The document outlines the key elements of a state: people, territory, government, and sovereignty. It defines each element and discusses topics like modes of acquiring territory, different types of governments (de jure, de facto, by secession, occupation, revolution), and the internal and external aspects of sovereignty.

1. ELEMENTS OF STATE

2. 1. PEOPLE (POPULATION)
2. TERRITORY
3. GOVENMENT
4. SOVEREIGNTY
ELEMENTS OF STATE

3. PEOPLE
It is the entire body of those
citizens of a state who are
invested with political or for
political purposes.

4. TERRITORY
It is the geographical area
under the jurisdiction of
another country or sovereign
power of a state. It must be a
fixed territory with
inhabitants occupy

5. TERRITORY
Modes of Acquiring Territory
By discovering or occupation
 A state may acquire territory by discovering a
continent, an island or land with no inhabitants or
occupied by uncivilized inhabitants and there after
occupying it under its political administration.
 Uninhabited lands
 Land inhabited by uncivilized persons
 Land discovered but failed to occupy it for
unreasonable length of time

6. TERRITORY
MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY
By Prescription
 It is the mode of acquiring territory through
continuous and undisputed exercise of sovereignty
over it during such period as is necessary to create
under the present condition of things is in conformity
with international order.

7. TERRITORY
Modes of Acquiring Territory
By Cession
 It is the assignment transfer or yielding up of territory
by one state or government to another.

8. TERRITORY
Modes of Acquiring Territory
By Subjugation and Annexation
 It is a mode of acquiring territory belonging to a state
by occupation and conquest made by another state in
the course of war and by annexation of the end of a
war.

9. TERRITORY
Modes of Acquiring Territory
By Accretion
 Another mode of acquiring territory by addition of
portion of soil, either artificial or natural.

10. GOVERNMENT
 it is the totality of authorities which rule a
society by prescribing and carrying out the
fundamental rules which regulate the
freedom of each member. It is derived
from “Gubernaculum” meaning “rudder.”

11. GOVERNMENT
DE JURE
(LEGITIMATE) GOVERNMENT
It is one established in accordance to
the constitution of the nation and
lawfully entitled to recognition and
supremacy and administration of the
nation but which is actually cut off
from power or control.

12. GOVERNMENT
DE FACTO
(ILLEGITIMATE) GOVERNMENT
 It is one that maintains itself by display of
force against the will of the rightful legal
government and is successful at least
temporarily in overturning the institution
of the rightful legal government by setting
its own in lieu thereof.

13. GOVERNMENT
DE FACTO
(ILLEGITIMATE) GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT BY SECESSION
 A government established by the
inhabitants of a state who secede there
from without overthrowing its
government.

14. GOVERNMENT
DE FACTO
(ILLEGITIMATE) GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT BY OCCUPATION
 It is a government established in the
course of war by the invading forces of
one belligerent country in the territory of
another belligerent country. The
government of which is also displaced.

15. GOVERNMENT
DE FACTO
(ILLEGITIMATE) GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT BY REVOLUTION
 A government established by the
inhabitants who rise in revolt against and
deposed the legitimate regime.

16. SOVEREIGNTY
It is the supreme absolute
and uncontrollable power by
which an independent state is
governed.
It must be free from
external control (power) by
other state.

17. SOVEREIGNTY
EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
It is the power of an independent
state to control and direct its external
affairs.
We have the authority to enter
into treaties with other countries, to
wage war and to receive and send
diplomatic missions.

18. SOVEREIGNTY
INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
It is the power to control
and direct the internal appears
of the country.
We have the right to enact,
execute and apply laws.