Pollution

 Definition of Pollution
 Types of Pollution
 Air Pollution:
a. Introduction c. Effects
b. Causes d. Prevention
 Water Pollution
 Noise Pollution

To be continue 2nd Slide
 Land Pollution
Introduction
Causes
Effects
Prevention
 Radio Active Pollution
Introduction
Causes
Effects
Prevention

 When Harmful Substances Contaminate the
Environment it is Called Pollution.
 Pollution refers to the very bad condition of
environment in terms of quantity and quality .

Types of Pollution
There are Five types of Pollution
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 Land Pollution
 Radio Active Pollution

 Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.
 It is therefore essential that we know more
about the atmosphere and the ways in which
it is Polluted.

Major sources of Air Pollution
- Industries
-Automobiles and Domestic fuels
-High Proportion of undesirable
gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide

Air pollution is the condition in which air
contains a high concentration of certain
chemicals that may harm living things or
damage non-living things.
Air pollution is caused by solid particles and
poisonous gases in the air.
These air pollutants include carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide.

Pollutants Major Sources Harmful Effects
(a) Carbon
monoxide
Incomplete combustion
of carbon-containing
substances eg.
charcoal, wood, petrol,
etc.
- Carbon monoxide
reacts with
hemoglobin in the
blood to form
carboxyhaemoglobin
so the hemoglobin
cannot
transport
blood to the
rest of the
body.
- Cause headaches,
fatigue breathing

(b) Oxides
of
nitrogen
(eg.
nitrogen
monoxide
, NO &
nitrogen
dioxide,
NO2.
1) Reactions that occur in
car engines (internal
combustion engines)
2) From lightning
Nitrogen reacts with oxygen
in the air to form nitrogen
monoxide.
N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2NO (g)
Nitrogen monoxide reacts
with oxygen to form
nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
2NO (g) + O2 (g)  2NO2 (g)
1) Eye irritation
2) Breathing
difficulties
3) Lung
inflammation
(bronchitis)
4) Acid rain

(c) Sulfur
dioxide
1) combustion of sulfur
containing fossil
fuels (especially
coal)
2) volcano eruptions
Sulfur reacts with
oxygen in the air to
form sulfur dioxide.
S (g) + O2 (g)  2SO2
(g)
1) Eye irritation
2) Breathing
difficulties
3) Lung
inflammation
(bronchitis)
4) Acid rain

Other Pollutants
Unburnt hydrocarbons are released in car
exhaust.
Methane is a colourless and odourless gas
produced when plant and animal matter decay.
It is also produced from the decay of rubbish in
landfills.
Methane is a greenhouse gas.

Air Pollution affects???
 Human health
 Animals
 Plants
 The atmosphere as a whole

 Rain usually has a pH that is slightly below 7.
 Why?
Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in
rainwater to form carbonic acid, which is a
weak acid.
 However, acid rain has a pH value of 4 or
less.

 Acid rain is formed when acidic air pollutants such as
sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
dissolve in rainwater.
 Sulphur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulphurous
acid (H2SO3).
Chemical equation: SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(aq)
In the presence of oxygen in the air, acid is slowly
oxidised to sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
 In the presence of oxygen and water, nitrogen dioxide is
converted to nitric acid.
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)  4HNO3(aq)

Effects of acid rain
• Corrodes metal structures such as fences and bridges
• Reacts with carbonates in marble and limestone.
• Reduces pH , which will kill fish and other aquatic life.
• Leaches important nutrients and destroys plants.

Yes, we can avoid pollution As Follows
Use natural Gases, like LPG autos
Do not Burst Crackers
Use less Amount of Fuel for Vehicles
Avoid using and use electric stoves
(bio gas)

Catalytic converters involve the use of redox reaction:
1. Carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Oxides
of nitrogen are reduced to nitrogen.
Eg. Nitrogen monoxide + carbon monoxide  nitrogen + carbon dioxide
2 NO (g) + 2 CO (g)  N2 (g) + 2CO2 (g)
2. Unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidized to carbon dioxide
and water.
Eg. Octane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water vapor
2 C8H18 (g) + 25 O2  16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g)
Catalytic Converters

 The best way to control air pollution is to …
burn less fossil fuels.

