This document provides an overview of poisoning, including definitions, types, clinical manifestations, and general management principles. It discusses specific agents like carbon monoxide, organophosphates, corrosives, and barbiturates. For each agent, it describes mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. General treatment principles outlined are supportive care, administration of antidotes, gastric decontamination, and enhancing elimination. Nursing interventions for poisoning include respiratory support, fluid management, administration of antidotes like naloxone, and monitoring of vital signs and lab values.
The aim of this lecture is to provide
an overview of the management of various toxic exposures.
emergency medical services that should be immediately contact to provide advanced life support for patient with unstable vital signs resulting from a poisoning exposure.
a emergency treatment of poisoning.describe of ingested poisons,inhaled poisons,absorbed poison,food poisoning,injected poisoning,snake bite. management of treatment
Gastric lavage is a technique used to empty the stomach contents in cases of poisoning. It involves inserting a tube through the mouth and into the stomach to flush it out with saline. Proper materials and monitoring are needed. The procedure is explained and the patient is positioned on their side before lubricating and inserting the tube to the stomach. Saline is flushed in and suction is used to drain contents for analysis before removing the tube.
Button batteries can cause injury if swallowed or inhaled due to their corrosive contents. They may cause no symptoms initially but can become impacted and burn the esophagus. Symptoms include pain, vomiting or bleeding. X-rays can detect impacted batteries. Endoscopic or
This document discusses poisoning, its causes, symptoms, and management. It defines poisoning as occurring when a substance interferes with normal body functions after being swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed. Common causes of poisoning include cleaning products, pesticides, metals, drugs, contaminated food, and plant toxins. Symptoms vary depending on the poison but can include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, rash, confusion, and trouble breathing. Management involves resuscitation, diagnosis, decontamination through gastric emptying or charcoal, enhanced elimination such as forced diuresis or dialysis, and administration of antidotes as needed. Prevention strategies include proper storage and disposal of medications and household chemicals.
This document discusses poisoning in children, including common causes, identification, and treatment approaches. It notes that children under 5 account for 80% of recorded poison ingestion cases. Identification involves obtaining a history, physical exam, and potentially analyzing samples. Toxidromes describing common symptoms of toxic exposures are outlined by system affected. Supportive care includes cardiopulmonary, fluid, hematologic, CNS, and renal support as needed. Decontamination involves gastric evacuation methods like ipecac or lavage, use of adsorbents like activated charcoal, and cathartics. Elimination can be enhanced through diuresis and extracorporeal removal. Specific antidotes are discussed for select poisons. The
Poisoning represents harmful effects from accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances. The main types are ingestion, inhalation, injection and absorption. Poisoning may cause local or systemic effects immediately or delayed. Causes include chemicals, household products, pesticides, therapeutic drugs, and toxic plants/animals. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and skin rashes. Danger signs require urgent treatment like lack of breathing. Investigations include toxicology analysis and organ function tests. Treatment aims to maintain vital signs, decontaminate, enhance elimination and relieve symptoms. Management depends on specific poison but may include decontamination procedures, antidotes and supportive care.
The document discusses poisoning and drug overdose management. It defines poisoning, classifies different types of poisons and poisoning, and describes common causes and clinical manifestations of poisoning. It then provides more detailed information about organophosphorus poisoning and lead poisoning, including sources, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. The goal of treatment is to reduce absorption, enhance elimination, and neutralize toxins. Organophosphorus poisoning requires atropinization to counteract excess acetylcholine. Lead poisoning inhibits hemoglobin and enzyme production.
This document provides an overview of general toxicology. It discusses factors affecting the toxic response, including factors related to the poison and patient. It describes various types of toxins based on origin, site of action, and organ specificity. It also summarizes approaches to managing the poisoned patient, including stabilization, decontamination, and enhanced elimination techniques like activated charcoal, gastric lavage, forced diuresis, and dialysis. Complications and contraindications of different management strategies are also outlined.
The aim of this lecture is to provide
an overview of the management of various toxic exposures.
emergency medical services that should be immediately contact to provide advanced life support for patient with unstable vital signs resulting from a poisoning exposure.
a emergency treatment of poisoning.describe of ingested poisons,inhaled poisons,absorbed poison,food poisoning,injected poisoning,snake bite. management of treatment
Gastric lavage is a technique used to empty the stomach contents in cases of poisoning. It involves inserting a tube through the mouth and into the stomach to flush it out with saline. Proper materials and monitoring are needed. The procedure is explained and the patient is positioned on their side before lubricating and inserting the tube to the stomach. Saline is flushed in and suction is used to drain contents for analysis before removing the tube.
Button batteries can cause injury if swallowed or inhaled due to their corrosive contents. They may cause no symptoms initially but can become impacted and burn the esophagus. Symptoms include pain, vomiting or bleeding. X-rays can detect impacted batteries. Endoscopic or
This document discusses poisoning, its causes, symptoms, and management. It defines poisoning as occurring when a substance interferes with normal body functions after being swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed. Common causes of poisoning include cleaning products, pesticides, metals, drugs, contaminated food, and plant toxins. Symptoms vary depending on the poison but can include vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, rash, confusion, and trouble breathing. Management involves resuscitation, diagnosis, decontamination through gastric emptying or charcoal, enhanced elimination such as forced diuresis or dialysis, and administration of antidotes as needed. Prevention strategies include proper storage and disposal of medications and household chemicals.
