Pollination
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1) Beekeeping involves a complex environmental interaction between bees and other organisms that affects pollination. 2) USDA research from the 1970s shows that each beehive provides $2,000 worth of pollination services. 3) The document provides recommendations for the number of bee hives or colonies needed to effectively pollinate various crops such as 1 colony per 2-5 acres for crops like cotton, soybeans, and pumpkins.
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Pollination
- 1. “TO BEE OR NOT TO BEE” THAT IS THE QUESTION? HARRY R. FULTON BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY MISSISSIPPI DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE
- 2. Beekeeping, No Matter Where, Involves a Complex Environmental Interaction of Many Living Organisms and Situations
- 3. But, if You Don’t Make Money Just Think!!!! USDA RESEARCH FROM THE 1970’S SHOWS THAT EACH HIVE DOES ABOUT $2,000 WORTH OF POLLINATION!!!!!!!!!!!
- 4. No. bees and/or colonies suggested to enhance pollination of crops (From Insect Pollination o Cultivated Crop Plants, Agriculture Handbook No. 496) Fruit Orchards- Melons/Cucurbits- Clover (Seed)- Cotton- Blueberry- Strawberry- Pumpkins/squash- Blackberry- Vetch- Soybeans- Cole Crops- Onions
- 5. SIGNS OF ADEQUATE POLLINATION! General Look! – Symmetrical fruit – Seed pods filled. – Tight clusters of fruit/seed.
- 6. FEMALE MALE MALE ZUCCHINI SQUASH FEMALE
- 7. Cotton and Soybeans At least 1 colony per 5 acres.
- 8. Importance of Bees in Pollination Cotton Is Mostly Self Pollinated with 5% natural Crossing Pollen Grains are Large/Sticky- 81 to 143 microns; therefore cotton is not Wind Pollinated! Pollen is transported mechanically from anthers to stigma! According to Literature the presence of large numbers of honey bees can increase production as up to 50% or even more! Just because a plant is touted to be self- pollinated it doesn’t mean pollinating insects don’t play a major role in pollinating the plant!!!!
- 9. SIGNS OF ADEQUATE POLLINATION! COTTON! All stigma tips are well coated with pollen by noon! Flower petals are changing from white to pink and the corolla is closed into tunnel-like tube by mid-afternoon. Is adequate if flowers are white at sunset.
- 10. COTTON POLLINATION Cotton Bloom Cotton Bloom • Stigma much higher than anthers • Stigma and Anthers close to same height! • Some Round-Up Ready Varieties • Most Standard Varieties?
- 11. THE FEAR!!! How Far are Bees safe From Cotton?? Depends Upon the Pesticide Used! Damage May Occur up to 2 miles or more! I Have bees 50 feet from a 10 acre experimental field and have had no damage!
- 12. Importance of Bees in Pollination Soybeans – Very Good Nectar Producer if: Hot/Dry! Soil Ph high! Variety of Choice! – Up to 20% increase in Yields if: Adequate bee population present! Good fertility! Variety Is attractive to bees!
- 13. Vetch One colony per 3-5 acres.
- 14. Blackberry One bee/100 blossoms or 1 colony/ acre.
- 15. Fruit Orchards One bee/1000 blossoms or 1 colony per acre.
- 16. SIGNS OF ADEQUATE POLLINATION!! Apples!! - Most of apples developing from primary (king) flowers.
- 17. Blueberry More than 1 colony/acre.
- 18. STRAWBERRY 1 COLONY PER 2 ACRES
- 19. Pumpkins/squash/Cucumber At least 1 colony/acre.
- 20. MALE FEMALE PUMPKIN
- 21. Melons/Cucurbits One Pollinator/100 blossoms at midmorning or 1 colony per 2-3 acres.
- 22. WATERMELON
- 23. CUCUMBER FEMALE MALE FLOWER
- 24. SIGNS OF ADEQUATE PUMPKIN POLLINATION! CANTELOPE MELONS & CUCURBITS!! CUCUMBER WATERMELON SQUASH 2 + symmetrical fruits near base of plant
- 25. Clover (Seed) 1 or 2 colonies/acre.
- 26. SIGNS OF ADEQUATE POLLINATION! Clover/Alfalfa!! Fields have uniform “rusty green” appearance. Not a spotty look!
- 27. COLE CROPS (BRASSICA SPP.) Two colonies per acre REQUIRE INSECT POLLINATION BROCCOLI BRUSSELS SPROUTS CABBAGE CAULIFLOWER KALE KOHLRABI
- 28. ONION AND LEEK Two colonies per acre 8-10 TIMES INCREASE IN YIELD WITH INSECT POLLINATION
- 29. Nectar Secretion Requires: Sunshine = Photosynthesis Sugar Production
- 30. Amount and Quality of Nectar Available to the bee is Determined by: Amount of Sugar Produced in Plant Atmospheric Pressure (Lower the Best) Temperature (Depends on Species of Plant) Humidity (The Higher the Better without Rain) Transpiration Rate of Plant (Osmosis) Precipitation Within the Last Few Hours
- 31. Soil Conditions Affect Nectar Secretion How? Fertility Available Moisture Acidity
- 32. GETTING ATTENTION- ADVERTISING! NOT A BEEHIVE?????