order to release or stop the drug.
● The implants which are in capsule form, consist of a body and a cap. It can
be opened by placing a magnet on the skin and moving it in the desired
direction.
● These implants are placed in the upper thigh at a depth of 5 mm. These
implants are useful in hormone therapy.
● When AlNicoi rod magnet is taped over the skin immediately above the
capsule, it will remain open and release the medicament but the capsule
gets closed as soon as the magnet is removed.
4. ● FILMS AND STRIPS
● These are meant for topical application for slow release of drug over
● predetermined period of time.
● The films and strips which are becoming popular these days are:
● 1. Zero order release films
● 2. Buccal strips
● 3. Spray bandages
● Zero Order Release Films
● These films are called "laminates", and are meant for topical applications.
Nitroglycerin laminates are prepared by mixing propylene glycol with
about 1% carbopol resin. The mixture is neutralised with sodium
hydroxide solution and then 0.1% of nitroglycerin is added. It is then
placed between polythene sheets 5 x 5 cm and its edges are sealed by heat.
It is then placed on a pressure sensitive adhesive sheet of 5.5 x 5.5 cm so
that it can be properly adhesive to the skin. Such laminates release the
drug (nitroglycerin) slowly into circulation for about 12 hours.
● Similarly pilocarpine films are prepared from acrylates and methacrylates.
5. ● Buccal Strips
● The buccal and sublingual tablets are now replaced with buccal
● strips. These strips consist of a thin absorbent base of fabrics, filter
● paper and cotton etc. The buccal strips are prepared by immersing a
● long piece of fabric made from polyamide fibres into a molten mixture
of carbowaxes and dissolved or dispersed drug (around 20%). The
fabric is then cooled and cut into small pieces (ideal dimension is 2 x
1cm). The buccal strip is made in contact with buccal mucosa for
about 15 minutes and then it is removed and discarded.
6. ● Spray Bandages
● These bandages.are prepared by spraying the solution of
drug in polylactide (polymer of lactic acid anhydride). A
2% solution of purified lactide polymer is made in
chloroform and the drug in the concen tration of 0.01% to
90% is dissolved or dispersed in it. Such solution is then
packed in an aerosol container having a suitable
propellant, such as, CF2C12(Dichloro-difluro methane).
When this solution is sprayed, it will be a comfortable
bandage which can be simply washed off with warm water.
7. ● LIPOSOME DRUG CARRIERS
● There are several carriers in our body which transport bio-chemicals
● from one part of the body to an other e.g. proteins, enzymes etc.
Liposomes are phospholipids which can transport both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic drugs. Large -multilamellar vesicles (LMV), small
● unilamellar vesicles (SUV) and large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) are
● some of the liposomes which are known today. By modifying the
● method of preparation, it is possible to prepare different liposomes. The
small drug molecules get trapped in liposomes, whereas large drug
molecules can also make hydrophobic or electrostatic bonding with it.
● Liposomes are sometimes mixed with cholesterol or ergosterol to
change the permeability of liposomes to solute molecules.
8. ● Applications Liposomal drugs have wide therapeutic
applications,
● some of which are as follows:
● 1. Used in diseases caused by intracellular parasites e.g. malaria,
● tuberculosis and amoebiasis.
● 2. Liposome entrapped insulin is active orally and can be replaced
● by intramuscu. lar administration of insulin.
● 3. Liposomes can be used to transport functional DNA/RNA
molecules into cells.
● 4. Liposomes can be used to transport radio-pharmaceuticals and
● immunological products. I
● 5. Liposomal daunomycin has longer duration of action than free
● daunomycin which is used in the treatment of neoplasia. I
● 6. Liposome entrapped actinomycin-D and nitrogen mustard are
● more effective than the parent drug.
9. ● CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY MODULES (CDDM)
● Controlled drug delivery modules are devices which are formed by
● embedding the drug within a polymeric matrix so that it gets released
slowly to the body over a very long period of time. The polymeric
matrices used to hold the drug reversibly are polyethylenes, silicone
elastomers and cellulose esters. The drug-polymer complex may be
formulated into tablet, capsule or any other suitable formulation. These
controlled drug delivery modules are punctured before administration
with laser beam to make a small orifice of a few microns in diameter for
the release of the drug. The drug is released from these modules by
diffusion, osmosis or chemical reaction.
● Controlled drug delivery modules can be applied to the skin, implanted
subcutaneously or inserted into various body cavities. The CDDM has
an advantage because there is an unattended drug delivery without any
patient intervention.