This document discusses poisoning in children, including common causes, identification, and treatment approaches. It notes that children under 5 account for 80% of recorded poison ingestion cases. Identification involves obtaining a history, physical exam, and potentially analyzing samples. Toxidromes describing common symptoms of toxic exposures are outlined by system affected. Supportive care includes cardiopulmonary, fluid, hematologic, CNS, and renal support as needed. Decontamination involves gastric evacuation methods like ipecac or lavage, use of adsorbents like activated charcoal, and cathartics. Elimination can be enhanced through diuresis and extracorporeal removal. Specific antidotes are discussed for select poisons. The
Poisoning represents harmful effects from accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances. The main types are ingestion, inhalation, injection and absorption. Poisoning may cause local or systemic effects immediately or delayed. Causes include chemicals, household products, pesticides, therapeutic drugs, and toxic plants/animals. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and skin rashes. Danger signs require urgent treatment like lack of breathing. Investigations include toxicology analysis and organ function tests. Treatment aims to maintain vital signs, decontaminate, enhance elimination and relieve symptoms. Management depends on specific poison but may include decontamination procedures, antidotes and supportive care.
The document discusses poisoning and drug overdose management. It defines poisoning, classifies different types of poisons and poisoning, and describes common causes and clinical manifestations of poisoning. It then provides more detailed information about organophosphorus poisoning and lead poisoning, including sources, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. The goal of treatment is to reduce absorption, enhance elimination, and neutralize toxins. Organophosphorus poisoning requires atropinization to counteract excess acetylcholine. Lead poisoning inhibits hemoglobin and enzyme production.
This document provides an overview of general toxicology. It discusses factors affecting the toxic response, including factors related to the poison and patient. It describes various types of toxins based on origin, site of action, and organ specificity. It also summarizes approaches to managing the poisoned patient, including stabilization, decontamination, and enhanced elimination techniques like activated charcoal, gastric lavage, forced diuresis, and dialysis. Complications and contraindications of different management strategies are also outlined.
This document provides information on the clinical toxicology of poisonings. It begins with definitions of toxic substances and methods for diagnosing poisoning, including history, physical exam, and laboratory/toxicological screening. Coma scales for assessing impaired consciousness are described. The management of poisoning involves supportive care, treating coma, seizures, and associated illnesses. Methods for preventing toxin absorption include gastrointestinal decontamination, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation. Eliminating absorbed toxins may involve forced diuresis, dialysis, hemoperfusion, or plasmapheresis. Specific antidotes are discussed. Toxidromes, or characteristic symptom clusters, are provided for anticholinergic, cholinergic, sympathomimetic,
This document discusses clinical toxicology and outlines key objectives, common causes of death in poisoned patients, approaches to treatment, and strategies for reducing poison absorption and increasing elimination. The goals are to evaluate vital signs, provide supportive care, determine the poison involved and its location in the body, and initiate specific antidotes or decontamination procedures as appropriate. Specific antidotes are outlined for several common poisons.
1. The document discusses poisoning management, including causes, types, treatment considerations, and prevention.
2. Key points of management include initial resuscitation, removal of toxins from the body, preventing further absorption, enhancing elimination, and administration of antidotes as needed.
3. Examples of poisoning cases described include food poisoning from contaminated water and inhaled chlorine gas poisoning in a laboratory worker.
1. The initial management of all poisoned patients should be similar and focus on stabilization, including maintaining the ABCDEs. Airway patency, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure should be assessed and treated.
2. Definitive care involves identifying the toxic agent through history, physical exam including vital signs and toxic syndromes, and initial investigations like toxicology screening and basic labs.
3. Management then focuses on decreasing further absorption, administering antidotes if available, enhancing elimination, and treating complications through supportive care.
The document discusses poisoning and toxicology. It defines poisoning as the harmful effects of exposure to toxic substances. Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection. Common causes of poisoning include chemicals, household products, drugs, pesticides, plants, and animal bites. Symptoms and treatment depend on the specific toxin. Management involves decontamination, supportive care, and antidotes when available. The document focuses on organophosphate poisoning, noting treatment involves atropine and pralidoxime to counteract acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
In biology, poisons are substances that can cause death, injury or harm to organs, tissues, cells, and DNA usually by chemical reactions or other activity on the molecular scales, when an organism is exposed to a sufficient quantity.
This document discusses clinical toxicology and the management of poisoned patients. It begins by explaining factors that contribute to the action of poisons, such as dose, form, route of administration, and individual physiology. It then outlines the six key steps in managing a poisoned patient: 1) stabilization, 2) diagnosis, 3) preventing further absorption, 4) enhancing elimination, 5) administering antidotes, and 6) providing supportive care. Specific techniques to prevent further absorption discussed include decontamination, induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal or laxatives. The goal of management is to stabilize the patient and keep toxin levels low through prevention of absorption and increased elimination.
