Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the proper dose of a drug to achieve the desired pharmacological effect. The dose is influenced by factors like age, sex, body weight, route of administration, presence of disease, and drug interactions. Proper consideration of these factors helps determine the minimum effective and maximum safe doses of drugs for individual patients.
Liquid preparations having two phases are termed as
biphasic liquids.
DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES, CLASSIFICATIONS,
PREPARATION OF SUSPENSIONS;
FLOCCULATED AND
DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION &
STABILITY PROBLEMS AND METHODS
TO OVERCOME
Emulsion
Definition, classification, emulsifying
agent, test for the identification of
type of Emulsion, Methods of
preparation & stability problems and
methods to overcome.
General introduction of limit test and limit test for chloride.Mahima Dubey
Limit test of chloride is based on the reaction of soluble chloride with silver nitrate in presence of dilute nitric acid to form silver chloride, which appears as solid particles (Opalescence) in the solution.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
Liquid preparations having two phases are termed as
biphasic liquids.
DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES, CLASSIFICATIONS,
PREPARATION OF SUSPENSIONS;
FLOCCULATED AND
DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION &
STABILITY PROBLEMS AND METHODS
TO OVERCOME
Emulsion
Definition, classification, emulsifying
agent, test for the identification of
type of Emulsion, Methods of
preparation & stability problems and
methods to overcome.
General introduction of limit test and limit test for chloride.Mahima Dubey
Limit test of chloride is based on the reaction of soluble chloride with silver nitrate in presence of dilute nitric acid to form silver chloride, which appears as solid particles (Opalescence) in the solution.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
This ppt covers definition of Posology, Therapeutic dose, Official doses, factors deciding dose calculation, and formulae used for child dose calculation.
It is useful for medical and pharmacy students
Before prescribing any pharmaceutical medicine, the physician should consider certain factors that can modify the effect of the drug. The same dose of a drug can produce different degrees of response in different patients and even in the same patient under different situations. The Important factors modify the effect of a drug are subdivided into two groups: patient related factors and drug related factors.
• Patient related factors: age, gender, body weight, presence of food, drug allergy, genetic variation, environmental state, pathological state, psychological state, etc.
• Drug related factors: physical state of a drug, route of drug administration, time of drug administration, drug cumulation, drug combination, drug tolerance, drug dependence, etc.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. POSOLOGY
posology
DEFINITION:
“The branch of medical science which deals
with the dose or quantity of drugs which can
be administered to a patient to get a desired
pharmacological action”.
POSOLOGY word is derived from the Greek
words i.e.
POSOLOGY= POSOS + LOGOS
HOW MUCH SCIENCE
definition
3. POSOLOGY
posology
Quantity = Dose
For example... 500 mg paracetamol & relief
from fever
‘ DOSE’
DESIRED PHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTION
HOW MUCH
QUANTITY
definition
4. POSOLOGY
posology
Dose: It is the quantity of drug which is to
required to be administered to get a desired
pharmacological action.
E.g.: 500 mg of paracetamol
Dosage: It is the frequency of dose.
E.g.: 500 mg of drug thrice a day.
Minimum dose: The smallest amount of drug
required to get a desired pharmacological
effect.
Maximum dose: It is the largest safe amount
of drug required to get a desired
pharmacological effect.
E.g.: aminophylline; min dose: 1 gm & max
dose: 6gm.
definition
5. posology
factors
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
1. SEX
2. AGE
3. ACCUMULATION
4. TOLERANCE
5. SYNERGISM
6. ADDITIVE EFFECT
7. ANTAGONISM
8.TIME OF ADMINISTRATION
9. BODYWEIGHT
10. EMOTIONAL FACTORS
11. TACHYPHYLAXIS
12. IDIOSYNCRASY
13. PRESENCE OF DISEASE
14. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
15. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
16. METABOLIC DISTURBANCES
7. POSOLOGY
AGE
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
1.AGE:
The pharmacokinetics(ADME) of many drugs changes with age.
So while determining the dose of a drug, the age of an individual
is of great significance.
Children(paediatric patients) and old people(geriatric
patients)needs lesser amount of drugs than the normal adult dose,
because they are unable to excrete drugs to that extent as adults.
9. POSOLOGY
sex
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
2. sex:
Women do not always respond to the action of drugs in the same
manner as it is done in men.
Special care should be taken when the drugs are administered during,
Menstruation: Strong purgatives should be avoided.
Pregnancy : Drastic purgatives,antimalarials & ergot alkaloids are
contraindicated.
Lactation: Antihistamines,morphine ,tetracyclines should be avoided.
Morphine and barbiturates may produce more excitement before
sedation in women
10. POSOLOGY
bodyweight
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
3. body weight:
The average dose is mentioned either in terms of mg per kg body
weight.