2 ways of minimizing the effects of sulfur dioxide
pollution:
Flue Gas Desulfurization
. 1. Remove sulfur from fossil fuels before burning.
However, this method is too expensive and difficult.
2. Remove sulfur dioxide from the waste
gases from burning.
- Process known as desulfurization

What Happens in Desulfurization?
Sulfur dioxide reacts with an aqueous suspension
of calcium carbonate to form solid calcium
sulfite.
CaCO3(s) + SO2(g)  CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)
The calcium sulfite is further oxidized to calcium
sulfate by atmospheric oxygen.
CaSO3(s) + O2(g)  2CaSO4(s)

• Prohibition of the use of open fires for the disposal
of domestic and industrial wastes
• Introduction of unleaded petrol and phasing out of
leaded petrol
• Reduction of the permissible level of sulphur in
diesel
• Fitting of all petrol-driven vehicles with catalytic
converters

The Contamination of water with
undesirable substances which make it
unfit for usage is termed water
Pollution.

Some of the stuff that it dissolves / suspends is good for us
Others, not so good

Can you name 5 things that
dissolve in water?
Know of any 2 that can be
called ‘pollutants’ – those
dangerous to life ?

If we drink polluted water, we can get sick

C T
S K
+ + _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Led Zeppelin
Black
Sabbath
Deep
PurpleIron
Maiden
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
+ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
GH
Sounds like + _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
Clue:
toothpaste

C T
S K
+ + ARSENIC
Led Zeppelin
Black
Sabbath
Deep
PurpleIron
Maiden
HEAVY METAL
+ NITRATE
GH
Sounds like + FLUORIDE
Clue:
toothpaste

Sometimes it stinks……but not always
Sometimes polluted water changes colour…..but not always
Sometimes it tastes different ……..but not always

Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing it in a lab.

Sources of water pollution are generally grouped into two
categories
Non-point source of pollution:
Contamination gathered by water over a large
area.
Point-source of pollution:
Contaminants enter a waterway at a discrete
point

Water can get polluted
naturally
When water seeps into the ground, it absorbs different substances
depending on the type of soil and rock that it flows through.

Water can get polluted
naturally
Some of these substances (arsenic, iron, fluoride etc) can be
harmful to health
Natural pollution is a non-point source of pollution

Arsenic
Fluoride
Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. Over time
this can cause chronic problems and even life – threatening diseases.
In groundwater
In groundwater

“ If you had a bottle of life-
preserving fluid on which your
life depended, would you pour
into it all your sewage and
rubbish, along with any other
poisonous chemicals you could
find? And yet, that is exactly what
we are doing to our water supply
– all over the world.”
This is what a young person like you has to say:

Untreated or inadequately treated municipal sewage
Yamuna, when it leaves Delhi, resembles a sewer full
of the city’s wastes. A few hundred kms downstream
is Agra, where this ‘sewer’ is the main municipal
drinking water source.

YUCK!!

Reaches ground water bodies
Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers
Such aquifers show a higher than acceptable level of nitrate content
The various ways in which man pollutes water 
Untreated or inadequately treated municipal
sewage

When garbage is dumped in a landfill, toxic
chemicals leach into the soil and
groundwater.
Dumping garbage in surface water
bodies

Over 10 million people
bathe in the Ganga daily!
The various ways in which man pollutes water 
Washing and bathing introduces
phosphates and other chemicals
into water

Agriculture is a major
source of groundwater
contamination.
dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater.
They contaminate surface water and groundwater with
pollutants like nitrates, phosphates and non degradable
synthetic organic pollutants

Industry
Agro industries – their wastes have high concentration of
dissolved organic matter
Chemical Industries – If their wastes are not treated properly,
the chemicals can destroy our soil and water resources.
Petroleum refining – water used in the process needs to be
separated from all the oil before releasing it into
nature……but is that done??
An example of Point source of
pollution
Minamat
a disease

Industry
Thermal power plants – water is needed to cool the
process.
The water gets hot and when it’s released into a larger
water body, it upsets the ecology by modifying the
delicate temperature balance.
This is called ‘Thermal pollution’
An example of Point source of
pollution

Liquid wastes from an industry are treated
in effluent treatment plants.
Large industries would have in-house
effluent treatment plants
It’s expensive for small industries to go in
for such plants individually
In some industrial estates, a group of
small industries have a common effluent
treatment plant.