This document discusses the management of toxicity from self-poisoning. It describes the causes of self-poisoning as either accidental or deliberate suicidal attempts. The management principles involve immediate supportive measures to ensure airway, breathing and circulation are maintained, preventing further absorption through gut decontamination methods like activated charcoal or gastric lavage, and enhancing elimination of toxins through various extracorporeal or non-extracorporeal methods like hemodialysis if the toxin cannot be eliminated naturally. The document provides detailed information on implementing each of these management strategies.
Clinical toxicology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides information about poisoning, including types, clinical features, investigations, and treatments. It discusses various specific poisons like organophosphates, carbon monoxide, warfarin, and heavy metals. Management of poisoning involves decontamination methods like emesis and gastric lavage. Supportive treatments aim to maintain vital functions while enhancing elimination of toxins. Antidotes are given as needed, such as atropine for organophosphate poisoning and acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Chelating agents are used for heavy metal toxicity.
Toxins in the home include radon, lead, household products, and indoor air pollutants. Poisoning in children most commonly occurs accidentally in the under-5 age group through ingestion. Kerosene poisoning is common where kerosene is a major household fuel, usually from accidental ingestion. Management involves airway maintenance, investigating for complications, and hospitalization with antibiotics to prevent aspiration pneumonia. Corrosive ingestion requires no gastric lavage or induced vomiting, instead assessing ABCs and giving a small amount of water or demulcents as a diluent along with analgesics, antibiotics, and corticosteroids.
Pesticide poisoning is a prevalent public health problem in Malaysia. A retrospective analysis from 2006 to 2015 found over 11,000 cases of pesticide poisoning, mostly intentional. Herbicides were the most common cause, followed by agricultural insecticides. The majority of cases were male, Indian, aged 20-29 years old, and occurred at home via ingestion. Proper management of pesticide poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes as needed. Organophosphate poisoning specifically accounts for around 50% of pesticide poisonings worldwide and results in excess acetylcholine due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
Clinical Toxicology - General principles involved in the management of poisoningAshish Mehta
The document discusses the general principles of poisoning management. It covers 6 key areas: 1) stabilization and evaluation of patients, 2) gut decontamination techniques like induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal, 3) methods for poison elimination like forced diuresis and extracorporeal techniques, 4) administration of specific antidotes, 5) nursing care for comatose patients, and 6) providing psychiatric care and support for patients who poisoned themselves. The document provides detailed information on assessing patients, various decontamination procedures, poison elimination methods, common antidotes, and care considerations for poisoned individuals.
Poisoning can occur through inhalation, ingestion, injection or skin contact with harmful substances. Common causes of poisoning include accidental ingestion of cleaning agents, plants or chemicals by children, and chemical exposure for workers. Diagnostic tests may include toxicology studies of vomit, urine or blood to identify the poison, and imaging tests like chest xrays. Treatment involves emergency resuscitation, preventing further absorption using activated charcoal or gastric lavage, administration of antidotes, intravenous fluids and monitoring vital signs. Outcomes depend on the poison absorbed and speed of treatment.
Clinical Toxicology by dr.tayyaba rphpptBIANOOR123
Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Hydrocarbons are organic substances composed of carbon and hydrogen that are commonly ingested through substances like gasoline, oil, and solvents. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors can cause lung damage and neurological effects. Symptoms vary based on the specific hydrocarbon but can include cough, hypoxia, headaches, and in some cases neuropathy or cardiac issues. Treatment involves supportive care, observation of symptoms, addressing any respiratory failure, and consideration of gastric decontamination for certain toxic hydrocarbons.
Lecture on childhood poisoning by euniceEunice Jade
This document discusses childhood poisoning. It begins by outlining the objectives, which are to recognize common causes of childhood poisoning, understand the general principles of diagnosis and management, and provide guidance to prevent accidental poisoning. The document then covers general principles of diagnosis and management. It outlines the approach to a poisoned patient and discusses specific compounds commonly involved in pediatric poisoning like paracetamol, salicylates, iron, and more. It provides details on diagnosis, mechanisms of toxicity, and management strategies for several common toxic exposures in children.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document provides information on the clinical toxicology of poisonings. It begins with definitions of toxic substances and methods for diagnosing poisoning, including history, physical exam, and laboratory/toxicological screening. Coma scales for assessing impaired consciousness are described. The management of poisoning involves supportive care, treating coma, seizures, and associated illnesses. Methods for preventing toxin absorption include gastrointestinal decontamination, activated charcoal, and whole bowel irrigation. Eliminating absorbed toxins may involve forced diuresis, dialysis, hemoperfusion, or plasmapheresis. Specific antidotes are discussed. Toxidromes, or characteristic symptom clusters, are provided for anticholinergic, cholinergic, sympathomimetic,
This document discusses clinical toxicology and outlines key objectives, common causes of death in poisoned patients, approaches to treatment, and strategies for reducing poison absorption and increasing elimination. The goals are to evaluate vital signs, provide supportive care, determine the poison involved and its location in the body, and initiate specific antidotes or decontamination procedures as appropriate. Specific antidotes are outlined for several common poisons.
