This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science including the definition of political science, the state, and the essential elements of a state. It discusses that a state requires a permanent population living in a defined territory with their own government that has sovereignty. The essential elements of a state are the people, territory, and government. It also examines theories on the origin of states such as the social contract theory which asserts that early states were formed by a voluntary compact among people to form a society and organize government.

1. Unit 1
( Concept of State,
Theoretical Basis of the
Origin of State and
Essential Elements of State)

2. What is Political
Science?

3. Political Science- study of
phenomena of the state and
government, and derived from
the Greek words, “polis” or
“city” and “scire” meaning “
science”.

4. Political Science also deals with
those relations among men and
groups , which are subject to
control by the state and
relationships to other states.

5. According to Aristotle a Greek
philosopher, is credited with
observation that “man is by nature
a political animal”.

6. What is a State?

7. State is a community of persons more or
less numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own to which the
great body of inhabitants render
obedience and enjoying freedom from
external control.

8. Philippines is a state.

9. How the State differ from
Nation?

10. Nation from the latin word “nasci”
which means “to be born”
indicates of relation of birth or
origin and implies common race,
origin, language, costumes and
traditions.

13. Elements of State
1. People- refers to the inhabitants
living within the state. Without the
people there can be no functionaries
to govern and no subjects to be
governed.

16. Human Rights of the people:
1. The right to work in just and
favorable conditions.
2. The right to social protection.
3. The right to educate and
enjoyment of benefits of social
freedom and scientific progress.

17. 4. Rights and freedoms that belongs
to every person in the world from
birth until death.
5. They apply regardless of where
you from, what you believe or
how you choose your life.
6. Fairness, equality, respect and
independence.

18. 2. Territory- demarcated area that
rightly belongs to the population.
And also the domain of the state may
be described as the terrestrial,
fluvial, maritime, and aerial.

20. Modes of expanding and shrinking of
territory:
a. Discovery– oldest method of
acquiring territory
b. Prescription- continued and uninterrupted
occupation of territory for a long time
c. Conquest- acquisition of territory by the
use of force
d. Cession- bilateral agreement whereby one state
transfers over another state
e. Accretion- acquisition of territory through
artificial / natural way.

21. 3. Government - refers to the agency
to which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and carried
out.

23. What are the functions of the
Government?
1. Instrument or agency through
which the will of the state is
articulated or expressed.
2. Takes place in an organized
framework of a presidential,
representative, and democratic
republic.

24. 3. Active force in guiding social
and economic development.
4. To serve the people and help
them wholeheartedly.

25. Aristotle’s classifications of
government:
1. Monarchy- Queen and King
rules inherited power.
2. Oligarchy- small group of
people has all the power.

26. 3. Democracy- supreme power of the
authority is vested upon a majority
or mass of people.
It can be:
a. Pure democracy- people govern
themselves directly.
b. Indirect, Representative- people
govern through chosen
representatives.

27. 4. Sovereignty- defined as the supreme
power of the state to command and
enforce obedience to its will from
people within its jurisdiction and
corollary, to have freedom from
foreign control.

29. 2 aspects of Sovereignty:
a. Internal – the power of the state to
rule within its territory.
b. External- freedom of the state to
carry out its activities without
subjection to or control by other
states.

30. 2 manifestations of Sovereignty:
1. Legal Sovereignty- the power of the
state to make and implement laws
within its jurisdiction.

31. 2. Political Sovereignty- authority of
the people to choose who will be the
leaders or officials of the state.

32. Characteristics of Sovereignty:
a. Permanence or perpetuity
b. Exclusiveness
c. Comprehensiveness
d. Absoluteness
e. Indivisibility

33. Some principles of Sovereignty:
a. Control the majority of its
important industries.
b. Stand on the principle of
sovereignty and self-
determination.
c. Analyze of human rights at this
level of development.

34. Origin of States
Divine Right Theory- it holds that the
state is of creation and the ruler is
ordained by God to govern the
people.

35. Necessity or force theory- it maintains
that the states must have created
through force by some great warriors
who imposed their will upon the
weak.

36. Paternalistic Theory- attributes the
origin of states to the enlargement of
the family which remained under the
authority of the father or mother.

37. Social Contract Theory- it asserts
that the early states must been
formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a
society and organize government for
their own good.

38. Instinctive Theory-it holds that the
State is founded out of man’s
instinct or association.
Historical Theory- it asserts that
the state is product of human
development.

39. Thank you for listening!