Water can be polluted by man
Water can be polluted
naturally
Sewage in our water bodies
Garbage dumps
Washing and bathing
Pesticides and fertilizers
Industries

Divide the class into 5 teams
Draw as many dashes as in the name of a water pollutant or a pollution cause
Team A starts. They guess a letter. The teacher puts in the letter at the correct
place, if it is there in that name.
Else, the letter is written down on one side.
A maximum of 10 wrong guesses are allowed.
The team gets as many points as letters on the side (maximum of 10).
The team with the lowest number of points wins

When wastes with high organic content (such as sewage wastes) are
dumped into a water body like a lake or pond, eutrophication can occur,
killing all life in the water body.
Organic wastes are rich in nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)
They stimulate excessive plant growth – especially weedy species

On dying, the plants further add to the organic waste in water.
Microorganisms that decompose the organic material in water use up
a lot of dissolved oxygen.
This depletes the available oxygen in the water and upsets the
ecological balance, since fish and other life forms perish without
adequate oxygen.
Eventually all the oxygen is used up.

Anaerobic organisms then attack the organic wastes,
releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide.
The result is a foul smelling, waste filled body of water, quite like m
the lakes in India.
These water bodies are also natural groundwater recharge system
and their contamination also leads to groundwater pollution.

Industrial wastewater from the Chico corporation
(manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was
released into the Minamata Bay in Japan
The waste water was rich in methyl mercury
Mercury content in shellfish in that region increased
People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the leftovers

Strange things started to happen – cats had
convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish
floated..
Young children had convulsions and difficulty in
walking and speaking
People died
Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning
affecting the
nervous system
First discovered in 1956
Lawsuits and claims continue till today
Did you know?
One mercury thermometer can contaminate
up to 95,000 liters of water to beyond the
drinking water standard.

 About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused
by Water Pollution.
 Water Pollution is Caused by organic and
inorganic industrial wastes and affluents
discharged into rivers.
 Noise also causes anxiety stress reaction and
fright.

 Diseases like Cholera
 Malaria
 Typhoid (spread during the rainy season )
 Aquatic life gets destroyed

 Rivers should not be used for washing clothes
or bathing animals in.
 Harvesting of Rainwater to meet water
requirements.
 Dams &embankments must be created.
 The rivers must not be contaminated.
 In sacred river like Ganga the dead bodies
shouldn’t thrown.

NOISELESS ATMOSPHERE
 Noise can be simply defined as
unwanted sound.
 The sound is pleasant or not depends
upon its loudness,duration,rhythm
and the mood of the person.
 Noise pollution not only results in
irritation and anger.

 Traffic Noise
 Air craft Noise
 Noise from construction and civil engineering
works.
 Noise from the Industries.
 Noise from other sources.

 Picture shows : Noise Pollution

 Hearing Loss
 High Blood Pressure
 Stress
 Sleep Disturbance
 Colour Blindness

Effects Of Noise On Humans
a) Auditory effects interfering with hearing; auditory fatigue and deafness.
b) Non-auditory effects interfering with social behaviour; problems with
communications, sleep, recreation, mental equilibrium (peace), and the ability to
concentrate at work.
c) Physiological effects affecting biological functions; anxiety, neurosis, insomnia,
dizziness, nausea, fatigue, visual symptoms, hypertension, cardiovascular
symptoms, liver changes, nervous symptoms, changes in skin, fast irregular
heart beats (tachycardia).
d) Endocrine and hormonal changes relating to stress and noise levels. i.e. raised
adrenaline and cholesterol. Noise causes blood vessels to close cutting down
blood supply to the fingers and toes. Respiratory changes occur due to noise.
e) Psychological effects; physical and mental fatigue, loss of concentration, lower
efficiency, reduced output, absenteeism, higher rates of accidents, behavioural
changes, errors at work, loss of sleep, psychosomatic disorders, diseases
related to stress, mental illness, aggravation of existing stress problems and
mental illness, neurotic effects, rage anger, crime.