1. The document discusses poisoning management, including causes, types, treatment considerations, and prevention.
2. Key points of management include initial resuscitation, removal of toxins from the body, preventing further absorption, enhancing elimination, and administration of antidotes as needed.
3. Examples of poisoning cases described include food poisoning from contaminated water and inhaled chlorine gas poisoning in a laboratory worker.
1. The initial management of all poisoned patients should be similar and focus on stabilization, including maintaining the ABCDEs. Airway patency, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure should be assessed and treated.
2. Definitive care involves identifying the toxic agent through history, physical exam including vital signs and toxic syndromes, and initial investigations like toxicology screening and basic labs.
3. Management then focuses on decreasing further absorption, administering antidotes if available, enhancing elimination, and treating complications through supportive care.
The document discusses poisoning and toxicology. It defines poisoning as the harmful effects of exposure to toxic substances. Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection. Common causes of poisoning include chemicals, household products, drugs, pesticides, plants, and animal bites. Symptoms and treatment depend on the specific toxin. Management involves decontamination, supportive care, and antidotes when available. The document focuses on organophosphate poisoning, noting treatment involves atropine and pralidoxime to counteract acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
In biology, poisons are substances that can cause death, injury or harm to organs, tissues, cells, and DNA usually by chemical reactions or other activity on the molecular scales, when an organism is exposed to a sufficient quantity.
This document discusses clinical toxicology and the management of poisoned patients. It begins by explaining factors that contribute to the action of poisons, such as dose, form, route of administration, and individual physiology. It then outlines the six key steps in managing a poisoned patient: 1) stabilization, 2) diagnosis, 3) preventing further absorption, 4) enhancing elimination, 5) administering antidotes, and 6) providing supportive care. Specific techniques to prevent further absorption discussed include decontamination, induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal or laxatives. The goal of management is to stabilize the patient and keep toxin levels low through prevention of absorption and increased elimination.
This document discusses the management of toxicity from self-poisoning. It describes the causes of self-poisoning as either accidental or deliberate suicidal attempts. The management principles involve immediate supportive measures to ensure airway, breathing and circulation are maintained, preventing further absorption through gut decontamination methods like activated charcoal or gastric lavage, and enhancing elimination of toxins through various extracorporeal or non-extracorporeal methods like hemodialysis if the toxin cannot be eliminated naturally. The document provides detailed information on implementing each of these management strategies.
Clinical toxicology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document provides information about poisoning, including types, clinical features, investigations, and treatments. It discusses various specific poisons like organophosphates, carbon monoxide, warfarin, and heavy metals. Management of poisoning involves decontamination methods like emesis and gastric lavage. Supportive treatments aim to maintain vital functions while enhancing elimination of toxins. Antidotes are given as needed, such as atropine for organophosphate poisoning and acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Chelating agents are used for heavy metal toxicity.
Toxins in the home include radon, lead, household products, and indoor air pollutants. Poisoning in children most commonly occurs accidentally in the under-5 age group through ingestion. Kerosene poisoning is common where kerosene is a major household fuel, usually from accidental ingestion. Management involves airway maintenance, investigating for complications, and hospitalization with antibiotics to prevent aspiration pneumonia. Corrosive ingestion requires no gastric lavage or induced vomiting, instead assessing ABCs and giving a small amount of water or demulcents as a diluent along with analgesics, antibiotics, and corticosteroids.
Pesticide poisoning is a prevalent public health problem in Malaysia. A retrospective analysis from 2006 to 2015 found over 11,000 cases of pesticide poisoning, mostly intentional. Herbicides were the most common cause, followed by agricultural insecticides. The majority of cases were male, Indian, aged 20-29 years old, and occurred at home via ingestion. Proper management of pesticide poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes as needed. Organophosphate poisoning specifically accounts for around 50% of pesticide poisonings worldwide and results in excess acetylcholine due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
Clinical Toxicology - General principles involved in the management of poisoningAshish Mehta
The document discusses the general principles of poisoning management. It covers 6 key areas: 1) stabilization and evaluation of patients, 2) gut decontamination techniques like induced vomiting, gastric lavage, and use of activated charcoal, 3) methods for poison elimination like forced diuresis and extracorporeal techniques, 4) administration of specific antidotes, 5) nursing care for comatose patients, and 6) providing psychiatric care and support for patients who poisoned themselves. The document provides detailed information on assessing patients, various decontamination procedures, poison elimination methods, common antidotes, and care considerations for poisoned individuals.
Poisoning can occur through inhalation, ingestion, injection or skin contact with harmful substances. Common causes of poisoning include accidental ingestion of cleaning agents, plants or chemicals by children, and chemical exposure for workers. Diagnostic tests may include toxicology studies of vomit, urine or blood to identify the poison, and imaging tests like chest xrays. Treatment involves emergency resuscitation, preventing further absorption using activated charcoal or gastric lavage, administration of antidotes, intravenous fluids and monitoring vital signs. Outcomes depend on the poison absorbed and speed of treatment.