10. ● ERYTHROCYTES
● Erythrocytes have also been tried in order to achieve controlled
● release of drugs.
● The life span of an erythrocyte is about 120 days. Erythrocytes can
allow a drug to circulate in the body for a long time
● which helps in the slow release of drug in serum. When the drug is
encapsulated in eryhthrocytes, the drug gets leaked out of its cell
over to prolonged period of time. Moreover, it can be sent to the
specified sites.
● Resealed erythrocytes are prepared by putting them into a
hypotonic medium, so that they can be swollen.
● The aqueous solution of the drug is added to the medium so that
the drug gets into erythrocytes through the open pores. When the
isotonicity is adjusted the erythrocytes shrink,
● thus encapsulating the drug within them.
11. ● These erythrocytes may be suspended in normal saline solution
for preparing injections. Resealed erythrocytes technique as
drug carrier is very promising but it is difficult to arrange a large
quantity of these erythrocytes. The
● techniques can be used on commercial scale only if erythrocytes
are made available in test tubes.
● Applications
● 1. Resealed erythrocytes of urease have been used in kidney
failure to degrade serum urea.
● 2. Resealed erythrocytes of asparaginase have shown good
results in asparaginase dependent leukaemia.
● 3. Resealed erythrocytes of methotrexate and adrianycin have
been tried in cancer therapy. It has shown good results.
● 4. Resealed erythrocytes of prednisolone have shown good
results to prolong the antiinflammatory action.
12. ● NANOPARTICLES
● It is based on colloidal drug delivery system. The particle size of
● this system is in nanometer range i.e. 200-500 mm. That is why they
are called nanoparticles. The system consists of a drug and a carrier to
deposit the drug at the target site. The carriers used are naturally
occurring macromolecules like human serum albumin, bovine serum
albumin and other substances like gelatin, casein and ethylcellulose.
● The method of preparation of nanoparticles is similar to coacervation
phase separation used in microencapsulation except that it is in quite
controlled manner. An aqueous solution of natural macromolecules is
prepared and drug is mixed in it. In case the drug is hydrophobic, it is
dissolved in a small quantity of organic solvents and mixed with the
13. ● carrier, taking precautions that the drug may not be precipitated.
The system is then desolvated in controlled manner by adding a
solvent competing solute like sodium sulphate or alcohol. This
results in the formation of colloidal particles in nanometer range.
These nanoparticles
● may be hardened, isolated and dried for storage. Nanoparticles
can be dispersed in aqueous system.
● Applications
● l. Flourescein isothiocyanate (FITC) nanoparticles have been used
to incorporate cytotoxic agents into tumour cells in cancer
chemotherapy.
● 2. Nanoparticles along with biological maker like
immunoglobulins can be used to target the drugs to very specific
sites.
● 3. In nuclear medicine 99 m Technitium nanoparticles are used to
study the morphology, blood flow and functions of various
● organs of the body.
14. ● PRODRUGS
● The compounds which undergo biotransformation before showing
desired pharmacological activity are called prodrugs or proagents.
● Prodrugs are generally the esters or amides of parent drugs. The
● prodrugs are useful in improving the solubility, stability,
bioavailability of drugs, masking the unpleasant taste and odour of
the parent drug and reducing the drug toxicity.
● Applications
● 1. Chloramphenicol palmitate, the prodrug of chloramphenicol is
used in the preparation of paediatric suspension because it has no
bitter taste.
15. ● 2. Procaine-penicillin G and Benzathine-penicillin
G are prodrugs of penicillin G which shows
resistance to hydrolysis as compared to the parent
drug.
● 3. Testosterone cypionate the prodrug of testosterone
is long-acting in comparison to the parent drugs when
injected in an oil base.
● 4. Clindamycin 2-palmitate the prodrug of clindamycin
has no
● bitter taste of the parent drug.
● 5. Cliaidamycin 2-phosphate the prodrug of
clindamycin cause little
● pain and irritation at the site of injection when given
by i/m route as compared to its parent drug.
16. ADVANTAGES OF NDDS:
1)Accurate dosing.
2)Ease of Administration.
3)Enhanced efficacy and safety.
4)Stable and delivery maintained under
various physiological variables.
5)Controlled drug delivery.
6)Increases bioavailability.
7) Improves drug potency.
8) Protection from physical and chemical
degradation.
17. CHALLENGES OF NDDS:
1)Expensive.
2) There is reduced potential for dose adjustments.
3)In case of failure of dosage form, the risk of dose
dumping is present.
4)It can alter the pharmacokinetics and dynamics
of a drug.