Another technique used as a total single for an adult weighing
between 50-100kg.
However, the dose expressed in this fashion may not apply in case of
obese patients, children & malnourished patients. It should be
calculated according to body weight.
11. routeofadministration
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
4. route of administration:
I.V doses of drug are usually smaller than the
oral doses, because Intravenous route might
enhance the chances of drug toxicity.
Example : Dose of ergotamine for various routes;
I.V (0.25mg) IM(1mg) Oral(2-5mg)
POSOLOGY
12. Timeofadministration
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
5. Time of administration:
The presence of food in the stomach delay the
absorption of drug & rapidly absorbed from
the empty stomach.
But it does not mean that much effective
when taken during or after meal.
Iron, arsenic & cod-liver oil should be given
after meal & antacid drugs taken before meal.
POSOLOGY
14. presenceofdisease
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
7. Presence of disease:
Drugs like barbiturates & chlorpromazine
may produce unusually prolonged effect
in patient having liver cirrhosis.
Such as, streptomycin produce toxic
effect on these patient their kidney
function is not working properly
because streptomycin excreted through
kidney.
POSOLOGY
15. ACCUMULATION
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
8. ACCUMULATION:
Some drugs produces the toxic effect if it
is repeatedly administered for long time
e.g. digitalis, emetine, heavy metals
because these drugs excreted slowly.
This occurs due to accumulative effect of
the drug.
POSOLOGY
16. ADDITIVEEFFECT
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
9. ADDITIVE EFFECT:
When two or more drugs administered
together is equivalent to sum of their
individual pharmacological action, the
phenomenon is called as additive effect.
E.g ephedrine & aminophylline in the
treatment of bronchial ashtma.
POSOLOGY
17. EMOTIONALFACTORS
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
10. EMOTIONAL FACTORS:
Psychological state of mind can affect the response of
a drug, e.g. a nervous and anxious patient requires
more general anaesthetics.
Placebo is an inert substance that does not contain
any drug. Commonly used placebos are lactose tablets
and distilled water injections.
Some time patients often get some psychological
effects from this placebo. Placebos are more often used
in clinical trials of drugs.
POSOLOGY
19. SYNERGISM
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
11. SYNERGISM:
When desired therapeutic result needed is
difficult to achieve with single drug at that
time two or more drugs are used in the
combination form for increasing their action
this phenomenon is called synergism.
E.g. procaine & adrenaline combination, increase
the duration of action of procaine.
POSOLOGY
21. ANTAGONISM
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
12. ANTAGONISM:
When the action of one drug is opposed by the other
drug on the same physiological system is known as drug
antagonism.
The use of antagonistic response to drugs is valuable in
the treatment of poisoning.
E.g. milk of magnesia is given in acid poisoning where
alkaline effect of milk of magnesia neutralize the effect
of acid poisoning.
When adrenaline & acetylcholine are given together, they
neutralize the effect of each other due to antagonism
because adrenaline is vasoconstrictor & acetylcholine is
vasodilator.
POSOLOGY
23. IDIOSYNCRASY
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
13. IDIOSYNCRASY:
Idiosyncrasy is also called as allergy.
An extraordinary response to a drug which is
different from its characteristic pharmacological
action is called idiosyncrasy.
E.g. small qty. of aspirin may cause gastric
hemorrhage.
E.g some persons are sensitive to penicillin &
sulphonamide because they produce severe toxic
effect.
POSOLOGY
24. TOLERANCE
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
14. TOLERANCE:
When an unusually large dose of a drug is
required to elicit an affect ordinarily produced
by the normal therapeutic dose of the drug,
the phenomenon is called as drug tolerance.
E.g. smokers can tolerate nicotine, alcoholic can
tolerate large quantity of alcohol.
The drug tolerance is of two types:
True tolerance, which is produced by oral &
parenteral administration of the drug.
Pseudo tolerance, which is produced only to the
oral route of administration.
POSOLOGY
25. TACHYPHYLAXIS
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
15. TACHYPHYLAXIS:
When some drugs administered repeatedly at short
intervals, the cell receptors get blocked up &
pharmacological response to that drug decreased.
The decreased response cannot be reversed by
increasing the dose this phenomenon is called
tachyphylaxis or acute tolerance.
E.g. ephedrine given repeated dose at short intervals
in the treatment of bronchial asthma may produce
very less response due to tachyphylaxis.
POSOLOGY
26. METABOLICDISTURBANCES
FactorsInfluencingDOSE
16. METABOLIC DISTURBANCES:
Changes in water electrolyte balance &
acid base balance, body temperature &
other physiological factor may modify
the effect of drug.
E.g. salicylates reduce body temperature
in only in case an individual has rise in
body temperature. They have no
antipyretic effect if the body
temperature is normal.
POSOLOGY