Clinical Toxicology by dr.tayyaba rphpptBIANOOR123
Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Hydrocarbons are organic substances composed of carbon and hydrogen that are commonly ingested through substances like gasoline, oil, and solvents. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors can cause lung damage and neurological effects. Symptoms vary based on the specific hydrocarbon but can include cough, hypoxia, headaches, and in some cases neuropathy or cardiac issues. Treatment involves supportive care, observation of symptoms, addressing any respiratory failure, and consideration of gastric decontamination for certain toxic hydrocarbons.
Lecture on childhood poisoning by euniceEunice Jade
This document discusses childhood poisoning. It begins by outlining the objectives, which are to recognize common causes of childhood poisoning, understand the general principles of diagnosis and management, and provide guidance to prevent accidental poisoning. The document then covers general principles of diagnosis and management. It outlines the approach to a poisoned patient and discusses specific compounds commonly involved in pediatric poisoning like paracetamol, salicylates, iron, and more. It provides details on diagnosis, mechanisms of toxicity, and management strategies for several common toxic exposures in children.
This document summarizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It discusses the pathology and pathogenesis of BPH, including that it affects glandular epithelium, stromal cells, and causes increased growth. It also covers the symptomatology, evaluation, and various treatment options for BPH including watchful waiting, medical therapy, and prostatectomies. Surgical treatments discussed are transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), retropubic prostatectomy (RPP), and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP).
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the study of disease through scientific methods and examines the mechanisms of disease from etiology to clinical manifestation. The key points are:
1. Pathology studies the etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and functional derangements that result from disease processes.
2. Diseases are examined through diagnostic techniques including histopathology, cytopathology, and biochemical/immunological testing to identify structural and molecular alterations.
3. The natural course of a disease involves stages from initial exposure through biological onset, clinical onset, potential resolution or death.
This document provides an overview of preeclampsia and eclampsia. It begins with an introduction and outlines risk factors and classifications. It then describes clinical features such as hypertension and proteinuria. The pathophysiology section explains how abnormal placentation leads to reduced blood flow and imbalance of prostaglandins. Complications are also discussed, including renal failure, pulmonary edema, and intrauterine growth restriction. The document provides information on diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia.
This seminar presentation discusses hypersensitivity reactions, which are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to benign antigens. It covers the objectives, mechanisms, classification, complications, and references related to hypersensitivity reactions. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation, Type II involves antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity, Type III involves immune complex formation and deposition, and Type IV involves T-cell mediated reactions. The presentation provides examples and details of each type of hypersensitivity reaction and their clinical implications.
This document discusses inflammation. It defines inflammation as the body's local response to injury or infection aimed at eliminating the cause of injury and initiating repair. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The early response involves vasodilation and increased permeability, causing swelling. The late response involves neutrophils in acute inflammation and macrophages in chronic cases, which work to destroy pathogens and initiate healing. Understanding inflammation is important for diagnosing conditions like appendicitis and treating diseases.
This document provides an overview of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), for nursing students. It defines RDS as a lack of pulmonary surfactant, outlines its pathophysiology and risk factors. The document discusses the clinical presentation of RDS, including respiratory distress, radiographic findings and laboratory abnormalities. It also covers diagnosis, differential diagnoses, treatment including surfactant replacement and supportive care, complications and prevention of RDS through antenatal corticosteroids.
1. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and short in duration, characterized by fluid and protein exudation and neutrophil accumulation. Chronic inflammation is slower in onset and longer lasting, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, ongoing tissue destruction, and attempts at repair through fibrosis.
2. The key features of acute inflammation are vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and recruitment of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the site of injury. Chronic inflammation features mononuclear cell infiltration, persistent tissue damage, and attempts to repair through fibrosis and angiogenesis.
3. Granulomatous inflammation is a pattern of chronic inflammation seen with certain infections, featuring focal collections of activated macrophages that develop an epithelial-like appearance known
Cellular injury can result in adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis, or intracellular accumulation. The outcome depends on the injurious agent and cell type. Adaptations include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Reversible injury includes fatty changes and pigment accumulation. Necrosis is cell death resulting from hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or calcium influx. There are several types of necrosis including coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrenous. Apoptosis is programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation.
This document discusses pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ectopic pregnancy. It defines PID as an infection of the upper female genital tract that spreads to involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Common causes are Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and bacterial vaginosis. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners and past gynecological procedures. Symptoms can range from mild to severe abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and tests. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is defined as implantation outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. Causes may include anatomical obstructions or abnormalities in the fallop
The document discusses acid-base balance and disturbances. It defines the two main buffer systems - metabolic (kidneys) and respiratory (lungs) - that work to maintain blood pH between 7.35-7.45. Five primary acid-base imbalances are described: metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and mixed disturbances. Diagnosis involves blood tests including arterial blood gases and electrolytes to classify the disturbance based on pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause rather than just the pH effect.
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It defines autoimmune diseases as conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. The causes include genetic factors, environmental triggers like infections, and defects in immunologic tolerance. Some specific autoimmune diseases discussed are rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, and systemic sclerosis. The mechanisms, clinical features, pathology, and treatment options are described for each condition.