Some of the more common ways noise pollution may affect you are:
•Provides poor concentration
•Communication difficulties
•Annoyance
•Discomfort
•Fatigue due to insufficient rest
•lowered property value
However, as more and more research are being done,
more serious health risks have developed due to the increase in noise pollution.
Some of these risks include:
•Hearing loss (conductive or sensorineural)
•Hypertension
•Aggressive behavior
•Serious sleep loss
•Heart disease (stress related)
•Danger to people - cover warning signals &: Cause accidents

Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Elevated
workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. Changes in
the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure, but evidence
is limited. Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age, in many developed
nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of
the population over the course of a lifetime. Noise exposure has also been known to induce
tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction and
other cardiovascular impacts. Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress,
increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social
behaviors. The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure
to loud music, and industrial noise.
Cardiovascular effects
Noise has been associated with important cardiovascular health problems. In 1999, the
World Health Organization concluded that the available evidence showed suggested a weak
association between long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB(A) and hypertension. More
recent studies have suggested that noise levels of 50 dB(A) at night may also increase the
risk of myocardial infarction by chronically elevating cortisol production
Noise health effects

These reduce unwanted ambient sounds (i.e., acoustic noise) by means of active noise
control (ANC). Essentially, this involves using a microphone, placed near the ear,
and electronic circuitry which generates an "antinoise" sound wave with the opposite
polarity of the sound wave arriving at the microphone. This results in destructive
interference, which cancels out the noise within the enclosed volume of the headphone.
Keeping noise low at the ear makes it possible to enjoy music without raising the volume
unnecessarily. It can also help a passenger sleep in a noisy vehicle such as an airliner.
Retail noise cancelling headphones typically only use ANC to cancel the lower-
frequency portions of the noise; they depend upon traditional noise suppression
techniques (such as their earcups) to prevent higher-frequency noise from reaching the
interior of the headphone.
This approach has three benefits:
The demands on the electronic circuitry are vastly simplified.
Because of the shorter wavelength of the high-frequency sound, active cancellation is
much less effective at higher frequencies. To truly cancel high frequency components
(coming at the ear from all directions), the sensor and emitter for the cancelling waveform
would have to be adjacent to the user's eardrum, an impractical situation.
Noise-cancelling headphones

 The Government should ensure the new
machines that Should be noise proof.
 Air ports must be away from residential area.
 The Sound horn symbol is to be in School
Roads.

 Pleasant Home
 Bhagavan Baba says “Silent is God”.
 We need to talk sweetly to others.
 Talk Less Work More.
 Sound affects our ears so loud noise should
be avoided.

 One fourth of area is covered by land is
Called Land.
 Land is a earth which is occupied by people
for shelter,occuption etc..,

Causes of Land Pollution
We can classify major sources that lead to land
following Categories
 Mining and quarrying
 Sewage waste
 Household Garbage
 Industrial Waste

Effects of Land Pollution
 The Land Cannot be construct house
 Man cannot be farming
 Ground water will gets Affected
 House hold Garbage like putting Plastics

 More and more land should be brought under
farming
 Trees should be planted everywhere.
 Waste matter should be disposed immediately
 Avoid drilling the Land for more underground
water.
 Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides.

Definition of Radio Active Pollution
Despite the Advantage of nuclear as
a clean energy, the big concern is the
resulted from nuclear reaction, which
is a form of pollution called Radio
activity.
Radiation (Laser-Rays) will from
Radio Active Pollution.

 Nuclear power plants(Ex:Neyveli,Kalpakkam)
 Nuclear Weapon(Ex:Missiles)
 Disposal of Nuclear Waste
 Uranium Mining

Effects of Radio Active Pollution
 The Diseases include blood in cough
 Ulcer
 Swelling of bone joints
 Cancer
 Lung Cancer
 Skin Cancer
 Bone Cancer
 Eye Problems

How to Prevent of Radio Active
Pollution
Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants
Avoid Using Nuclear Weapon
Have Proper Treatment for Nuclear Waste
Avoid mining for Uranium to a minimal

 Science books
 www.google.com
 http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/AirPollution
 Free foto.com

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