Patient safety is a fundamental principle of healthcare. Adverse events may result from problems in practice, products, procedures or systems. Improving patient safety demands a complex, system-wide effort involving performance improvement, risk management, infection control, safe clinical practices, and a safe environment of care. Unsafe injections expose millions of people to infections worldwide each year. Ensuring single-use injection devices and safety boxes are available in every healthcare facility can prevent reuse and unsafe waste disposal.
The document discusses integumentary disorders and provides information on the anatomy and functions of the skin. It describes common skin conditions like eczema, acne, and psoriasis. Eczema is characterized by redness, dryness, and itching. Acne presents as inflamed papules and pustules on the face and back. Psoriasis causes thickened red patches covered with silvery scales. The document outlines signs, causes, and management approaches for various dermatological disorders and skin lesions.
A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including the major glands and hormones. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary glands which regulate many other endocrine glands. Other glands covered include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, and pineal. The document outlines how to assess endocrine disorders and lists some common laboratory studies. It also provides details on diabetes mellitus, describing the main types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
This document provides guidance on performing a cardiac and abdominal examination. It outlines the objectives, symptoms, and physical examination techniques for assessing the cardiovascular and abdominal systems. The cardiovascular section covers inspection of the jugular veins, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and measurement of blood pressure. The abdominal section reviews inspection, auscultation, percussion and palpation techniques. Proper examination order and identification of normal versus abnormal findings are emphasized.
This document summarizes several endocrine system disorders including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Addison's disease, and pituitary adenomas. It provides epidemiological data on certain disorders and describes associated symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical management approaches. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes are also briefly discussed.
This document provides guidance on effectively breaking bad news to patients. It discusses the importance of this communication skill for healthcare professionals. The document outlines best practices for setting, perception checking, invitation, knowledge sharing, exploring the patient's response, and summarizing. Key aspects include ensuring privacy, empathy, clarity, and allowing time for the patient's questions and reactions. The SPIKES protocol is presented as a framework for structuring the discussion. Examples of both best practices and things to avoid are also highlighted.
2 Assessment of patient with respiratory disorder.pptxMohammedAbdela7
This document provides guidelines for performing a physical examination of the thorax and lungs. It begins by outlining the session objectives and general examination guidelines. It then discusses pertinent history data to obtain, such as cough characteristics and sputum type/color. The physical exam involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Inspection evaluates breathing patterns, respiratory distress signs, and overall appearance. Palpation assesses tracheal position, chest expansion, tactile fremitus, and tenderness. Percussion and auscultation are also performed to evaluate the lungs. Proper equipment, patient positioning, and exam techniques are emphasized throughout.
This document provides an overview of critical thinking, evidence-based medicine, and how to practice evidence-based medicine. It defines critical thinking as the process of conceptualizing and evaluating information to guide beliefs and actions. Evidence-based medicine is defined as integrating the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values/circumstances. The history of evidence-based medicine is discussed, from Cochrane's work in the 1970s highlighting gaps between research and practice, to Guyatt coining the term "evidence-based medicine" in 1991 and Sackett explaining the combination of research, expertise, and patient factors in 1996. The five steps to practice evidence-based medicine are described as developing questions, finding evidence, appraising evidence, integrating
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. 1
Wallaga University
Institute of Health Science
School of Nursing and Mid-wifery
AHN Speciality
By: 1.Takele M. ( Bsc )
2. Ashenafi T. (Bsc)
Poisoning
2. 2
Session objectives
At the end of this session the learner will be able to:
Define Poisoning
List Type and Clinical manifestation of Poisoning
Explain General principles of poisoning Management
Discuss Supportive measures of poisoning
Discuss Poisoning with specific agents [Barbiturates,
Carbon Monoxide, Pesticides]
3. 3
Introduction to Poisoning
refers to the development of harmful effects following
exposure to chemicals.
Any substance can be poisonous depending on the dose
and/or duration of exposure.
Exposures can occur via oral, pulmonary, dermal, or ocular
routes.
After exposure, factors such as dose, absorption,
distribution, and elimination are important determinants of
toxicity.
4. 4
…
The setting of exposure may be
o Occupational, environmental,
o recreational, medicinal or suicidal.
Poisoning may result from varied portals of entry
including:
– inhalation
– ingestion
– Cutaneous exposure
– Injection
5. 5
A. Carbon monoxide poisoning
CO is an odorless, tasteless, colorless, non irritating gas
formed by HC combustion.
Atmospheric concentration is generally below 0.001%,
higher in urban areas & closed environment.
Smoke inhalation is responsible for most inadvertent cases
of CO poisonings.
6. 6
…
CO binds to Hb with much higher affinity than oxygen (240
X) forms carboxyhemoglobin & tissue oxygenation is
impaired.
Patients may manifest symptoms ranging from mild
confusion to coma.
7. 7
Clinical features
• History of prolonged exposure to smoke from charcoal in
closed environment.
• Acute poisoning result in headache, nausea and
vomiting, muscle aches, sleepiness, weakness, chest
pain, shortness of breath.
• Severe toxicity causes confusion, agitation, impaired
thinking,
• May progress to coma, convulsions, and death.
8. 8
…
Diagnosis
is based on a compatible Hx and physical exam
elevated carboxyhemoglobin level measured by co-
oximetry of a blood gas sample
9. 9
…
Management:
The most important interventions to general supportive
measures are:
removal from the CO source: remove the patient to open air
administering oxygen by face mask.
Comatose patients should be intubated & mechanically
ventilated using 100% oxygen.
10. 10
B. Organophosphate poisoning
Organophosphates & carbamates are potent
cholinesterase inhibitors.
cholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine.
Ach- neurotransmitter that released at the ends of nerve
fibers in somatic and PSNS.
They are capable of causing severe cholinergic toxicity.
Routes - cutaneous exposure, inhalation or ingestion.
Examples include Malathion & Parathion.
11. 11
Mechanism of Organophosphate poisoning
• They inhibit/hydrolyse cholinesterase:
• Leads to accumulation of ach in the CNS, ANS & NMJ.
• Cholinergic effects overwhelm.
• Toxic dose: depends on substance.
12. 12
Clinical features
“SLUDGE”: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation,
Gastric Emesis
DUMBELS: Defecation, Urination, Miosis Bronchorhea,
Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation
Killer Bees: Bradycardia, Bronchorhea, Bronchospasm.
CNS features: seizures, loss of consciousness
NMJ features: paralysis, muscle fasciculations
Patients will also have characteristics garlic like odor of
breath.
13. 13
Treatment
Airway control, respiratory support, decontamination.
NB Protective clothing must be worn to prevent secondary
contamination of health care workers.
Prevention of absorption -
Activated charcoal for pts presenting within 1hr.
Administration of antidotes.
14. 14
Antidotes
• Atropine: used for reversal of muscarinic effects including
pulmonary symptoms.
• Atropine suphate, 2 mg i.m. or i.v. given every10- 20
minutes until signs of full atropinization are observed .
• Signs of Atropinizations
flushed and dry skin
dilated pupil
dry mucus membrane
15. 15
C. Poisoning by Corrosives (Ingested/Swallowed)
Corrosives are primarily chemical like acids and alkali that
cause tissue injury/burn to body.
Acids cause coagulation necrosis with scar formation
that limits penetration and depth of injury.
Alkali cause liquefaction necrosis and penetrate more
deeply.
Common acid household products are
toilet bowel cleaners, battery fluids,
laundry detergents and cleaning agents with sodium phosphate,
sodium carbonate, and ammonia.
16. 16
Common presentations
Gastrointestinal symptoms:
-burns of oral cavity, esophagus or gastric mucosa
-associated nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, dysphagia or
odynophogia.
Significant injury: airway compromise or GI perforation
complicated by peritonitis, mediastinitis, sepsis and shock.
17. 17
Food Poisoning
Food poisoning is a sudden illness that occurs after
ingestion of contaminated food or drink.
Botulism is a serious form of food poisoning that requires
continual surveillance.
Food, gastric contents, vomitus, serum, and feces are
collected for examination.
The patient’s respirations, blood pressure, level of
consciousness (LOC), CVP (if indicated), and muscular
activity are monitored closely
18. 18
Treatment
An antiemetic medication is given parenterally as
prescribed if the patient cannot tolerate fluids or
medications by mouth (Tintinalli et al., 2016).
For mild nausea, the patient is encouraged to take sips of
weak tea, carbonated drinks, or tap water.
After nausea and vomiting subside, clear liquids are usually
prescribed for 12 to 24 hours, and the diet is gradually
progressed to a low residue, balanced diet.
19. 19
General approach
We should have a consistent & systematic approach for
evaluation & management of poisoned patients .
Diagnosis and resuscitation proceed simultaneously.
The first step is always to fix the ABCs.
20. 20
General Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of poisoning vary greatly.
Aids in determining whether or not a victim has swallowed
poison include:
• Information from the victim /observer.
• Presence of container known to contain poison.
• Burns around the lips or mouth & breathe odor
Conditions of the victim (sudden onset s/s).
Size of pupils : dilated vs constricted(pinpoint)
21. 21
General treatment principles
Emergency treatment is initiated with the following goals:
Removal or inactivation of the poison before it is absorbed
Provision of supportive care in maintaining vital organ
function
Administration of a specific antidote to neutralize a specific
poison
Implementation of treatment that hastens the elimination of
the absorbed poison
22. 22
General treatment prin…
“SAGE”
• S - Supportive care: ABCs and the “coma cocktail”.
• A - Antidotes: specific therapy for certain exposures.
• G - Gastric decontamination: removal from stomach, skin,
eyes.
• E - Enhancing elimination: includes dialysis, urinary
excretion, hemofiltration.
23. 23
S= Supportive Measures
Avoid further exposure to the poison.
Fix ABC problems
Correct hypotension and hypoglycemia with iv infusions.
Maintain body temperature.
Transport the patient head upwards and sideways to
prevent vomiting and aspiration.
25. 25
G=GI decontamination
Process of removing potential contaminants.
Remove all contaminated cloths from the patient and
dispose it.
Wash skin and hair with soap and water while wearing
glove.
Eye exposure: irrigate with copious amounts of water or
saline for 10 – 15 minutes
26. 26
…
Four basic techniques are used
1. Inducing emesis/vomiting using syrup of ipecac
2. Gastric lavages
3. Activated charcoal
4. Whole bowel irrigation/WBI.
27. 27
1.Inducing emesis - Syrup of Ipecac
• Facilitating vomiting
• Indications
– Very recent ingestion (<1hr)
– Toxin known not to cause decreased LOC.
– Toxin known not to fit through OG tube.
• Contraindications
– Ingestion > 1 hr ago
– Toxin known to cause decreased LOC/seizure
– Caustics, hydrocarbons
28. 28
2. Gastric lavage
Washing out the stomach
Indicated for ingestion of large amounts of tablets
and capsules
Generally used for poisonous with a high inherent
toxicity within 2 hrs.
29. 29
Orogastric Lavage …
• Intubate patient, if they cant protect their airway
• Place in left lateral decubitus position
• Head tilted 20 degrees downward
• Insert 40F orogastric tube (24F peds)
• Instil 200 ml- 300ml N/S repeatedly until fluid clears
30. 30
Contraindications
Patients with decreased LOC
Unprotected airway
Ingestions of corrosive agents, hydrocarbons
Patients at risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
31. 31
3. Activated Charcoal
Minimizes systemic absorption from the GIT.
Consider use if within 1 hr of ingestion of the poisonous
substance.
Given orally or via NG tube, 1-1.5g/kg as suspension in
water.
Has no value in strong acids, alkali, corrosives, heavy
metals, lithium, paraffin, methanol & ethylene glycol
ingestion.
32. 32
…
• Contraindications:
– Known or suspected GI perforation
– GCS <8 or declining rapidly (risk of aspiration)
– Known ingestion of substance that charcoal does NOT
absorb
33. 33
4. Whole bowel irrigation
Provides an effective means of GI decontamination
Indicated of drug packets, sustained-release or enteric-
coated preparations are ingested, or agents not well
absorbed by activated charcoal.
Instillation of large volumes of polyethylene glycol in
osmotically balanced electrolyte solutions.
This promotes rapid mechanical elimination of ingested
toxins.
34. 34
Enhancing elimination
Urinary Alkalinization
• Infusion of sodium bicarbonate to raise urinary pH .
• Enhance clearance of toxins excreted by kidneys (e.g.
barbiturates, ASA).
• Works by “trapping” agents that are weak acids in the renal
tubules and increasing their excretion in the urine.
• Indicated for symptomatic ingestions of salicylates ,chlorpromazine &
phenobarbital
• 1-2 mEq/kg NaHCO3 IV push Target urinary pH 7.5-8.5
• Monitor electrolytes.
35. 35
Poisoning With Specific Agents
Barbiturates poisoning
• ‘sedative – hypnotics’ that lower excitement &
induce sleep.
• Clinical features of acute intoxication includes
– slurred speech, in coordination
– impaired attention or memory.
– Severe overdose leads to coma
– vital sign abnormalities are:
• Hypothermia
• Respiratory depression
• Hypotension
36. 36
Barbiturate
• Barbiturate overdose fatality is usually secondary to
respiratory depression.
• Major complications associated with barbiturate poisoning
include pneumonia, shock , hypoxia, and coma.
• Other associated life-threatening complications include
acute renal failure and pulmonary edema.
• Rx: Forced diuresis with fluid loading and diuretic
therapy is most effective for phenobarbitone.
37. 37
Lab Investigation for poisoning
Random blood sugar
CBC
BUN and creatinine,
Electrolytes
Liver function tests
Chest X-ray for possible aspiration pneumonia
Toxicological analysis of identified substance (e.g.gastric
aspirate) or from serum
38. 38
Nursing Interventions for poisoning
◯ Provide measures for respiratory support (oxygen, airway
management, mechanical ventilation).
◯ Monitor compromised circulation (resulting from excess
perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea).
◯ Restore fluids with IV fluid therapy.
◯ Monitor blood pressure, cardiac monitoring, ECG.
◯ Assess for tissue edema every 15 to 30 min if bitten by a
snake or spider.
39. 39
…
◯ Administer opioid medications for pain due to snake or
spider bite
◯ Monitor ABGs, blood glucose levels, coagulation profile.
◯ Administer IV diazepam (Valium) if seizures occur.
◯ Reverse heroin and other opiate toxicity with naloxone
(Narcan).
◯ Implement dialysis and an exchange blood transfusion as a
non pharmacologic technique to remove toxic agents.
40. 40
Reference
1. Brunner_&_Suddarth’s_textbook. (2018). medical
surgical nursing.
2. RN Adult Medical Surgical Nursing 9.0 th Edition.
3. Medical-Surgical-Nursing-Demystified
4. Standard Guide Line Treatment for Hospitals,
March 2021